How to properly compress text, what is a micro-theme and why do you need to know whether you are visual or auditory.
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In the first part of the OGE in the Russian language, you need to write a summary. During the exam, an audio recording is turned on twice, in which the actor reads a short text of about 150 words from three paragraphs. The first time - for familiarization, the second time - to consolidate what was heard. The audio recording lasts 2.5–3 minutes. Between readings, they give another 3-4 minutes to comprehend the text and work with notes in the draft. After the second listening, the students begin to write the presentation.
Perception types
People perceive information in different ways. There are visuals who learn it visually: to understand the text, they read it. And there are auditory people who easily perceive the text by ear.
What type of perception you have depends on what you do while listening to an audio recording.
If you are a visual, immediately write down the abstracts in a draft. Ignore when they say “listen first” on an exam. Do what is convenient for you - after all, it will be easier for you to work with the written text later.
If you are an audiophile, then first listen carefully to the audio recording. Even when everyone around rushes to make notes in drafts, do not write anything: sit and listen. To write down what you hear, you will have a break between readings.
If you cannot determine your type of perception, ask someone to read two texts to you. Work with the first one as a visual: write down the abstracts immediately while reading. First listen to the second text, and then write down everything that you remember by ear. Then see how you enjoyed working best and stick to that strategy in preparation and on the exam itself.
Stages of work on the presentation
1. First reading.
Visuals: write down what you hear right away. It's best to do this by shortening words and leaving large spaces between lines. Do not spare papers: you will be given as many drafts as you need.
Audials: mentally highlight the most important in the text and divide it into semantic parts in order to understand what each of them says. It is also worth immediately identifying the main topic of the text.
2. Break between readings.
Visuals: fill in the abbreviated words and run your eyes over what is written to realize what this text is about.
Audials: write down the key words, leaving large spaces between them. Try to compose right now detailed plan text. Highlight the micro-themes of each of the three parts and formulate 1-2 sentences that contain the main idea each paragraph.
3. Second reading.
Visuals: fill in the gaps left with what you didn’t write down the first time. It doesn't matter if there is space left: this is still a draft.
Audials: specify the first impression of the text and, if possible, complete the text scheme. Pay attention to the logic of the author's reasoning and compare it with your plan: highlight the key words and match the paragraphs with them.
4. Correction of the draft: find microtopics, make a plan and separate the main information from the secondary.
Put everything you've written together and draft a concise summary. Pay attention to the highlighted micro-topics: they should be connected and together make up a logical text. Then read what happened.
5. Compress text: condense what you write.
The abstract must be at least 70 words. There is no limit on the maximum number, but if the text is large, you will be deducted points according to the compression criterion. So re-read the text and think about how else it can be shortened. Then make final corrections and additions.
6. Work on the composition of the presentation: re-read the text for the third time.
Your text should be three paragraphs. One micro-topic - one paragraph. If there are less or more, points will be deducted from you. Check the draft twice, take your time. If the text is read in one breath and without hesitation, then you have a good presentation.
7. Correction of content: correct errors and omissions, check spelling and punctuation.
Underline any words you are unsure about. Take a spelling dictionary and check them. A dictionary is required for the exam, and you have the right to use it.
8. Rewriting the clean copy on the form.
At this stage, we advise you to put your text aside and go to the test or essay, and return to the first part at the end of the exam. So you have time to take a break from the presentation and look at it in a more detached way. Allocate at least one hour to rewrite the presentation and essay in a clean copy, as well as to check what has been written.
Evaluation criteria
For presentation, you can get a maximum of 7 points. To earn them, you must look at your work like an expert. To do this, check it according to the following criteria.
Microthemes. The topic is what the text is about. And it usually unfolds through a few small subtopics.
A micro-topic is the main idea of a paragraph, it reveals one problem. Your presentation should have three micro-themes and, accordingly, three paragraphs.
The first criterion for evaluating the presentation at the OGEText compression. Your presentation should not be verbose and detailed. To reduce it, use three compression methods:
1. Exception repetitions of words, homogeneous members, participles and participles, introductory words.
“Kremlin stones can sound. Each wall and dome has a special sound, and all together they merge into a heroic symphony, performed by a huge orchestra from the pipes of the golden domes of the Kremlin.” → "Each stone, wall, dome of the Kremlin has its own sound, which merges into a single heroic symphony."
2. Replacement words as synonyms or other parts of speech. For example, several nouns can be replaced by one pronoun.
"Men and women, old people and teenagers came out to protect their native city." → “All the inhabitants came out to protect their native city.”
3. merger several sentences into one.
“A vocation is a small sprout of talent that has turned into a strong, powerful tree on the fertile soil of diligence. Without diligence, without self-education, this little sprout can wither on the vine. → "A vocation is a small sprout of talent that can wither without diligence."
- sequence of presentation;
- three microthemes in three paragraphs;
- keywords.
What can be excluded when compressing text:
- examples, evidence, details, digressions;
- generalizing words and sentences;
- homogeneous members;
- repetitions;
- direct speech - we convey it indirectly;
- a lengthy description of nature, feelings and moods.
The first paragraph is the hardest to condense because it is easier to remember and students write it down in detail. And the last paragraph is forgotten, so it is cut well. Be sure to check the first paragraph of your presentation.
The second criterion for evaluating the presentation at the OGESeparation of paragraphs. Each paragraph should have a complete thought.
| Semantic integrity, speech coherence and sequence of presentation | Points |
|---|---|
- there are no logical errors, the sequence of presentation is not violated, - there are no violations of paragraph articulation of the text in the work. | 2 |
| The work of the examinee is characterized by semantic integrity, speech coherence and sequence of presentation: but 1 logical error was made and / or there is 1 violation of paragraph division of the text in the work. | 1 |
| In the work of the examinee, a communicative intent is visible, but more than 1 logical error was made and / or there are 2 cases of violation of paragraph articulation of the text. | 0 |
How to prepare
The FIPI website has an open bank of tasks with audio recordings that will be on the exam. Open materials and practice writing summaries. Perhaps one of these texts will come across to you at the OGE.
