§ 49.To write correctly consonant at the end of a word or before other consonants (P or b, f or in, t or d, With or h, to or G, sh or and) , you need to take a different form of the same word or pick up another word of the same root, where after the consonant there would be a vowel, and write the consonant that is written before the vowel, for example: oak, oak trees(Oak trees), sleeve, cuff(sleeves), bodice, brassiere(bodices), threshing(thresh), short, lower(low) higher(high), claws(claw), a spoon(spoon) bowl(plate).
In some cases, for correct spelling consonant, you can change the word so that after the consonant there is not a vowel, but a consonant R, l, m, n, in, for example: fine- free kick teeth- dental, escape- fugitive soaked- wet.
The spelling of consonants that cannot be checked by changing the word is determined in dictionary order, for example: general, football, wholesale.
Note. Word wedding spelled with a letter d(wedding), although the words of the same root woo and matchmaker have a consonant t; stairs, hole spelled with a letter With, despite the presence of forms, I climb, open.
§ fifty.Rule §49 also applies to prefixes, for example: enter(get in) prick(to crack) trim(cut) throw up(change) introduce(provide), give away(unlearn) do(to be able) reset.
In consoles without -, who -, vz -, from -, bottom -, once -, roses -, through - (through -) before the deaf to, P, With, t, f, X, c, h, sh, sch spelled With instead of h , for example: useless, bring up, plow, bite, subvert, scatter, painting, striped, but: tasteless, mediocre, take a nap, excite, spare etc.
§ 51.Rule §49 applies to t, d before With, c and h at the beginning of suffixes, for example: childhood(children), saucer(dish), trough(trough), thug(young), companion(paths). Letter t before h it is also written in cases where the suffixes -chik, -chin-, -chat - etc. attached to a stem ending in -to, -ts, -h, and the letter t the final consonant of the stem is replaced, for example: innkeeper(tavern), tiled(tile), kpypitchaty(grain), tabular(table), ciliated(eyelash), card reader(file cabinet), miner(mining).
Note. In verbs before -sya the spelling of the form to which -sya joins, for example: run around, worn, forget yourself.
§ 52.Adjectives must be distinguished -c-cue (-ts-koy) from adjectives on the -d-sky (-d-sky) or -t-sky (-t-sky) :
- -ts or -to, -h(if in these cases they change to c), then it is written -c-cue (-ts-koy) , for example: Deutsch(German), fishing(fisherman), weaving(weaver), Galician(Galic; there is also a form Galician);
- if the stem of the word from which the adjective is derived ends in -d or -t, then it is written accordingly -d-sky (-d-sky) or -t-sky (-t-sky) , for example: Swedish(Swede), urban(city), Soviet(council), Marxist(Marxist).
In adjectives formed from foreign proper names (geographical names) ending in -ts with a preceding consonant, except -ts, is written -c-sky, for example: Palatinate(Pfalz), Constance(Constance) Mainz(Mainz).
In adjectives formed from foreign proper names ending in -ts, with a preceding vowel, and also on -zz-, usually written -c-cue, and double c the basics are preserved, for example: Suez(Suez), Goritsky(Goritsa), noble(Dvorzhets), Nice(Nice), abruzzo(Abruzzo).
§ 53.In a group of consonants (for example, stn, stl, zdn etc.) one of the consonants may not be pronounced. For correct spelling, you need to change the word or choose another word with the same root so that after the first or second consonant of this group there is a vowel, for example: honest(honest) bone(bones), but: inert(kosen); whip(lash) lay(steel), but: send(send), pasture(shepherd), hello(robust), heart(cordial), sun(solar).
However, it is written flash(although shine) splash(although splashing), bottle(though glass) stairs(even if it's a ladder).
§ 54.To know when to write sch, and in what shh, or zhch, or mid, or zch, or stch, or zdch, you need to understand the composition of the word.
Is written sch in cases where it refers entirely either only to the root, or only to the suffix, for example: brush, pike, forgive, looking, waxed, plank; split(cf. splurge), flatter(cf. flat), drover(cf. drive); woman(cf. wife).
