1 oil well. General information about drilling oil and gas wells. Features of drilling an oil well

Each country is trying in every possible way to emphasize its contribution to the global treasury of knowledge. Since many “buy” decisions are made on an emotional level, contribution to the world of science and engineering is not so much a matter of prestige of individual specialists, but of maintaining the value of the country's brand as a whole.

Therefore, the struggle for supremacy in the oil and gas industry is not only for current market share or future production, but also for past inventions. There are hundreds of examples where the same equations or approaches are called differently in different languages. Who was the first? And how important is it anyway?

First oil well

Oil has been extracted since time immemorial from the surface in places of natural seepage. There are references to oil production from built wells up to 50 meters deep (in the Baku region since 1594).

It is believed that the first industrial production well was built in 1858 by Edwin Drake. After his retirement as a railroad worker, Drake was able to travel around the country for free. This, and a chance meeting at a hotel, landed Drake a job as a prospector, a $1,000 a year salary, and several shares of Seneca Oil.

Building deep wells in Pennsylvania prior to Drake was considered an insurmountable task due to rapid ground collapse. Drake's industrial innovations were the use of a steam engine instead of a manual drive and the casing of the wellbore with a built-up cast-iron pipe in the process of deepening the wellbore. This is how the Chinese drilled wells up to 500 meters deep to extract brine 2500 years ago. According to Chinese chronicles, sometimes combustible gas or oil broke through in a well lined with bamboo. Not surprisingly, the only driller who agreed to Drake's adventure was William Smith, a specialist in drilling wells for salt.

Rod pump at a production well. The pump is driven by a steam engine that is heated by firewood. Tarr Farm, Oil Creek Valley, Pennsylvania, 1868. Photograph from the Drake Well Museum.

Meanwhile, the first exploration well is located near Baku. It was built under the guidance of engineer Vasily Semenov, at the same depth - 21 meters. From the memorandum of the Viceroy in the Caucasus, Prince Vorontsov, dated July 14, 1848: “... The director of the Baku and Shirvan mineral fields reported that a well was drilled in Bibi-Heybat, in which oil was found.”

The steam machine for drilling in Russia was first used only in 1859 near the city of Podolsk. First production well was built in Russia in the Kuban in 1864. The lag in the use of mechanized drilling also determined the subsequent lag in the use of other oil production technologies. For the time being, they simply did not see the need.

Reservoir at break

Early drilling techniques resulted in mud filtrate contamination of the bottomhole zone several meters deep into the formation. In addition, the wells drilled by percussion cable method did not completely penetrate the entire reservoir, because otherwise, Drake's casing would seal off the pay zone. Because of this, the well flow rate could be ten times lower than possible.

In 1865, retired Colonel E. Roberts receives patent No. 59,936 for "torpedoing" the bottomhole zone of a well. The service costing $100-200 and a royalty of 1/15th of future production was so popular that many covenants ("moonlighters") appeared on the market, violating the patent and the technology for handling gunpowder and nitroglycerin. Roberts had to hire Pinkerton detectives and spend a total of $250,000 in legal fees, staging the largest patent defense in US history. The method ceased to be used only on May 5, 1990, when stocks of discontinued nitroglycerin ran out.

The next technology was perforating the casing with a multi-shot perforator, which made it possible to lower the casing string below the pay zone and open the entire reservoir. From 1930 to 1956, Ira McCullough receives many patents for rock drills. However, the reservoir is not perforated deep enough, and production remains several times lower than potential.

To solve this problem, in 1947 Floyd Farris and Joseph B. Clark (Stanolind Oil and Gas Corporation) hired Halliburton to create an artificial fracture in the formation - hydraulic fracturing (HF), passing through the damage and filled with a more conductive proppant - proppant. To do this, it was necessary to raise the pressure of the liquid at the bottomhole above the rock pressure and keep the fracture open for several hours until the proppant injected with the liquid takes its place and the pumps can be turned off.

A hydraulic fracturing field experiment was conducted in 1947 in a gas field in Kansas. Calculations on gas field Hugoton, Kansas (depths 730 meters) showed the required pressure of 50-100 atm at the mouth (130-180 atm at the bottom) and injection volumes of several cubic meters of gel based on diesel fuel mixed with river sand. The process was patented by the oil company and immediately licensed to Halliburton. First commercial operation March 17, 1949 12 miles from Duncan, Oklahoma. On the same day, a second operation was carried out in neighboring Texas.