For example, take this text. Listen carefully to it twice and write down the micro-topics and keywords. Then check this table:
| Micro topics | Keywords | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kindness is the basis of the spiritual beauty of a person, and it should not be shy. | Question - answers, kind, sincere beauty. |
| 2 | Good feelings should be brought up from childhood along with the knowledge of the value of life. | Care, brought up in childhood, the value of life, deeds in the name of good. |
| 3 | Good feelings, emotional culture are the focus of humanity. The path of goodness is the only true one life path person. | The path of good. In a world where there is a lot of evil. Good for the individual and society. |
Write a summary and check it twice. Check if it meets all the criteria:
- all three microthemes were submitted;
- all three microthemes are compressed;
- the text is clearly divided into three paragraphs;
- no logical errors.
The more statements you write and check, the more comfortable you will feel on the exam.
1. First, study the criteria for judging the summary.
№ |
Criteria for judging a summary |
Points |
|---|---|---|
SG1 |
||
The examinee accurately conveyed the main content of the listened text, reflecting all the micro-themes that are important for his perception |
2 |
|
butmissed or added 1 microtheme |
1 |
|
The examinee conveyed the main content of the listened text,butmissed or added more than 1 microtheme |
0 |
|
SG2 |
Source Compression |
|
The examinee applied 1 or more text compression techniques, using them throughout the text |
3 |
|
The examinee applied 1 or more text compression techniques, using them to compress 2 text microtopics |
2 |
|
The examinee applied 1 or more text compression techniques, using them to compress 1 micro-topic of text |
1 |
|
The examinee did not use text compression techniques |
0 |
|
SG3 |
Semantic integrity, speech coherence and sequence of presentation |
|
The work of the examinee is characterized by semantic integrity, speech coherence and sequence of presentation:- there are no logical errors, the sequence of presentation is not violated;- there are no violations of paragraph articulation of the text in the work |
2 |
|
The work of the examinee is characterized by semantic integrity, coherence and consistency of presentation,but1 logical error was made,and/orthere is 1 violation of paragraph division of the text in the work |
1 |
|
In the work of the examinee, a communicative intent is visible,butmore than 1 logical error was made,and/orthere are 2 cases of violation of paragraph articulation of the text |
0 |
|
MAXIMUM POINTS FOR SUMMARY |
7 |
2. Secondly, remember that the volume of the presentation should not be less than 70 words, and the number of micro topics should correspond to the number of paragraphs (there are always three of them).
3. Third, learn how to compress text.
-Exception: you can exclude details, minor facts, fragments with descriptions, repetitions, synonyms, clarifying constructions, etc.
- Generalization: when generalizing, homogeneous members of the sentence should be replaced with a generalizing word, etc.
Simplification: when simplifying, one should replace a complex sentence with a simple one, combine several sentences, break a complex sentence into simple ones, replace direct speech with indirect speech.
Each paragraph should use one or more text compression methods.
4. Fourth, read 35 texts from the FIPI website. One of these texts will come across to you at the real OGE in 2018.
35 texts for writing a concise presentation.
#1 About friendship
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Trials await friendship always. The main one today is a changed way of life, a change in the way and routine of life. With the acceleration of the pace of life, with the desire to quickly realize oneself, an understanding of the significance of time came. Previously, it was impossible to imagine, for example, that the hosts were weary of the guests. Now that time is the price of achieving one's goal, relaxation and hospitality are no longer important. Frequent meetings and leisurely conversations are no longer indispensable companions of friendship. Due to the fact that we live in different rhythms, meetings of friends become rare.
But here is a paradox: before, the circle of contacts was limited, today a person is oppressed by the redundancy of forced communication. This is especially noticeable in cities with high population density. We strive to isolate ourselves, to choose a secluded place in the subway, in a cafe, in the reading room of the library.
#2 About friendship
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What is friendship? How do they become friends? You will meet friends most often among people of a common fate, one profession, common thoughts. And yet it is impossible to say with certainty that such a commonality determines friendship, because people of different professions can make friends.
Can two opposite characters be friends? Of course! Friendship is equality and similarity. But at the same time, friendship is inequality and dissimilarity. Friends always need each other, but friends do not always receive equally from friendship. One is friends and gives his experience, the other in friendship is enriched by experience. One, helping a weak, inexperienced, young friend, learns his strength, maturity. Another, weak, recognizes in a friend his ideal, strength, experience, maturity. So, one in friendship gives, the other rejoices in gifts. Friendship is based on similarities, and manifests itself in differences, contradictions, dissimilarities.
A friend is the one who claims your rightness, talent, merit. A friend is one who lovingly exposes you in your weaknesses, shortcomings and vices.
#3 About friendship
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Friendship is not something external. Friendship lies deep in the heart. You can't force yourself to be someone's friend or force someone to be your friend.
For friendship, a lot is needed, first of all, mutual respect. What does it mean to respect your friend? This means reckoning with his opinion and recognizing his positive features. Respect is shown in words and deeds. A respected friend feels that he is valued as a person, respected for his dignity and helped him not only out of a sense of duty. In friendship, trust is important, that is, confidence in the sincerity of a friend, that he will not betray or deceive. Of course, a friend can make mistakes. But we are all imperfect. These are the two main and main conditions for friendship. In addition, for friendship, for example, common moral values are important. People who have different views of what is good and what is evil will find it hard to be friends. The reason is simple: will we be able to show deep respect for a friend and, perhaps, trust, if we see that he does things that are unacceptable, in our opinion, and consider this the norm. Strengthen friendships and common interests or hobbies. However, for a friendship that has existed for a long time and has been tested by time, this is not important.
Friendship does not depend on age. They can be very strong and bring a lot of experiences to a person. But without friendship, life is unthinkable.
