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2 They were united by many things: the fact that their homeland was the northern limit of the earth, and the fact that they prayed to the same gods, and that they spoke the same language. However, what united these recalcitrant and desperate people most strongly was the thirst for a better life. And it was so strong that almost three centuries - from the 8th to the 11th centuries - entered the history of the Old World as the Viking Age. The way they lived and what they did was also called Viking...
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3 The land of Scandinavia, where the tribes lived, headed by their leaders - kings or jarls, was covered with forests and mountains and provided its inhabitants with only meager food. Therefore, the Scandinavians - the ancestors of the later Icelanders, Norwegians, Danes and Swedes - often embarked on a sea voyage for prey to the shores of richer countries for prey, because they themselves had little to offer for barter. In France and Italy they were known as Normans, in England they were called Danes, in Germany they were Askemans, among the tribes of North-Eastern Europe they were called Russ, and in Byzantium they were called Varangs.
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4 Representatives of the civilian population of the Vikings lived on scarce, infertile land in farms, where one, but a large family was located. Not far from the farm, there was usually a family cemetery. The place was usually chosen on the sunny side, closer to the water. The center of a typical settlement of medieval Scandinavians was a long - up to 30 meters - squat house. Its walls were erected either from logs sheathed with boards, or from twigs coated with clay and overlaid with stones and turf. For reliability, the roof was supported with logs, and on top, for greater moisture resistance, it was covered with birch bark and covered with peat. The entrance to the only common room was always located from the south. There were no windows in the Viking house.
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5 The residential building was surrounded by numerous outbuildings, pens for horses, cows and sheep, poultry houses. During the cold winters, they were given a place in the house. All farms had their own forges, sheds for both boats and rowing boats. So that there was enough bread and oatmeal for everyone and domestic animals - sheep, cows, horses - did not suffer from starvation, the farms were located at a considerable distance from each other.
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6 For venison, wild boar and bear meat, for the skins of foxes and otters, one had to go on long and dangerous expeditions. A spear, a bow, snares, traps were also used during the fishing of a sea animal. Seals, walruses, and if you're lucky, whales diversified the menu of the northern inhabitants, also providing raw materials for their household. In addition, the generous, warm Gulf Stream has always fed Scandinavian residents. Thanks to the abundance of fish, people were completely insured against hunger even in the most lean years. Fish was present on the table every day, it was served boiled, fried, dried, smoked with bread, cereals and vegetables.
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7 Judging by the archaeological excavations, the Vikings were buried along with those items that could be useful to them in the afterlife. These were weapons, food, beer, jewelry. Sometimes rich people were buried along with slaves, horses and dogs. Their graves were very large, because everything that they took with them to another world should have been freely placed there.
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8 The walls of the graves of wealthy Vikings were finished with wood inlaid with silver. A barrow and a monument were erected over the grave in the form of ships laid out of stones, the size of which also depended on the degree of wealth of the deceased. The higher the status of the Viking, the more luxurious was the rite of his burial.
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VIKING CONQUESTS (late VIII - mid-XI century)
9 The Vikings were fearless warriors. They believed that only those who died in battle would go to Valhalla - the gilded chambers of the Old Norse warrior god Odin, with whom they would fight in the last battle of the gods with the forces of evil, led by the Great Wolf Fenrir and the World Serpent Jörmungande. Therefore, the Vikings almost never surrendered and did not retreat even in a hopeless situation, trying only to destroy as many enemies as possible in battle.