By 1980, over 150,000 hydraulic fracturing operations had been performed on 500,000 US wells. Re-fracs were performed on 35% of them. The first operation to create a fracture for the third time in the same well (tri-frac) was carried out in 1955. The maximum number of hydraulic fracturing operations was noted in 1955 - approximately 54,000 hydraulic fracturing per year.

Hydraulic fracturing began to be used in the USSR in 1952. Long before the invention of modern computers, in 1955, Soviet scientists Khristianovich and Zheltov developed the first two-dimensional model - KGD (Kristianovitch-Geertsma-de Klerk). In 1961 a second 2D model, PKN, was developed by Perkins and Kern, modified by Nordgren (1971). Half a century later, dozens of programs for pseudo-3D design and hydraulic fracturing optimization based on the PKN model compete on the market, the vast majority are created and finalized in the USA and Canada. More accurate, fully 3D simultaneous modeling of geomechanics, hydraulics and transfer process requires calculations of several months and is not used in practice.

The main vector of model development is a more accurate and faster forecast of multi-stage operations on several horizontal wells simultaneously (zip fracs). Also interesting is the description of fracture interference (stress shadowing) and proppant transport, as well as a combination of ancillary technologies, including tracer injection, fiber optics, and microseismic monitoring. In the longer term, the previously tested use of foams based on CO2 and nitrogen will need to be reinvented.

The peak of hydraulic fracturing in the USSR fell on 1959. oil fields Western Siberia. The revival of the practice of hydraulic fracturing in Russia began after the fall in oil prices, in the late 1980s. For 1988-1995 in Western Siberia, more than 1.6 thousand hydraulic fracturing operations were performed.

During the division of Yukos and the transfer of its assets to Rosneft, a number of high-ranking officials called hydraulic fracturing a “barbaric” and “predatory” method of extraction, which, however, did not prevent the increase in the number and tonnage of operations at the same fields in Russia from 5,000 in 2006 to around 15,000 in 2016.

From the experience of developing US fields in Russia, there may be a potential for reperforation and re-fracturing, as is practiced 5-10 years after the initial stimulation of the well. Due to geomechanical modeling, it is possible to predict how much the new fracture will deviate from the old one, and the hydrodynamic model will show the zones that need to be flooded. And if the wings of a new fracture pick up poorly drained interlayers, the water cut and gas content in the produced fluid will sharply decrease. This will be a signal that the re-operation has not only increased the rate of recovery, but also the recoverable reserves of this section of the field. Needless to say, the “barbaric method” that a new well in Russia rarely does without has already led to a market upheaval, a collapse in prices and the start of American oil exports. Given the high water cut and low oil production in wells drilled in 2012 and earlier, the technical risks of most re-fracturing are low - there is not much to lose.

Increasing volumes

Due to the fact that oil is often lighter than water, the pressure in the reservoir is able to deliver oil to the surface in a fountain. But at the same time, the oil flow rate is five times lower than the maximum possible, and the energy of the reservoir does not last long. For traditional reservoirs - several months, for shale deposits - up to several years.

Once again, Drake was an industrial innovator, taking a hand pump from the kitchen. By creating a vacuum of one atmosphere from the surface, he increased production from 10 to 25 barrels per day, leaving the entire town of Titusville without circulating whiskey barrels. This example shows well the danger of comparing only production data. Without pressure data - financial analysts can easily be mistaken by several times when comparing a well flowing through a choke with a well operating in an empty hole (AOF).

A pump at the surface can create a vacuum and add atmospheric pressure to the energy of the formation itself. You can create a greater vacuum with a pump in the well, but how to set it in motion? The first solution is a mechanical transmission from the surface, but then a long rod is needed, the stroke of which will limit the maximum flow rate. In 1865, just as wells from the first wave of industrial drilling stopped flowing, the Americans began to massively use submersible plunger pumps, with a piston driven by an engine from the surface through a balancer from a drilling machine and a wooden rod (see Figure 1). In Russia, the innovation found its market only in 1874.

But what if the wells are getting deeper and deeper and you need to create a pressure of several hundred atmospheres? And drillers have learned to drill inclined wells at the right angle?