No. 4 About friendship
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When I was at school, it seemed to me that my adult life would take place in some other environment, as if in a different world, and I would be surrounded by other people. But in fact, everything turned out differently. My peers stayed with me. Friends of youth turned out to be the most faithful. The circle of acquaintances has grown unusually. But real friends, old, true friends, are acquired in youth. Youth is a time of rapprochement.
Therefore, take care of youth until old age. Appreciate all the good things that you acquired in your youth, do not lose friends. Nothing acquired in youth goes unnoticed. Good youth skills make life easier. The bad ones complicate it and make it more difficult. Remember the Russian proverb: "Take care of your honor from a young age"? All the actions committed in youth remain in the memory. The good ones will make you happy. The wicked will not let you sleep.
#5 About friendship
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What really lies in this seemingly familiar concept of friendship? Scientifically speaking, friendship is a disinterested relationship between people based on common sympathies, interests and hobbies. A true friend is always there, whether we feel bad or good. He will never try to take advantage of your weakness for his own purposes and will always come to the rescue when he is needed the most. He will not only help in trouble, but will sincerely rejoice in moments of happiness with you.
But, unfortunately, such relations are gradually fading away. Selfless friendship is slowly becoming a relic of the past. Friends now for us are people who can help in a particular issue, or those with whom you can have a good time. In fact, if one of the supposedly close friends has a crisis, the friends disappear somewhere until this crisis passes. This situation is familiar to almost everyone. In a word, profitable friendship is rapidly crowding out disinterested friendship.
We must remember that many problems that seem grandiose and frightening can be solved without much difficulty if there are reliable friends nearby. Friendship gives confidence in the future. It makes a person bolder, freer and more optimistic, and his life is warmer, more interesting and multifaceted. True friendship spiritually unites people, contributing to the development in them of the desire for creation, and not destruction.
#6 About friendship
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There are values that change, get lost, disappear, becoming the dust of time. But no matter how society changes, eternal values remain for thousands of years, which are of great importance for people of all generations and cultures. One of these eternal values, of course, is friendship.
People very often use this word in their language, they call certain people their friends, but few people can formulate what friendship is, who is a true friend, what he should be. All definitions of friendship are similar in one thing: friendship is a relationship based on the mutual openness of people, complete trust and constant readiness to help each other at any time.
The main thing is that friends have the same life values, similar spiritual guidelines. Then they will be able to be friends, even if their attitudes to certain phenomena of life are different. And then true friendship is not affected by time and distance. People can talk to each other only occasionally, be apart for years, and still be very close friends. Such constancy is the hallmark of true friendship.
#7 About toys
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Each of us once had favorite toys. Perhaps every person has bright and tender memories associated with them, which he carefully keeps in his heart. Favorite toy is the most vivid memory from the childhood of every person.
In the age of computer technology, real toys no longer attract as much attention as virtual ones, but despite all the novelties that appear, such as telephones and computer technology, the toy still remains unique and irreplaceable in its kind. After all, nothing teaches and develops a child like a toy with which he can communicate, play and even gain life experience.
The toy is the key to the consciousness of the little man. In order to develop and strengthen positive qualities in him, to make him mentally healthy, to instill love for others, to form a correct understanding of good and evil, it is necessary to carefully choose a toy, remembering that it will bring into his world not only its own image, but also behavior, attributes, as well as a system of values and worldviews. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of toys of a negative orientation.
#8 About books
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When I was about ten years old, someone's caring hand put a volume of Animal Heroes on me. I consider it my "alarm clock". I know from other people that for them the “alarm clock” of the feeling of nature was a month spent in the summer in the countryside, a walk in the forest with a man who “opened his eyes to everything”, the first trip with a backpack. There is no need to enumerate everything that can awaken in human childhood an interest and a reverent attitude towards the great mystery of life.
Growing up, a person should comprehend with his mind how complex everything in the living world is intertwined, interconnected, how this world is strong and at the same time vulnerable, how everything in our life depends on the wealth of the earth, on the health of wildlife. This school must be.
And yet at the beginning of everything is love. Awakened in time, she makes the knowledge of the world interesting and exciting. With it, a person also acquires a certain point of support, an important starting point for all the values of life. Love for everything that turns green, breathes, makes sounds, sparkles with colors - and there is love that brings a person closer to happiness.
#9 About precious books
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No matter how interesting the home and school life of a child may be, if he does not read precious books, he is deprived. Such losses are irreparable. It is adults who can read the book today or in a year - the difference is small. In childhood, time is counted differently, here every day is a discovery. And the sharpness of perception in the days of childhood is such that early impressions can then influence the whole life.
Childhood impressions are the most vivid and lasting impressions. This is the foundation of the future spiritual life, the golden fund. Seeds sown in childhood. Not everyone will germinate, not everyone will bloom. But the biography of the human soul is the gradual germination of seeds sown in childhood.
The next life is complex and varied. It consists of millions of actions that are determined by many character traits and, in turn, form this character. But if we trace and find the connection between phenomena, it becomes obvious that every feature of the character of an adult person, every quality of his soul and, perhaps, even every act of his were sown in childhood, have since then had their germ, their seed.
#10 About books
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What good book? First, the book should be exciting and interesting. After reading the first pages, there should be no desire to put it on the shelf. We are talking about books that make us think, express emotions. Secondly, the book should be written in rich language. Thirdly, it must carry a deep meaning. original and unusual ideas also make the book useful.
Do not get carried away by any one genre or type of literature. Thus, a passion only for the fantasy genre can turn young readers into goblins and elves who know the way to Avalon much better than the way home.
If you have not read the books from school curriculum or read them in abbreviated form, you should start with them. Classical literature is a mandatory base for every person. In great works there is disappointment and joy, love and pain, tragedy and comedy. They will teach you to be sensitive, emotional, help you see the beauty of the world, understand yourself and people. Naturally, read non-fiction literature. It will expand your horizons, form knowledge about the world, help you determine your path in life, and provide an opportunity for self-development. We hope that these reasons for reading will make the book your best friend.