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10 Berserker warriors were especially valued - people with a special form of epilepsy. They were insensitive to pain at the time of the seizure and gained incredible strength. It was believed that each of them could cope with twenty enemy soldiers. Berserkers often fought without armor, but with two swords, in their right and left hands, which they wielded very skillfully. In addition to the sword, an obligatory accessory of a Viking and a horse is a helmet, most often horned. This not only frightened the enemy, but also prevented him from striking the helmet with a sword, ax or club. The Vikings also had light chain mail, daggers, battle axes - axes and spears. VIKING CONQUESTS (late VIII - mid-XI century)
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11 The ax and ax (double-edged ax) were considered the favorite weapons. Their weight reached 9 kg, the length of the handle was 1 meter. Moreover, the handle was bound with iron, which made the blows inflicted on the enemy as crushing as possible. It was with this weapon that the training of future warriors began, therefore they owned it, and excellently, without exception. VIKING WEAPONS
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12 Viking spears were of two types: throwing and for hand-to-hand combat. In throwing spears, the length of the shaft was small. Often a metal ring was fixed on it, indicating the center of gravity and helping the warrior to give the throw the right direction. Spears intended for land combat were massive with a shaft length of 3 meters. Four-five-meter spears were used for combat, and in order for them to be lifting, the diameter of the shaft did not exceed 2.5 cm. The shafts were made mainly from ash and decorated with applications of bronze, silver or gold. VIKING WEAPONS
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13 ArrowsVII - IX centuries. had wide and heavy metal tips. In the 10th century, arrowheads became thin and long, with silver inlays. The bow was made from a single piece of wood, usually yew, ash or elm, with braided hair serving as a bowstring. VIKING WEAPONS
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14 Viking ships had high seaworthiness. They reached a length of 20 to 50 m. On the largest ships, up to 150 people could go on a campaign. All the warriors were rowers at the same time, hence (one of the linguistic versions) the word “Rus”, which comes from the Old Norse son of the word, meaning “rower”, “participant in a campaign on rowing ships”. The Viking ships were very stable and had a small draft, which also allowed them to easily enter the mouths of the rivers. Drakkar (the so-called ships because of the nose, decorated with a dragon's head) had a square sail and was extremely easy to manage. Even in a storm, only one person could lead it.
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15 By the end of the 8th century, many “sea kings” appeared, who hunted with their squads by raids. Initially, their detachments did not exceed several hundred people. But the high combat capability of the Vikings, the suddenness of the attack, as a rule, allowed them to win. The number of coastal garrisons in the states that formed on the site of the Western Roman Empire, and in Byzantium, was usually small, and they could not resist the onslaught of formidable newcomers. The northern lands of Eastern Europe were very sparsely populated - the local population slightly exceeded the number of uninvited Scandinavian guests. VIKING CONQUESTS (late 8th - mid 11th century) Bayeux Tapestry
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16 In 793, the Vikings attacked the monastery on the English island of Lindisfarne. This was the first Scandinavian raid on the European coast recorded in the chronicle. In the churches, at the call of the pope, the clergy prayed: "God, save us from the frenzy of the Normans!" In the 9th century, the Vikings captured the east coast. In England, they brought the north of the country under their control. Denlo was formed there - an area of Danish law, where immigrants from Scandinavia dominated. The Vikings plundered and burned the major European cities of Nantes, Hamburg, Chartres, Pisa, and others. They attacked the coast of Spain more than once, repeatedly besieged Constantinople, and in 850 landed on the coast of Courland. VIKING CONQUESTS (late VIII - mid-XI century)
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17 There were also examples of peaceful colonization by the Vikings of previously uninhabited territories. So, in 874 they settled Iceland. Viking boats also reached North America. In the 80s of the 10th century, Eric the Red discovered Greenland, which was soon colonized by his compatriots. And in 986, the son of Eric Leif the Happy landed on the northern coast of North America, which he named Vinland. Scandinavian settlements also existed there for several decades, long before Columbus, but then the Vikings left the harsh land. VIKING CONQUESTS (late VIII - mid-XI century)
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18 At the beginning of the 9th century, the Vikings captured the coast of North-Eastern Europe in the region of present-day Novgorod and Ladoga and conquered a few tribes of Slavs, as well as Finns. The Russian chronicle connects this event with the legendary king Rurik and refers this event to the year 859. VIKING CONQUESTS (late VIII - mid-XI century)
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19 BUT THE VIKINGS NEVER FORGET THEIR HOMELAND AND LOVED ONE DURING THE LONG CAMPAIGNS…
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Research Project Historical Reenactment Vikings World History Project. middle Ages
The purpose of the study: to study the history of the Normans, their way of life, their weapons, equipment, sea voyages of the Vikings. Tasks: Select and analyze historical sources and literature on the topic. To study who the Vikings are, appearance. Find out the itineraries of sea trips; Make a chronology of maritime events, time of campaigns; Find out the reasons for sea travel; Find out how to navigate day and night Find out the time of sea trips; Study one Viking campaign; Submit your work as a project.