Then it is reasonable to place both the pump and the motor in the well itself. This requires an ultra-small device size and high power per unit volume. An electric motor was the only option at the time. In 1911, Armais Arutyunov opens his company in Yekaterinoslav and creates a high-speed compact electric motor that can operate completely submerged in water. And in 1916, he brought to mind a pair working on one shaft: a motor and a centrifugal pump. In this case, a powerful motor is located below the pump and is cooled by the oncoming fluid flow.

In 1919, Arutyunov emigrated first to Berlin, then, in 1923, to Los Angeles, where he tried to convince him to introduce his development. Everywhere there was a refusal with the words that the device was contrary to the known laws of electricity. It is noteworthy that 50 years earlier, in Austria, Graz University professor Jacob Peschl gave a lecture on the impracticability of using alternating current in electric motors to one of his students. The student's name was Nikola Tesla, and the name of Professor Peshl will forever remain in the history of engineering.

In 1928 Arutyunov moved to Oklahoma and opened his own company with his partner Frank Phillips (Director of Phillips Petroleum Co.). In 1930 the company was renamed REDA pump Co. (from Russian Electrical Dynamo of Arutunoff). Hundreds of American workers laid off during the Great Depression found work in it. By the end of the 30s, REDA had more than 90 patents, and Arutyunov did not deny himself anything until the end of his life. His portrait hangs in the Oklahoma State Hall of Fame.

The REDA brand of electric submersible pumps (ESP) was the only one on the US market until 1957, and a century after the prototype was created, it is still in product line Schlumberger. It is noteworthy that the North Burbank Unit, where Frank Phillips made his fortune, is still producing oil through CO2 injection (see the NGV paper "Greenhouse effect in oil production" in issue #13/14, 2017) and pressure, created by ESP REDA.

The first ESP in the USSR was launched in 1943, when 53 REDA pumps were received from the USA under Lend-Lease. The domestic analogue was lowered on March 20, 1951 into well No. 18/11 of Grozneft. The West Siberian province began to be developed much later than the Oklahoma and Texas fields, so the flow rates remain higher than in the USA and require powerful pumps. Until now, more than 80% of oil is produced in Russia by ESP. More than 80,000 wells are equipped with them.

The shale revolution sharply increased the flow rates of US wells, and cheap oil sharply reduced wages in Russia, so for Russian ESP producers: Borets (Lysvaneftemash LLC), Novomet (the company of the same name, Perm), Almaz (Raduzhny, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug) and Alnas (Riemera Group of Companies - part of ChTPZ Holding) opens a unique window of opportunity. But only if they can compete with REDA (Schlumberger) and Centrilift (Baker Hughes) in terms of high GOR rate range and price with Chinese manufacturers. One of the barriers to entry will be, oddly enough, the lack of experience in installing and maintaining ESPs among the Americans. For them, the era of mass use of ESP ended in the 1970s, but begins again, and in the same oil production areas as half a century ago.

New technologies and pilot samples often appear outside the United States, but in a surprisingly systematic way, the states become a place for their mass application, refinement and transformation into a mass export product. Lucky inventors may be making one unique breakthrough, but the true revolutions in the industry are made by people who have systematically tried hundreds and thousands of approaches and found the right combination of previously known technologies. Therefore, it is not very important where the technology was born, it is important who first guessed to cross it with several already known ones and bring the product to mass use.

Americans associate the birth of the oil industry with Drake, not because he was an outstanding inventor, or at least successful businessman. He had no business acumen and the drilling method remained unpatented. After losing on the stock market in 1863, he was forced to live in old age on a special state pension of $1,500/year (an unimaginable generosity at the time), one and a half times his starting salary from Seneca Oil.

Drake became famous because he went against the opinion of the experts in water drilling, rode 90 miles in search of a salt driller who would take on a crazy job. In addition, he combined the well-known drilling method with the well-known water pumping technology. Production increased many times and became commercial.

The user needs to optimize for a dozen scenarios, and not fight with an inconvenient tool in everyday work and guess at incomprehensible parameters and initial data. There is an alternative to new methods - this is the good old principle, known in all languages - "we have always done it this way." Therefore, in order not to fall behind, it is worth working for the future, and not clinging to the great past.