#11 About Literature
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It just seems to us that when something happens to us, it is a unique phenomenon, the only one of its kind. In fact, there is not a single problem that has not already been reflected in world literature. Love, fidelity, jealousy, betrayal, cowardice, the search for the meaning of life - all this has already been experienced by someone, rethought, reasons, answers are found and imprinted on the pages fiction. The case is small: take it and read it and you will find everything in the book.
Literature, opening the world with the help of the word, creates a miracle, doubles, triples our inner experience, infinitely expands our outlook on life, on a person, makes our perception thinner. In childhood, we read fairy tales and adventures in order to experience the excitement of search and intrigue. But there comes an hour when we feel the need to open the book in order to delve into ourselves with its help. This is the hour of growing up. We are looking for an interlocutor in the book who enlightens, ennobles, teaches.
Here we are with the book. What is happening in our soul? With each book we read, which opens up the pantries of thoughts and feelings before us, we become different. With the help of literature, a person becomes a Human. It is no coincidence that the book is called a teacher and a textbook of life.
#12 Reading
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What is the benefit of reading? Is it true that reading is good for you? Why do so many people keep reading? After all, not only to relax or take your free time.
The benefits of reading books are obvious. Books broaden the horizons of a person, enrich his inner world, make him smarter. And it is also important to read books because it increases the vocabulary of a person, develops a clear and precise thinking. Anyone can verify this own example. One has only to thoughtfully read some classic work, and you will notice how it has become easier to express your own thoughts with the help of speech, to select the right words. A person who reads speaks better. Reading serious works makes us constantly think, it develops logical thinking. Don't believe? And you read something from the classics of the detective genre, for example, "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" by Conan Doyle. After reading, you will think faster, your mind will become sharper and you will understand that reading is useful and profitable.
It is also useful to read books because they have a significant impact on our moral guidelines and on our spiritual development. After reading this or that classical work, people sometimes begin to change for the better.
№13 About education
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We often talk about the difficulties associated with raising a person starting life. And the biggest problem is the weakening of family ties, the decrease in the importance of the family in raising a child. And if in the early years nothing lasting in the moral sense was laid in a person by the family, then later society will have a lot of trouble with this citizen.
The other extreme is the overprotection of the child by the parents. This is also a consequence of the weakening of the family principle. Parents have not given their child spiritual warmth and, feeling this guilt, they strive in the future to pay their inner spiritual debt with belated petty care and material benefits.
The world is changing, becoming different. But if the parents could not establish internal contact with the child, shifting the main worries to grandparents or public organizations, then one should not be surprised that some child acquires cynicism and disbelief in selflessness so early, that his life becomes impoverished, becomes flat and dry.
No. 14 About family
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Having a family and children is as necessary and natural as it is necessary and natural to work. The family has long been held together by the moral authority of the father, who was traditionally considered the head. The children respected and obeyed their father. He was engaged in agricultural work, construction, logging and firewood. All the burden of peasant labor was shared with him by adult sons.
The management of the household was in the hands of the wife and mother. She was in charge of everything in the house: she looked after the cattle, took care of food, and clothes. She did not do all these works alone: even children, having barely learned to walk, little by little, along with the game, began to do something useful.
Kindness, tolerance, mutual forgiveness of insults grew into mutual love in a good family. Quarrelsomeness and quarrelsomeness were considered a punishment of fate and aroused pity for their bearers. It was necessary to be able to give in, forget the offense, respond with kindness or remain silent. Love and harmony between relatives gave rise to love outside the home. From a person who does not love and does not respect his relatives, it is difficult to expect respect for other people.
#15 About finding yourself
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Each person is looking for a place in life, trying to assert his self. It `s naturally. But how does he find his place? What are the paths to get to it? What moral values carry weight in his eyes? The question is extremely important.
Many of us cannot admit to ourselves that because of a misunderstood, inflated sense of self-worth, because of the unwillingness to appear worse, we sometimes take rash steps, we do not act very correctly: we don’t ask again, we don’t say “I don’t know” , "I can not" - there are no words. Selfish people cause feelings of condemnation. However, those who exchange their dignity like small coins are no better. In the life of every person, there are probably moments when he is simply obliged to show his pride, to assert his self. And, of course, this is not always easy to do.
The true value of a person is revealed sooner or later anyway. And the higher this price, the more a person loves not so much himself as others. Leo Tolstoy emphasized that each of us, the so-called small ordinary person, is in fact a historical person who is responsible for the fate of the whole world.
No. 16 About sincerity
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Many people think that being sincere means to openly and directly say what you think and do what you say. But here's the problem: a person who immediately voices what first came into his head runs the risk of being branded not only natural, but also ill-mannered, or even stupid. Rather, a sincere and natural person is one who knows how to be himself: take off the masks, get out of the usual roles and show his true face.
The main problem is that we do not know ourselves well, we are chasing ghostly goals, money, fashion. Few people consider it important and necessary to direct the vector of attention to their inner world. You need to look into your heart, stop and analyze your thoughts, desires and plans in order to understand what is truly mine, and what is imposed, dictated by friends, parents, society. Otherwise, you risk spending your whole life on goals that you don’t really need at all.
If you look into yourself, you will see a whole world, endless and multifaceted. You will discover your characteristics and talents. You just need to study. And, of course, it will not become easier and easier for you, but it will become more interesting. You will find your life path. The only way to become sincere is to know oneself.
#17 Growing up
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Some believe that a person matures at a certain age, for example, at 18, when he becomes an adult. But there are people who remain children even at an older age. What does it mean to be an adult?