Is written mid at the junction of the prefix and the root, when With refers to the prefix, and h to the root, for example: count, dishonest, exhaust, too much.
Is written shh, zhch, mid, zch, stch or zdch:
- at the junction of the root and the suffix, if the suffix begins with h and this sound is preceded by consonants sh, and, With, h, st, zd, root, for example: defector(cf. run across), carrier(cf. transport), peddler(cf. spread), ranger(cf. to travel around);
- in stems ending in combinations shk, lcd, ck, zk, stk or zdk, if when replacing a suffix instead of to in these combinations sound appears h, for example: sharper (sharp), biting (biting), freckled (freckles).
Note. In words happiness, sandy spelled mid.
"Quite often in marriage ads you can see a lot of abbreviations (so that more words fit), such as b / u, a / m, b / n, etc. And this is understandable, because no publication is interested in free ads the size of a newspaper And if information costs money, then God Himself ordered us to save on signs and write a lot about ourselves, but abbreviated, because the cost of an ad is always calculated by the number of characters...
Nevertheless, while looking through the newspaper for free ads the other day, I came across this: I will meet a girl d / s / o. I ask my husband: "What do you think, for c / o - how is it translated?" "For sexual relations," he replies. I, being more romantically inclined, say: "No, probably, he wants to meet a girl for a serious relationship."
Word for word, having nothing to do, they began to disassemble all the announcements and make up their own decoder from them. Reading the ads, I could not help but be surprised: each of those who "presented" themselves in the newspaper, for some reason, is sure that they will understand him!
In general, a marriage announcement can be conditionally divided into two parts: about yourself and about him / her, that is, what ideally her / his partner should be. Reality, reality and dream.
Interestingly, very often among those qualities that a virtual sweet friend should have, a sense of humor pops up. Obviously, in our country one cannot do without humor. After all, it is important for each of us to believe that your chosen one will not grind his teeth into the pillow from the imperfection of life. It is important to know that he is a light person, not a heavy one. Or maybe all because people are most afraid of stupid and boring, and the presence of a sense of humor excludes both the first and second?
But we digress. Let's get back to deciphering the abbreviations. So, the easiest option, where I didn’t have to guess for a long time, was this: “nice girls. b / c with a / d” - cute girls without complexes, with a home visit. As you can see, nothing complicated.
But over the second, "conspiratorial" message of the type "Eustace - Alex" had to work hard. Husband dug him somewhere in the wilds world wide web. So: an intelligent man, 40/180, m/o, with a/m, v/o, v/p, b/u, b/c, b/p is looking for wives. from 25, b / c, a / b, with r / and for p / in and / o.
Here is what we got after decoding: an intelligent, forty-year-old man, 180 centimeters tall, financially secure, with a car, higher education, bad habits, sense of humor, without complexes, without problems looking for a woman from 25 years old, without complexes, a / b - Ambitious or what?, With diverse interests for regular meetings and intimate relationships.
If we decompose all our transcripts in alphabetical order, we get the following:
a / m - a car, a / box - a PO box;
b / d - without children, b / c - without complexes, b / n - without problems;
in / about - higher education, w / p - bad habits, military service - soldier,
w/t - your territory;
g / p - main post office;
d / c - on demand, d / o - long-term relationship;
w / n - housing independent (a), w / o - provided with housing (a), w / n - housing problems;
i / r - intellectually developed (intellectual development), i / c - interesting / intimate meetings, i / d - interesting friendship (interesting business), i / o - intimate relationships, i / n - intimate problems, i / y - intimate services and i / f - the same photo;
m / v - meeting place, m.l.s - places of deprivation of liberty, m / t - my territory, m / n - financially independent (a), m / o - financially secure (a), m / n - material problems ;
n/s - not a sponsor, n/t - our territory;
o / a - return address, o / d - wealthy lady, o / n - special problems, o / f - candid photo;
p / o post office, p / a - regular meetings;
r / i - versatile interests, r / o - versatile communication;
s / n - serious intentions, s / o - serious relationship, s / n - married couple, s / s - creating a family;
t/p - creative profession;
b/w - black and white, b/w - sense of humor...