Drilling is the impact of special equipment on the soil layers, as a result of which a well is formed in the ground, through which valuable resources will be extracted. The process of drilling oil wells is carried out in different areas of work, which depend on the location of the soil or mountain formation: it can be horizontal, vertical or inclined.

As a result of work, a cylindrical void is formed in the ground in the form of a straight shaft, or well. Its diameter may vary depending on the purpose, but it is always less than the length parameter. The beginning of the well is located on the soil surface. The walls are called the trunk, and the bottom of the well is called the bottom.

Key milestones

If medium and light equipment can be used for water wells, then only heavy equipment can be used for oil well drilling. The drilling process can only be carried out with the help of special equipment.

The process itself is divided into the following stages:

Delivery of equipment to the site where the work will be done.
The actual drilling of the mine. The process includes several works, one of which is the deepening of the shaft, which occurs with the help of regular flushing and further destruction of the rock.
So that the wellbore is not destroyed and does not clog it, the rock layers are strengthened. For this purpose, a special column of interconnected pipes is laid in space. The place between the pipe and the rock is fixed with cement mortar: this work is called plugging.
Last work is development. The last layer of rock is opened on it, a bottomhole zone is formed, and the mine is perforated and fluid is drained.

Site preparation

To organize the process of drilling an oil well, it will also be necessary to carry out preparatory stage. If the development is carried out in the forest area, it is required, in addition to the preparation of the main documentation, to obtain consent to work in the forestry. The preparation of the site itself includes the following steps:

Cutting down trees in the area.
The division of the zone into separate parts of the earth.
Drawing up a work plan.
Establishment of a settlement to house the labor force.
Ground preparation for the drilling station.
Carrying out marking at the place of work.
Creation of foundations for the installation of tanks in a warehouse with combustible materials.
Arrangement of warehouses, delivery and debugging of equipment.

After that, it is necessary to start preparing equipment directly for drilling oil wells. This stage includes the following processes:

Installation and testing of equipment.
Wiring lines for power supply.
Installation of bases and auxiliary elements for the tower.
Installing the tower and lifting to the desired height.
Debugging of all equipment.

When the oil drilling equipment is ready for operation, it is necessary to obtain a conclusion from a special commission that the equipment is in good condition and ready for work, and the personnel have sufficient knowledge in the field of safety rules in this kind of production. When checking, it is clarified whether the structure is correct lighting(they must have an explosion-resistant casing), whether lighting with a voltage of 12V is installed along the depth of the mine. Notes regarding the quality of work and safety must be taken into account in advance.

Prior to drilling a well, it is necessary to install a hole, bring in pipes to strengthen the drill shaft, a chisel, small special equipment for auxiliary work, casing pipes, instruments for measuring during drilling, provide water supply and resolve other issues.

The drilling site contains accommodation facilities for workers, technical rooms, a laboratory building for analyzing soil samples and the results obtained, warehouses for inventory and small working tools, as well as facilities for medical care and security features.

Features of drilling an oil well

After installation, the processes of re-equipment of the traveling system begin: in the course of these works, equipment is installed, and small mechanical means are also tested. Installation of the mast opens the process of drilling into the soil; the direction should not diverge from the axial center of the tower.

After the centering is completed, a well is created for the direction: this process means installing a pipe to strengthen the wellbore and pouring the initial part with cement. After setting the direction, the centering between the tower itself and the rotary axes is re-adjusted.

Pit drilling is carried out in the center of the shaft, and in the process, casing is made using pipes. When drilling a pit, a turbodrill is used; to adjust the rotation speed, it is necessary to hold it with a rope, which is fixed on the tower itself, and is physically held by the other part.

A couple of days before the launch of the drilling rig, when the preparatory stage has passed, a conference is held with the participation of members of the administration: technologists, geologists, engineers, drillers. The issues discussed at the conference include the following:

The scheme of occurrence of layers in an oil field: a layer of clay, a layer of sandstone with water carriers, a layer of oil deposits.
Design features of the well.
The composition of the rock at the point of research and development.
Accounting for possible difficulties and complicating factors that may arise when drilling an oil well in a particular case.
Consideration and analysis of the map of standards.
Consideration of issues related to trouble-free wiring.