Adulthood means independence, that is, the ability to do without anyone's help, guardianship. A person with this quality does everything himself and does not expect support from others. He understands that he must overcome his difficulties himself. Of course, there are situations when a person cannot cope alone. Then you have to ask for help from friends, relatives and acquaintances. But in general, it is not typical for an independent, adult person to rely on others.
There is an expression: the hand should wait for help only from the shoulder. An independent person knows how to be responsible for himself, his deeds and actions. He plans his own life and evaluates himself, without relying on someone else's opinion. He understands that much in life depends on himself. Being an adult means being responsible for someone else. But for this, you also need to become independent, be able to make decisions. Adulthood does not depend on age, but on life experience, from the desire to live life without nannies.
No. 18 About childhood and growing up
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In childhood, a person is happy, as they say now, by default. By nature, a child is a creature instinctively predisposed to happiness. No matter how difficult and even tragic his life may be, he still rejoices and constantly finds more and more reasons for this. Perhaps because there is nothing to compare life with yet. He still does not suspect that it can be somehow different, but most likely, all the same, because the soul has not yet had time to cover itself with a shell and is more open to goodness and hope than the soul of an adult.
And with age, everything seems to turn inside out. No matter how calmly and prosperously life develops, we will not calm down until we find in it some kind of splinter, awkwardness, malfunction, cling to it and feel deeply unhappy. And we believe in the drama we have invented, we sincerely complain about it to our friends, we waste time, health, and spiritual strength on experiences.
It is only when a really real tragedy happens that we realize how absurd the imagined suffering is and how trifling the reason for it. Then we clutch our heads and say to ourselves: “Lord, what a fool I was when I suffered because of some nonsense. No, to live for your own pleasure and enjoy every minute.
No. 19 Pro choice
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There is simply no and cannot be a universal recipe for how to choose the right, the only true, only path in life intended for you. And the final choice always remains with the individual. We make this choice already in childhood, when we choose friends, learn to build relationships with peers, and play.
But most of the most important decisions that determine the path of life, we still make in our youth. According to scientists, the second half of the second decade of life is the most crucial period. It is at this time that a person, as a rule, chooses the most important thing for the rest of his life: his closest friend, the circle of his main interests, his profession.
It is clear that such a choice is a responsible matter. It cannot be brushed aside, it cannot be postponed until later. You should not hope that the mistake can be corrected later: it will be in time, the whole life is ahead! Something, of course, can be corrected, changed, but not everything. And wrong decisions will not remain without consequences. After all, success comes to those who know what they want, decisively make a choice, believe in themselves and stubbornly achieve their goals.
№20 About a cultured person
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What does it mean to be a cultured person? A cultured person can be considered an educated, well-mannered, responsible person. He respects himself and those around him. A cultured person is also distinguished by creative work, striving for high things, the ability to be grateful, love for nature and the motherland, compassion and sympathy for one's neighbor, goodwill.
A cultured person will never lie. He will maintain self-control and dignity in all life situations. He has a clear goal and achieves it. The main goal of such a person is to increase good in the world, to strive to ensure that all people are happy. The ideal of a cultured person is genuine humanity.
Nowadays, people devote too little time to culture. And many do not even think about it throughout their lives. It is good if a person's process of familiarization with culture occurs from childhood. The child gets acquainted with the traditions that pass from generation to generation, absorbs the positive experience of the family and his homeland, learns cultural values. As an adult, he can be useful to society.
No. 21 About culture
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The word "culture" is multifaceted. What does true culture carry in the first place? It carries the concept of spirituality, light, knowledge and true beauty. And if people understand this, then our country will become prosperous. And therefore it would be very good if every city and village had its own center of culture, a center of creativity not only for children, but also for people of all ages.
True culture is always aimed at upbringing and education. And such centers should be headed by people who understand well what real culture is, what it consists of, what its significance is.
Such concepts as peace, truth, beauty can become the key note of culture. It would be good if honest and disinterested people, selflessly devoted to their work, respecting each other, were engaged in culture. Culture is a huge ocean of creativity, there is enough space for everyone, there is something for everyone. And if we all together begin to participate in its creation and strengthening, then our entire planet will become more beautiful.
#22 About morality
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One man was told that his acquaintance spoke of him in unflattering terms. "Do not you say! the man exclaimed. "I didn't do anything good for him..." Here it is, the algorithm of black ingratitude, when good is met with evil. In life, it must be assumed, this person met more than once with people who confused the landmarks on the compass of morality.
Morality is the guide to life. And if you deviate from the road, you may well wander into a wind-blown, thorny bush, or even drown. That is, if you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave towards you in the same way.
How to treat this phenomenon? Be philosophical. Do good and know that it will surely pay off. I assure you that you yourself will enjoy doing good. That means you will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. And remember: exalted natures do good.
#23 About youthful love
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Times are changing, new generations are coming, in which, it would seem, everything is not the same as the previous ones: tastes, interests, life goals. But intractable personal questions, meanwhile, somehow remain unchanged. Today's teenagers, like their parents at one time, are worried about the same thing: how to attract the attention of someone you like? How to distinguish infatuation from true love?
A youthful dream of love is, no matter what they say, first of all, a dream of mutual understanding. After all, a teenager definitely needs to realize himself in communication with peers: to show his ability to sympathize, empathize. Yes, and just show their qualities and abilities in front of those who are friendly towards him, who are ready to understand him.
Love is the unconditional and boundless trust of two to each other. Trust, which reveals in everyone all the best that a person is only capable of. True love certainly includes friendships, but is not limited to them. It is always greater than friendship, because only in love do we recognize the other person's full right to everything that makes up our world.
#24 About self-doubt
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Self-doubt is an ancient problem, but it attracted the attention of physicians, teachers and psychologists relatively recently - in the middle of the 20th century. It was then that it became clear: ever-increasing self-doubt can cause a lot of trouble - up to serious illnesses, not to mention everyday problems.