The Viking is a pirate and a warrior, a seeker of prey and glory that military exploits could bring him. They were called "Northern people" in Europe, France, "Danes" in England, "Askemans" in Germany, and "Varangians" in Russia. in Byzantium "varangas" "Normans" in
In Russia they were often called Varangians, in Europe - Normans, they called themselves Vikings. The word "Viking" is translated from Old Norse as "a man from" vik "- a fjord, a bay. A fjord is such a long, narrow sea bay. Usually such bays are in
The homeland of the Vikings was the Scandinavian Peninsula in northern Europe - three countries: Sweden and Norway Denmark. The lands there were not fertile, forests and mountains interfered with the development of trade. Therefore, the Vikings quickly mastered the trade routes along their coasts, became warriors, conquered new lands, plundered villages and monasteries, and took people into slavery.
Viking settlement
Social system and rule of the Vikings Scandinavia was divided into several kingdoms headed by a king. Jarls are the leaders of the tribe. Karls are free citizens. Trolls are slaves.
Vikings - warriors In 793, the Vikings attacked the English island of Lindisfarne. Thus began the "Viking Age" - the invasion of "northern people" to Europe, which was destined to last three centuries. Vikings - warriors terrified contemporaries, they won thanks to their courage and swiftness.
Weapons and protective armor Viking weapons were bow and arrows, as well as a variety of swords, spears and battle axes. Swords and spearheads and arrowheads were usually made of iron or steel. For bows, yew or elm wood was preferred, and braided hair was usually used as a bowstring. Viking shields were round or oval in shape. Usually, light pieces of linden wood, upholstered along the edge and across with iron stripes, went to the shields. In the center of the shield was a pointed plaque. For protection, warriors also wore metal or leather helmets, and warriors from the nobility often wore chain mail.
Berserkers are warriors who showed particular fearlessness in battle, rushing into the thick of battle and not feeling pain from wounds.
Weapons and protective armor Among the Vikings there were special warriors who were called berserkers. They showed their courage by fighting without any protective armor.
Drakkar - a ship decorated with a dragon's head. Very simple and convenient. Length 3050 meters. Crew - up to 150 people.
"PEOPLE OF THE NORTH" At first, the Vikings traveled not far from the coast, but with the advent of navigational instruments, more accurate maps, the Vikings began to make long voyages. Sometimes they had to roll their ships overland.
Viking ships
The Vikings created the most advanced ships of their era. The most famous Viking ships - warships drakkars. They were long, fast, reliable ships. Such ships were designed to enter shallow rivers, which allowed the Vikings to take their enemies by surprise. The number of rowers up to 70 people, they were located in a row on both sides of the ship. Drakkars were made of oak and were about 18 meters long. The bow of the ship was decorated with a dragon's head. The anchor was made of stone or iron. The sails were made from woolen fabrics. Each member of the warship crew carried weapons and equipment with them and was ready to join the battle. On such ships, brave sailors made their trips to England, France, Spain, the countries of the Mediterranean, Greenland and reached the shores of North America.
Although Eirik himself retired, his sons continued their research. According to Icelandic legends, around the year 1000, Leif Eriksson sailed west from the Eastern Settlement in his drakkar with a crew of 35 men. They discovered three regions of the American coast: Helluland (presumably the Labrador Peninsula), Markland (probably Baffin Island) and Vinland, which got its name from the large number of vines growing there (perhaps it was the coast of Newfoundland near the modern town of Lance Meadows). Several temporary settlements were also founded there. According to some historians, they were soon abandoned due to conflicts with the natives.