Of course, this is not a complete and absolutely correctly interpreted list of all abbreviations in dating ads. After all, h / u and / r are different for everyone. Therefore, if you have already chosen a risky way to put together interpersonal relationships with the help of a marriage announcement, then write it better in an accessible and digestible language. After all, such a message is currently the only document that can preserve the contours of your dream."www regionlove ru
Common conditional abbreviations used in dating ads.
A / m - car
a / s - an. sex
PO box - PO box
b/d - without children
b/c - without complexes
b/p - no problem
b/s - bisexual
b/o - free ad
in / c - video cassette
higher education
v / n - bad habits
military serviceman
w/t - your territory
v / f - video
g/n - main post office
g / s - gr. sex
d / a - on demand
d / o - long-term relationship
w / n - housing independent (a)
w / o - provided with housing
w/n - housing problems
and / in - int. meetings
i / d - int. friendship
i / o - int. relations
i / p - int. Problems
i / y - int. services
i / f - int. a photo
i.t.u - correctional labor institution (simply a zone)
l.i.u - medical correctional institution (LTP in the old way)
m/v - meeting place
mls - places of deprivation of liberty (simply a zone)
m/n - financially independent
m / o - financially secure (a)
m / n - material problems
m/t - my territory
n/a - not a sponsor
n/t - our territory
o/a - return address
o / d - wealthy lady
o/n - special problems
o/s - op. sex
f/f - candid photo
p / a - regular meetings
p/o - post office
r / u - diverse interests
r / o - versatile communication
s / m - sad.-maz.
s / n - serious intentions
c / o - serious relationship
s/n - married couple
s / s - creating a family
c / y - self-satisfaction
t/n - creative profession
b/w - black and white
b/w - sense of humor
Sincerely, Your Vizavi (Information updated in 2005)
1. General information
1.1. Name legal entity(full and abbreviated name), certificate of registration with the tax authority (TIN), certificate of state registration enterprise (OGRN), address (legal and actual), mode of operation. Location (detached, built-in, built-in, etc.). The presence of a sign indicating the legal form and mode of operation.
1.2. Availability of information for consumers (address and phone number of a higher organization, as well as contact numbers of regulatory authorities, Law Russian Federation"On Protection of Consumer Rights", rules, etc.).
1.3. Shop area (BTI explication and (or) information and reference document reflecting the number of premises and their area), trading floor, number of staff.
1.4. Availability of a production control program, its implementation, maintenance of audit logs. Order on the appointment of an employee responsible for the organization and implementation of production control. Availability of an agreement with an accredited laboratory for laboratory research and instrumental measurements (with the multiplicity established by the requirements normative documents). Availability of laboratory protocols. Training of personnel within the framework of production control.
1.5. Assortment list of realized production. Compliance of the range of products sold with existing opportunities, a set of premises, the availability of commercial and refrigeration equipment of the enterprise.
1.6. Compliance federal law from 23.02.2013 15-FZ "On protecting the health of citizens from the effects of second hand tobacco smoke and the consequences of tobacco consumption".
2. Range of products sold
2.1. List of sold goods:
2.1.1. by the name of the goods (how many names of goods are in the sale, of which the number of names of toys, clothes, shoes, children's cosmetics, stationery, etc.);
2.1.2. by origin (country of origin, for example, toys made in China account for 30% of the total number of sold toys, Russia - 50%, etc.).
2.2. List of sold products subject to state registration (names of products).
2.3. List of suppliers (name of the legal entity (full and abbreviated name), actual and legal address, phone number, full name of the head, names of goods purchased from this supplier).