What about psychological problems? After all, self-doubt can serve as the basis for constant dependence on the opinions of others. Imagine how uncomfortable it is to feel dependent: other people's assessments seem to him more important and significant than his own. He sees his every act primarily through the eyes of others. And most importantly - he wants approval from everyone: starting with loved ones and ending with passengers on the tram. Such a person becomes indecisive and cannot correctly assess the life situation.
How to overcome self-doubt? Some scientists are looking for an answer to this question, based on physiological processes, others rely on psychology. One thing is clear: self-doubt can be overcome only if a person is able to set goals correctly, correlate them with external circumstances and positively assess their results.
#25 About power
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The essence of the concept of "power" lies in the ability of one person to force another to do what he would not have done of his own free will. The tree, if left undisturbed, grows straight up. But even if it fails to grow evenly, then it, bending under obstacles, tries to get out from under them and again stretch upwards. So is man. Sooner or later he will want to get out of obedience. Submissive people usually suffer, but if once they managed to throw off their "burden", then they often turn into tyrants themselves.
If you command everywhere and everyone, then loneliness awaits a person as the end of life. Such a person will always be alone. After all, he does not know how to communicate on an equal footing. Inside he has a dull, sometimes unconscious anxiety. And he feels calm only when people unquestioningly carry out his orders. The commanders themselves are unfortunate people, and they breed misfortune, even if they achieve good results.
Commanding and managing people are two different things. The one who manages, knows how to take responsibility for actions. This approach preserves the mental health of both the person himself and those around him.
#26 About art
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Is it possible to define what art is with one exhaustive formula? Of course not. Art is charm and witchcraft, it is the revelation of the funny and the tragic, it is morality and immorality, it is the knowledge of the world and man. In art, a person creates his image as something separate, capable of existing outside of himself and remaining after him as his trace in history.
The moment a person turns to creativity, perhaps, is greatest discovery unparalleled in history. After all, through art, everyone individual person and the people as a whole comprehend their own characteristics, their life, their place in the world. Art allows you to get in touch with individuals, peoples and civilizations that are distant from us in time and space. And not just to get in touch, but to recognize and understand them, because the language of art is universal, and it is it that enables humanity to feel itself as a single whole.
That is why, since ancient times, an attitude to art has been formed not as entertainment or fun, but as a powerful force capable of not only capturing the image of time and man, but also passing it on to descendants.
#27 About art
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In the modern world there is no person who would not come into contact with art. Its importance in our life is great. Books, cinema, television, theatre, music, painting have firmly entered our lives and have a huge impact on it. But literature has a particularly strong effect on a person.
Contact with the world of art gives us joy and disinterested pleasure. But it would be wrong to see in the works of writers, composers, artists only a means of obtaining pleasure. Of course, we often go to the cinema, sit down to watch TV, pick up a book to relax and have fun. And the artists themselves, writers, composers build their works in such a way as to support and develop the interest and curiosity of viewers, readers, listeners. But the meaning of art in our life is much more serious. It helps a person to better see and understand the world around him and himself.
Art can save character traits era, to give people the opportunity to communicate with each other through decades and centuries, becoming a kind of memory repository for future generations. It imperceptibly forms the views and feelings, character, tastes of a person, awakens a love for beauty. That is why, in difficult moments of life, people often turn to works of art, which become a source of spiritual strength and courage.
Mother's place in our life is special, exceptional. We always bring our joy and pain to her and find understanding. Maternal love inspires, gives strength, inspires to exploits. In difficult life circumstances, we always remember our mother, and we need only her at this moment. A man calls his mother and believes that she, wherever she is, hears him, sympathizes and hurries to help. The word "mother" becomes equivalent to the word life.
How many artists, composers, poets have created wonderful works about the mother. "Take care of mothers!" - the famous poet Rasul Gamzatov proclaimed in his poem. Unfortunately, we realize too late that we forgot to say a lot of good and kind words to our mothers. To prevent this from happening, you need to give them joy every day and hour, because grateful children are the best gift for them.
№31 About mutual assistance and mutual assistance
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In a society where the idea of individualism is cultivated, many have forgotten about such things as mutual assistance and mutual assistance. And human society has just been formed and continues to exist thanks to a common cause and help to the weak, thanks to the fact that each of us complements each other. And how can we now support the completely opposite point of view, which says that there are no other interests than our own?
And it's not even that it sounds selfish. The fact is that it is in this matter that personal and public interests are intertwined. Do you see how much deeper it is than it seems? After all, individualism destroys society, and, therefore, weakens us. And only mutual support can preserve and strengthen society.
And experience confirms that good feelings should be rooted in childhood. If they are not educated in childhood, you will never educate them, because they are assimilated simultaneously with the knowledge of the first and most important truths, the main of which is the value of life, someone else's, one's own, animal and plant life. Humanity, kindness, benevolence are born in unrest, joys and sorrows.
Good feelings, emotional culture are the focus of humanity. Today, when there is already enough evil in the world, we should be more tolerant, attentive and kind towards each other, towards the surrounding living world and do the most courageous deeds in the name of goodness. Following the path of goodness is the most acceptable and the only path for a person. He is tested, he is faithful, he is useful both to a person alone and to society as a whole.
Dreams are needed not only for children, but also for adults. It causes excitement, a source of high feelings. It does not allow us to calm down and always shows new sparkling distances, a different life. It disturbs and makes you long for this life. This is its value.
Only a hypocrite can say that we must rest on our laurels and stop. To fight for the future, you need to be able to dream passionately, deeply and effectively. You need to cultivate in yourself a continuous desire for meaningful and beautiful.
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The biggest excitement among ninth graders is caused by the first exams in their lives. The main state exam is a test of knowledge of students for the course of the basic school, after which the question is decided: is it worth continuing education in grades 10 and 11 or entering a secondary vocational institution. One of the main compulsory subjects in the 9th grade (along with mathematics) is the Russian language. The OGE in the Russian language of the 2019 academic year will have to be taken by all graduates of the current 2018-2019 academic year. In order to successfully cope with this exam, we must now sit down at the textbooks and start preparing.