Research work on history. Theme "Journey of the Vikings" Research work on history.
Theme "Journey of the Vikings"
Completed by student 6 "A" class Kaldaev Vadim.
Class teacher Vysochinova N.A.
Work introduction:
Purpose: to tell in detail about the Vikings andtheir traditions.
Relevance: the work is relevant in that
it contains new facts and
the history of the ancient people of the Vikings, about
then - how they fought, what tasks they had
Vikings, when conquering new lands.
Who are the Vikings?
Until the end of the XII century - the beginning of the IX centuriesWestern Europe knew nothing about the Normans. When did she
confronted them face to face, then fell into despair,
because she became a victim of their devastating raids,
which lasted for IX-XI centuries. These
The invaders were called Vikings.
How did they fight?
The Vikings were brave warriors. Dressed in chain mail andhelmets, armed with a round shield, the Vikings swam
on their ships to the mouths of the rivers of France, England, Germany.
They landed and unexpectedly attacked the cities,
villages, monasteries - for the sake of booty and glory. They spared no
whom. People were horrified at the mere mention of
Normans. Therefore, the Vikings attacked in small
armed groups, but over time already whole
armies
Task (for what)
Part of the stolen valuables the Vikings drowned in the sea, rivers,swamps, not hoping to get them later. They believed that
treasures bring happiness, so they hid in such
inaccessible places. For this they were called sea pirates.1. When they set sail they took five
crows. In the course of the movement, they let them out if the raven
flew straight, then continued to move, if the raven
turned, the ship turned around. Considering what's next
great danger.
2. In 982, the Vikings discovered an icy island,
which was nicknamed "Greenland".
3. The female part of the Vikings could choose their own husbands. it
the only people of antiquity with such a tradition.
Vikings - ancient Scandinavian participants in sea voyages in the late 8th - mid-11th centuries. They were called Vikings in the Scandinavian countries; in Russia they were known as the Varangians, and in Western Europe as the Normans. The word Viking is translated from Old Norse as a person from Vik - a fjord, a bay. A fjord is such a long, narrow sea bay. Usually such bays are in mountainous areas.
Peasant clothing of the Vikings of the IXXI centuries consisted of a long woolen shirt, short baggy trousers, stockings and a rectangular cape. Vikings from the upper classes wore long pants, socks and capes in bright colors. Woolen mittens and hats were in use, as well as fur hats and even felt hats. In popular culture, Vikings are often depicted with horned helmets. In fact, archaeologists cannot say exactly what shape the Viking helmets were. The concept of horned helmets is associated with drawings found in burials.
Peasant dwellings were usually simple one-room houses, built either from tightly fitted vertical beams, or more often from wicker wicker coated with clay. In highly populated Scandinavia, such houses were built of wood, often combined with clay, while in Iceland and Greenland, in conditions of a shortage of wood, local stone was widely used. Walls 90 cm thick or more were folded there. The roofs were usually covered with peat. The central living room of the house was low and dark, with a long hearth in the middle. They cooked food, ate and slept there. Sometimes inside the house, along the walls, pillars were installed in a row to support the roof, and the side rooms fenced off in this way were used as bedrooms.
At home, the Vikings used fishing boats, ferries and kayaks. The Viking fleet consisted mainly of warships called Drakkars and merchant ships called Knorrs. The most famous Viking ships were undoubtedly their efficient warships known as "dragonships". They were long, graceful vessels, fast, reliable, and yet light enough to be rowed or carried by hand if necessary. Such ships were designed to enter shallow rivers and dock on gently sloping banks, which allowed the Vikings to take their enemies by surprise. Warships were originally oared, but later the Vikings began to use a sail in addition, and then completely abandoned the oars.
Viking weapons were bows and arrows, as well as a variety of swords, spears and battle axes. Swords and spearheads and arrowheads were usually made of iron or steel. For bows, yew or elm wood was preferred, and braided hair was usually used as a bowstring. Viking shields were round or oval in shape. Usually, light pieces of linden wood, upholstered along the edge and across with iron stripes, went to the shields. In the center of the shield was a pointed plaque. For protection, warriors also wore metal or leather helmets, often with horns, and warriors from the nobility often wore chain mail.