Documents and equipment: basic requirements

The process of drilling a well for oil can begin only after a number of documents have been issued. These include the following:

Permission to start the operation of the drilling site.
Map of standards.
Journal of drilling fluids.
Journal of Occupational Safety at Work.
Accounting for the functioning of diesel engines.
Watch log.

Back to main mechanical equipment and consumables which are used in the process of drilling a well, include the following types:

Cementing equipment, cement mortar itself.
Safety equipment.
Logging mechanisms.
Technical water.
Reagents for various purposes.
Water for drinking.
Pipes for casing and actual drilling.
Helicopter pad.

Well types

In the process of drilling an oil well, a mine is formed in the rock, which is checked for the presence of oil or gas by perforating the hole, which stimulates the inflow of the desired substance from the productive area. After that, the drilling equipment is dismantled, the well is sealed with the start and end dates of drilling, and then the debris is removed, and the metal parts are recycled.

At the beginning of the process, the diameter of the trunk is up to 90 cm, and by the end it rarely reaches 16.5 cm. In the course of work, the construction of a well is done in several stages:

The deepening of the day of the well, for which drilling equipment is used: it crushes the rock.
Removal of debris from the mine.
Fixing the trunk with pipes and cement.
Works during which the obtained fault is investigated, productive locations of oil are revealed.
Descent of depth and its cementing.

Wells can vary in depth and are divided into the following varieties:

Small (up to 1500 meters).
Medium (up to 4500 meters).
Deep (up to 6000 meters).
Super deep (more than 6000 meters).

Drilling a well involves crushing an entire rock formation with a chisel. The resulting parts are removed by washing with a special solution; the depth of the mine becomes greater when the entire bottomhole area is destroyed.

Problems during oil drilling

During the drilling of wells, a number of technical problems can be encountered that will slow down or make work almost impossible. These include the following events:

The destruction of the trunk, landslides.
Departure into the soil of a liquid for washing (removal of parts of the rock).
Emergency conditions of equipment or mine.
Drilling errors.

Most often, wall collapses occur due to the fact that the rock has an unstable structure. Signs of collapse are increased pressure, higher viscosity of the fluid that is used for flushing, and an increased number of rock pieces that come to the surface.

Fluid absorption most often occurs if the underlying formation completely takes the solution into itself. Its porous system or high absorbency contributes to this phenomenon.

In the process of drilling a well, a projectile that moves clockwise reaches the bottom hole and rises back. The drilling of the well reaches the bedrock formations, into which a tie-in takes place up to 1.5 meters. To prevent the well from being washed out, a pipe is immersed at the beginning, it also serves as a means of carrying the flushing solution directly into the gutter.

The drilling tool, as well as the spindle, can rotate at different speeds and frequencies; this indicator depends on what types of rocks need to be punched, what diameter of the crown will be formed. The speed is controlled by a regulator that regulates the level of load on the bit used for drilling. In the process of work, the necessary pressure is created, which is exerted on the walls of the face and the cutters of the projectile itself.

Well drilling design

Before starting the process of creating an oil well, a project is drawn up in the form of a drawing, which indicates the following aspects:

Properties of the discovered rocks (resistance to destruction, hardness, degree of water content).
The depth of the well, the angle of its inclination.
The diameter of the shaft at the end: this is important for determining the extent to which the hardness of the rocks influences it.
Well drilling method.

The design of an oil well must begin with determining the depth, the final diameter of the mine itself, as well as the level of drilling and design features. Geological analysis allows you to resolve these issues, regardless of the type of well.

Drilling methods

The process of creating a well for oil production can be carried out in several ways:

Shock-rope method.
Work with the use of rotary mechanisms.
Drilling a well using a downhole motor.
Turbine drilling.
Drilling a well using a screw motor.
Drilling a well with an electric drill.

The first method is one of the most well-known and proven methods, and in this case the shaft is pierced by chisel strikes, which are produced at regular intervals. Impacts are made through the influence of the weight of the chisel and the weighted rod. The lifting of the equipment is due to the balancer of the drilling equipment.

Work with rotary equipment is based on the rotation of the mechanism with the help of a rotor, which is placed on the wellhead through the drilling pipes, which act as a shaft. Drilling of small wells is carried out by participating in the process of the spindle motor. The rotary drive is connected to a cardan and a winch: such a device allows you to control the speed at which the shafts rotate.