News about the OGE in the Russian language
The developers of the test materials for the Russian language exam have not made any changes to the structure and content for the past few years.
oral part
The only innovation that arose in the 2017-2018 academic year is. Last year, this type of exam was an approbation and did not affect the admission of ninth-graders to the rest of the exams.
For an oral answer, the graduate is given 15 minutes, during which he must have time to complete 4 tasks:
- Expressively read the proposed text about any outstanding person of the Russian Federation.
- Retell this text and include a quote in it appropriately.
- Choose one of the tasks and create a text constructed as one of the types of speech (description of a photograph, a story about a life event, a discussion on a topic given in a ticket).
- Engage in dialogue with the teacher-examiners and answer the questions posed by them.
In the current 2019, the guys should try and successfully cope with a new type of certification for them. Moreover, there are stages of retake:
- On the second working Wednesday of March.
- First working Monday in May.
The total number of points for completing the entire work is 19.
The examinee receives a credit if he scored 10 or more points for the performance of the work. Evaluation criteria are included with the demo.
The structure of the OGE in the Russian language
The structure of the tickets provides for tasks covering the testing of all types of language skills:
- first, the student will need to write a presentation based on the audio text;
- then solve another 13 tasks, giving a short answer;
- in the last part, as in the first, there is only one task - an essay, for which you need to choose one topic from the three proposed in the ticket.
However, ninth-graders have the opportunity to write answers as correctly as possible - they will be given spelling dictionaries.
concise statement
The children will be asked to listen to the audio text 2 times with a five-minute break to write a concise presentation.
Tips for ninth graders.
- When writing text in a draft, make large indents between the lines so that later there is room for entering the rest of the text.
- When listening to the text for the first time, try to write down the main ideas of each paragraph. Shorten words to the point of comprehensibility.
- In the interval between listening, restore more fully those thoughts that you managed to write down.
- At the second listening, write down the missing thoughts in the draft to help create a coherent text.
- Read what you got and copy the text on another sheet.
- Check if all three paragraphs are logically related.
- Reread the text for spelling errors.
- Check your presentation for spelling errors.
- Check punctuation and grammar.
- Once again, re-read the result and only then proceed to copying it into a clean copy - into a form.
Do not forget that you are allowed to use a spelling dictionary on the exam.!
test part
There are 13 test tasks in the Russian language. It consists of tasks in the following sections of the Russian language:
| job number | Topic |
| 2 | Ability to extract information from a read text |
| 3 | Expressive means of language |
| 4 | Spelling prefixes |
| 5 | Spelling of suffixes |
| 6 | Replacing a colloquial word with a stylistically neutral synonym |
| 7 | Replacing a phrase of one type of connection with another |
| 8 and 11 | Working with the grammatical basis of a sentence |
| 9 | Separate members of the sentence |
| 10 | Appeals and introductory words |
| 12 | Coordinating and subordinating connection in a complex sentence |
| 13 | Types of subordination of subordinate clauses in a complex sentence |
| 14 | Types of complex sentences with different types connections |
Composition on the OGE
Creative work involves writing a short essay. The volume is at least 70 words.
The student will be asked to choose one type of task:
- 1 - linguistic essay.
- 2 - an essay requiring to reveal the meaning of the quote.
- 3 - work in which it is necessary to answer a moral question.
Evaluation of work
The maximum score for the entire work is 39.
This includes points for tests (1 point for each correct answer).
Points for presentation and essay are summed up. This includes assessment for the content of the work and their literacy.
- "3" can be obtained by scoring 15 - 24 points;
- "4" - 25 - 33 points (provided that the graduate scored at least 4 points for the criteria of GK1-GK4, that is, for literacy);
- "5" - 34 - 39 points (provided that the graduate scored at least 6 points for the criteria of GK1-GK4, that is, for literacy).
How to prepare for the OGE in Russian?
Success comes to those who work! And systematically and systematically. Therefore, the student must:
- Check out the exam demo.
- On the FIPI website in the "OBZ" section - an open bank of tasks - listen to audio recordings and practice writing a concise presentation.
- There you can also find examples of tasks of a test nature, from which the tasks on the real exam are added.
- Write essays on the chosen topic.
- You can prepare both independently and with a tutor if you need real help in the subject.
Collections of I.P. Tsybulko - head of the federal subject commission on the Russian language.
A video about essay 15.3 in the OGE in Russian can be viewed here:
Since we have published the criteria for presentation and composition in the relevant sections, it remains to publish here only the criteria for assessing literacy and notes from the demonstration OGE option 2016.
Literacy Assessment Criteria
| № | Criteria for assessing the literacy and actual accuracy of the examinee's speech | Points |
| GK1 | Compliance with spelling rules | |
| There are no spelling mistakes or no more than one error was made. | 2 | |
| Two or three mistakes were made. | 1 | |
| Four or more errors were made. | 0 | |
| GK2 | Compliance with punctuation rules | |
| There are no punctuation errors, or no more than two errors were made. | 2 | |
| Three or four mistakes were made. | 1 | |
| Five or more errors were made. | 0 | |
| GK3 | Compliance with grammar rules | |
| There are no grammatical errors or one mistake was made. | 2 | |
| Made two mistakes. | 1 | |
| Three or more errors were made. | 0 | |
| GK4 | Compliance with speech norms | |
| There are no speech errors, or no more than two errors were made. | 2 | |
| Three or four mistakes were made. | 1 | |
| Five or more errors were made | 0 | |
| FC1 | The actual accuracy of written speech | |
| There are no factual errors in the presentation of the material, as well as in the understanding and use of terms. | 2 | |
| One mistake was made in the presentation of the material or the use of terms. | 1 | |
| Two or more errors were made in the presentation of the material or the use of terms. | 0 | |
| The maximum number of points for an essay and presentation according to the criteria of FC1, GC1–GC4 | 10 |
Notes
When assessing literacy (GC1-GC4), the volume of presentation and essay should be taken into account.