The Vikings used islands, fortresses, fortified cities and stone churches as military bases. During the siege, the Vikings used siege engines, made tunnels, dug ditches or occupied positions inaccessible to mounted warriors. Defensive fortifications were also erected on the battlefields. Often, during attacks and defense, the Vikings resorted to military tricks. vehicle also served as warships needed to gather troops in a certain place or during the battles of the Vikings in foreign territory. The main tactic was simply to sail towards the enemy ship, take it on board and move on to the next ship, cutting off the captured ship from the rest if it was a wing of the platform. The platform was attacked by all the ships that fit along it. In land battles, a favorite technique of the Vikings was a shield wall - a massive phalanx of warriors built in several (five or more) rows, where well-armed men took the front position. The basis of the combat formation of the Vikings was the "pig", a wedge-shaped construction. It was believed that Odin himself created it, which indicates the antiquity of this tactic.
Before talking about Viking sea voyages, we need to give brief description the Viking people themselves.
The Vikings are the Scandinavian peoples of the early Middle Ages, making a series of sea voyages from the eighth to the eleventh centuries and terrorizing the coasts of England, France and a number of other European states at that time.
The period from the eighth to the eleventh centuries is also commonly referred to as the "Viking Age". In Latin sources, the Vikings are also called Normans. In Kievan Rus, the Vikings were called Varangians, where they served as professional mercenaries. In addition, the founder of the dynasty of Kyiv princes - Rurik, could presumably be a Varangian, but there is no confirmation of this.
Vikings should be divided into three groups:
- Danes or Danes;
- Swedes;
- Norwegians;
Each of these groups had its own way of sea voyages, which will be discussed below.
Reasons for Viking voyages
The expansion of the Vikings or sea voyages, according to most, was based not only on the desire to enrich themselves by plundering coastal territories. The main reason for sea travel is considered to be: famine in the Scandinavian Islands and a sharp increase in population. In this regard, on the already poor Scandinavian land, there were even fewer suitable plots, there was a shortage of food, and it was necessary to look for alternative sources of food.In addition, a war for power and inheritance has always raged between the Scandinavians, and those who lost this fight had to poison themselves at sea in order to try their luck there, they no longer had anything to expect in their native land, which means they need to develop new lands .
The Vikings also invented excellent ships capable of sailing not only off the coast and along rivers, but also out into the open ocean. These ships were called drakars. It was a small vessel with a sail and a small number of rowers.
The main routes of sea travel
The first expeditions were not numerous, they were attended by approximately 200-300 Vikings on several dracars. Then it was already groups of more than 500 Vikings, and at the last stage it was already a large-scale expansion (1 thousand or more Vikings).As already mentioned, all the Vikings are divided into three groups and each of these groups had its own travel path.
The Danes or Danes traveled in the following directions: first they mastered the territory of the British Isles, including Ireland, attacked the coasts of France, Spain, some states on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and the territory of Eastern Europe ( Kievan Rus, Byzantium).
The Swedes controlled almost the entire coast of the Baltic Sea, raided the states of Central and Eastern Europe.
The Norwegians made their raids along the entire coast of the North Atlantic, landed on the Faroe Islands, where they founded several settlements, plundered and mastered Ireland, entrenched themselves in Iceland, discovered and settled on Greenland and were the first Europeans who landed on the territory of America.
As you can see, in their travels, the Vikings not only plundered the coastal territories, but were also experienced sailors and discoverers. It was the Viking - Eric the Red who became the man who discovered America, Greenland and a number of other islands.
As they expanded, the Vikings established their own kingdoms. Thus, a number of powerful kingdoms were created in the East of England, which existed until the conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066. It was this year that the “Viking Age” ended, and already at the end of the eleventh century, the Vikings practically stopped raiding due to the strengthening of coastal territories and the lack of ships capable of making even more distant voyages.