3. Compliance with the requirements for the layout, placement, arrangement and sanitary condition of the premises
3.1. Improvement of the territory of the organization of trade and the territory adjacent to it along the perimeter.
3.2. Availability of a garbage collection site: sanitary maintenance, number of garbage containers. Garbage collection contracts. The presence of tanks for collecting waste and garbage in the premises of the store.
3.3. Availability of a storage area for used fluorescent lamps: sanitary maintenance, conditions for the collection and storage of fluorescent lamps. Contract for the export and disposal of fluorescent lamps, acts of acceptance and delivery of work. Keeping stock of new fluorescent lamps.
3.4. Compliance with the requirements for water supply and sewerage (availability of sanitary facilities for staff and visitors, equipment and sanitary condition).
3.5. Compliance with the requirements for ventilation, air conditioning, space heating (availability of documents confirming the serviceability, efficiency and maintenance of ventilation and air conditioning systems, including disinfection).
3.6. Compliance with the requirements for natural and artificial lighting of premises.
3.7. Sanitary and sanitary-technical maintenance and condition of the facility. Finishing the premises, the need for repair work.
3.8. Reception (loading) of goods (separate entrance, availability of special loading rooms, storage area). Compliance with flow (receipt and sale of food and non-food items, separate entrances for staff and visitors).
3.9. Set of premises, availability sales departments(sanitary and technical condition of the premises, refrigeration, trade and technological equipment).
4. Compliance with the requirements for equipment and inventory.
4.1. Equipping the organization with commercial, refrigeration, technological equipment, inventory, containers, packaging materials.
4.2. Availability of measuring instruments for monitoring the temperature and humidity conditions of storage of products sold.
4.3. Compliance with the washing of commercial inventory.
5. Compliance with the requirements for acceptance and storage.
5.1. Acceptance of products and implementation of incoming control (availability of accompanying documentation for products confirming the origin, quality and safety; certificates of conformity; declarations of conformity; certificates of state registration).
5.2. Terms of delivery of products, the availability of special vehicles, a personal medical book from the driver or forwarder.
5.3. The presence of labels (markings) on the goods received, the integrity of the packaging. 5.3. Compliance with the terms and conditions of storage; compliance with the rules of the commodity neighborhood and warehousing standards.
5.4. Storage conditions for returnable products (expired, sanitary defects, etc.) - a refrigerated chamber, separate storage with high-quality products, a separate rack.
6 Compliance with the requirements for the sale of goods for children and adolescents.
6.1. Compliance of goods sold for children and adolescents with regulatory and technical documentation.
6.2. Compliance with safety requirements for products sold.
6.3. Compliance with product labeling requirements.
6.4. Packaging integrity and compliance technical regulations Customs Union 005/2011 "On the safety of packaging".
6.5. Compliance with the requirements for the conditions for the sale of goods, compliance with the rules of the commodity neighborhood, the timing of the sale of products.
6.6. The presence of uniform and clearly defined price tags. Compliance of the prices indicated in the price tags with the prices indicated in the checks punched at the checkout.
6.7. Availability in good condition of measuring instruments that have passed metrological verification, including control scales.
6.8. The presence of a book of reviews and suggestions. Complaints from customers.
7. Compliance with the requirements for the maintenance of the premises.
7.1. Sanitary maintenance of premises, equipment, inventory.
7.2. Organization of the disinfection regime of the enterprise.
7.2.1. Used disinfectants, detergents;
7.2.2. Availability of regulatory documents for the detergents and disinfectants used (certificates of state registration, certificates of conformity or declaration of conformity, instructions for use);
7.2.3. Provision of detergents and disinfectants;
7.2.4. Availability of a stock of disinfectants and detergents(conditions for storing a stock of drugs);
7.2.5. Availability of the necessary (for disinfection measures) equipment, inventory, overalls, places and conditions for their storage.
7.2.6. Schedule of sanitary days. Organization and implementation of preventive, current and final disinfection (if necessary), incl. general cleaning.
7.3. Availability of premises for storage and processing of cleaning equipment, storage conditions for cleaning equipment for sanitary facilities, availability of signal markings.