The standards indicated in the table are used to check and evaluate the presentation and essay, the total volume of which is 140 or more words.
If the total volume of the essay and presentation is 70–139 words, then for each of the criteria GC1–GC4 no more than 1 point is given:
GK1 - 1 point is given if there are no spelling errors or one minor mistake is made;
GK2 - 1 point is given if there are no punctuation errors or one minor mistake is made;
GK3 - 1 point is given if there are no grammatical errors;
GK4 - 1 point is given if there are no speech errors.
If the presentation and the essay as a whole have less than 70 words, then such a work is evaluated by zero points according to the criteria of GK1-GK4. If the student completed only one type creative work(or
presentation, or essay), then the assessment according to the criteria of GK1-GK4 is also carried out in accordance with the amount of work:
- if the work has at least 140 words, then literacy is assessed according to the above table;
- if the work contains 70–139 words, then for each of the criteria GK1–GK4 no more than 1 point is given (see above);
- if the paper contains less than 70 words, then such work is evaluated by zero points according to the criteria of GK1-GK4.
Maximum Points, which can be received by the examinee for the completion of the entire examination work, - 39
.
In accordance with the Procedure for conducting the state final certification for educational programs basic general education (Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated December 25, 2013 No. 1394 was registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on February 3, 2014 No. 31206) “48. Exam papers are checked by two experts. According to the results of the check, the experts independently assign points for each answer to the tasks of the examination paper ... In case of a significant discrepancy in the points given by the two experts, a third check is assigned. Significant discrepancy in scores
defined in the evaluation criteria for the respective subject. The third expert is appointed by the chairman of the subject committee from among the experts who have not previously checked the examination paper. The third expert is provided with information about the scores assigned by the experts who previously checked the student's examination work. The points given by the third expert are final.
A discrepancy of 10 or more points given by two experts for completing tasks 1 and 15 is considered significant (scores for all positions (criteria) for assessing the task are summed up).
each expert: SG1-SG3, S1K1-S1K4, S2K1-S2K4, S3K1-S3K4, GK1-GK4, FK1). In this case, the third expert rechecks tasks 1 and 15 for all assessment positions. For the performance of the examination paper, a mark is given on a five-point scale.
The mark "2" is set if the student scored no more than 14 points (from 0 to 14) for completing all parts of the examination paper.
The mark "3" is set if the student scored at least 15 and not more than 24 points (from 15 to 24) for completing all parts of the examination paper.
A mark of "4" is given if the student scored at least 25 and not more than 33 points (from 25 to 33) for completing all parts of the examination paper. In this case, the student must score at least 4 points for literacy (criteria GK1-GK4). If, according to the criteria of GK1-GK4, the student scored less than 4 points, the mark "3" is set.
A mark of "5" is given if the student scored at least 34 and not more than 39 points (from 34 to 39) for completing all parts of the examination paper. In this case, the student must score at least 6 points for literacy (criteria GK1-GK4). If, according to the criteria of GK1-GK4, the student scored less than 6 points, the mark "4" is set.
Spring is a hot time for graduates of grades 9 and 11, because they have to take exams. Ninth-graders take the OGE - the Main State Exam, in order to move to the senior classes. 11th graders take the Unified State Examination (USE) in order to enter a university and get a higher education.
Passing the OGE by ninth-graders also makes it possible to enter technical schools and colleges, as it also serves as an entrance exam to institutions of secondary vocational education.
The main state exam is held to control the knowledge gained by students over 9 years of schooling. At the end of grade 9, students take the OGE in four subjects, 2 of them are compulsory and 2 more are optional. Mandatory OGEs are established in the subjects of the Russian language and mathematics.
For choice, such subjects as social science, physics, chemistry, biology, history, literature, computer science, geography, English, French, German, Spanish are provided.
The OGE takes place in 3 periods. The early period is one of the first. A certain category of students is allowed to it, these are athletes who will soon leave for competitions, students who have taken part in olympiads and other competitions, students who are sent for treatment, as well as those who travel abroad for study, or those who studied abroad.
The main period is the passing of the OGE by students of grade 9 who are not included in the list according to the criteria for passing in the early period.
An additional period is held for those who, for a good reason, could not attend the OGE in the main one, as well as for those who studied abroad and for students who did not pass the OGE in previous periods.
OGE how many points are given for an essay: criteria for evaluating an exam in the Russian language
For each of the subjects for which the OGE is taken, its own maximum score is set. For the Russian language, the maximum is 39 points. A special scale is used to convert points into 5-point assessment.
So, if the examinee scored in the Russian language from 0 to 14 points, this is 2, 15-24 points - 3rd, 25-33 points with the definition of literacy criteria and actual speech accuracy of 4 points, will bring 4-ku. In order to get a 5-ku in the OGE in the Russian language, you need to score from 34 to 39 points, with a literacy criteria of 6 points.
The essay in the exam is an important part of it, without the essay the exam will be considered a failure. Writing an essay refers to the 3rd part of the OGE and is performed in several versions. This is either writing an essay-reasoning on a linguistic topic, or expressing one's opinion or answering one of the proposed questions.
Evaluation of the essay is carried out according to the criteria of literacy and the actual accuracy of speech. For it, you can get 9 points as much as possible, plus an additional 10 points for parts 1 and 3, taking into account literacy and accuracy of speech.
The assessment includes:
Availability of a reasonable answer;
The presence of examples of arguments;
Semantic integrity, speech coherence and consistency of the composition;
The compositional harmony of the work.
These criteria include a theoretical reflection written without errors or a maximum of 1, giving reasoned examples with the designation of their role, the speech coherence of the text and the sequence of its presentation with established paragraphs, orderliness and logical ending of the presentation.