7.4. Conditions for handling trolleys and baskets for customers.
7.5. Availability of documentation confirming the regularity and effectiveness of disinfestation, deratization, their compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents (information on the means used to control rodents and insects, etc.).
8. Working conditions; personnel personal hygiene
8.1. The presence of personal medical books for employees with information about the passage of preliminary (when applying for a job) medical examinations and timely completion of periodic medical examinations.
8.2. Sanitary provision for workers (dressing rooms, sanitary units, sinks for washing hands in industrial and amenity premises, storage conditions for clean and dirty sanitary clothing).
8.3. Evaluation of working conditions.
8.4. Provision of workers with overalls. Organization of proper storage, use, cleaning, washing and other types of preventive treatment of workwear.
At the meeting, it was planned to discuss a number of issues related to "controversial" real estate objects. In particular, questions were raised about “real estate by nature” and “real estate by law”, about the status of ships, aircraft and other vessels, about the definition of immovable objects in Art. 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, on "two-dimensional" and "three-dimensional" real estate objects.
The session began with a presentation by Maria Popova on the concept of immovable property in French law. Maria explained that the French Civil Code does not contain a definition of immovable things, but French law distinguishes three categories of real estate: real estate by nature, by purpose and based on the immovable nature of the object to which the law refers.
“Real estate by nature” includes land and subsoil, as well as inseparable land improvements, unharvested crops, fruits on trees, etc. When harvesting, separating fruits from a tree, they become movable things. By nature, pipelines, power transmission towers and similar linear objects are also considered real estate. In addition, buildings are considered real estate by nature.
Immovables by purpose include animals used for cultivating the land, agricultural tools, pigeons in dovecotes, beehives, seeds for sowing, hay and fertilizers, etc. This category also includes built-in furniture, fireplaces, etc.
According to French law, “real estate” includes not only the objects themselves, but also some rights in rem. In particular, real estate, based on the immovable nature of the object, includes usufruct and easement.
Sea and other vessels are considered movable things under French law.
After the presentation by Maria Popova, a discussion took place during which the participants discussed the two- and three-dimensional model of the land plot, the features of registration models used in French, German, English and Russian law. The discussion showed that it is necessary to formulate the main goals with which certain objects are classified as immovable or movable. After the discussion, the participants came to the conclusion that the purpose of classifying an object as immovable is not so much the need for registration as such, but to streamline the circulation of objects that are of the greatest value. At the same time, value is determined not only by the cost of certain things, but primarily by their significance for society as a whole. For this reason land belong to real estate, but, say, expensive cars do not.
Then Artem Krasotkin made a report. He commented on the need to classify ships, aircraft and other vessels as real estate. They fall under the definition of real estate in terms of their value, but they are of a completely different nature than traditional real estate. Artem supported the position expressed in the legal literature that these objects should not be considered real estate, although they may have a similar registration regime.
A. Krasotkin's report included comments on the issue of an apartment in an apartment building as a piece of real estate. A discussion arose on this problem: what exactly is a real estate object, if the outer boundaries of the apartment (floor, ceiling, external walls, etc.) belong to the common property of the owners of an apartment building? Is it right to single out apartments as an independent real estate object?
According to Natalia Galkina, this decision has historical reasons. During the Soviet period, the most valuable items were withdrawn from circulation. After switching to market economy it was necessary to provide citizens with the opportunity to establish a legal connection with the various values involved in the turnover. Therefore, not only land plots, but also “additional” objects (houses, apartments, etc.) were identified as real estate objects.
Since the studied legal systems not only lack a unified approach to understanding real estate as a legal category, but also to the definition of criteria for determining property as movable or immovable, the general agreed conclusion was the assumption of the possibility that in each state there is a “political-legal contract”, regarding the understanding of this category.
It is in the interests of turnover to establish clarity in this matter, as well as to build an effective and simple system for concluding transactions, subject to ensuring the rights of both owners and bona fide purchasers.