Turbine drilling is performed by transmitting torque to the string from the motor. The same method allows you to transfer the energy of hydraulics. With this method, only one channel of energy supply at the bottomhole level functions.

A turbodrill is a special mechanism that converts hydraulic energy in solution pressure into mechanical energy, which provides rotation.

The process of drilling an oil well consists of lowering and raising the string into the mine, as well as holding it in the air. A column is a prefabricated structure made of pipes that are connected to each other by means of special locks. The main task is to transfer various types of energy to the bit. Thus, a movement is carried out, leading to the deepening and development of the well.

Drilling is a procedure for breaking rocks with special drilling equipment. Drilling, like many other technologies, has several directions.

The drilling process involves breaking rocks with the help of drilling equipment, resulting in a well.

These directions depend on the position of the rock formation:

vertical;
obliquely directed;
horizontal.

The process of laying a directional cylindrical shaft in the ground is called drilling. Subsequently, this channel is called a well. In diameter, it should be less than the length. The wellhead (beginning) is located on the surface. Bottomhole and wellbore are called the bottom and walls of the well, respectively.

Preparing for the process

When drilling wells first:

The drilling process is impossible without special drilling equipment.

Drilling equipment is brought to the drilling site.
Then the drilling process begins. It consists in deepening the wellbore by flushing it and drilling.
In order to avoid the collapse of the walls of the wells, the separation of the layers is carried out - work to strengthen the layers of the earth. To do this, pipes are lowered into the drilled earth and laid, which are connected into columns. Then the entire space between the pipes and the ground is cemented (plugged).
The last stage of work is called well development. It includes the opening of the last layer, the installation of the bottomhole zone, as well as perforation and outflow stimulation.

In order to start drilling from the beginning, it is necessary to carry out preparatory work.

First, documents are drawn up that allow cutting down and clearing the forest, but for this you need to get the consent of the forestry. When preparing a site for drilling, the following work is carried out:

Before you start drilling wells, you need to clear the area from trees.

division of zones into sections by coordinates;
cutting down trees;
layout;
construction of a workers' camp;
preparation of the basis for drilling;
preparation and marking of the site;
installation of foundations for tanks at the fuel and lubricants warehouse;
storage sheathing, equipment preparation.

The next stage of work is the preparation of rigging equipment. For this:

make installation of equipment;
installation of lines;
installation of substructures, bases and blocks;
installation and lifting of the tower;
commissioning works.

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Preliminary work

After the drilling machine is installed, a special commission arrives to check the equipment, machinery and quality of work.

When the drilling rig is ready, preparations for drilling begin. As soon as the drilling machine is installed and the construction of structures is completed, the drilling machine is checked by a special commission. The foreman of the drilling team, accepting the commission, together with it monitors the quality of work, checks the equipment and the implementation of labor protection.

For example, according to the method of execution, luminaires must be in an explosion-proof casing, emergency lighting for 12 V must be distributed throughout the mine. All comments made by the commission must be taken into account before drilling begins.

Before starting drilling, the equipment is equipped with the appropriate equipment: a square hole, drill pipes, a chisel, small-scale mechanization devices, casing pipes for a conductor, instrumentation, water, etc.

The drilling rig should have houses for housing, a gazebo, a canteen, a bathhouse for drying things, a laboratory for analyzing solutions, equipment for extinguishing fires, auxiliary and working tools, safety posters, first aid kits and medicines, a warehouse for drilling equipment, water.

After the drilling tower has been installed, a series of works on re-equipment of the traveling system begins, during which equipment is installed and small-scale mechanization is tested. Drilling technology begins with the installation of the mast. Its direction must be set exactly in the center of the axis of the tower.

After centering the tower, drilling under the direction is carried out. This is the lowering of the pipe to strengthen the wells and the filling of its upper end, which should coincide in direction with the gutter, cement. After the direction in the process of drilling wells has been established, the alignment between the axes of the rotor and the derrick is checked again.

In the center of the well, drilling is carried out under the hole for the square and in the process they are cased with a pipe. The drilling of the well hole is performed by a turbodrill, which is held by a hemp rope to prevent too fast rotation. At one end it is attached to the leg of the tower, and the other is held in the hands through a block.

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Completion

After the preparatory work, 2 days before the launch of the drilling rig, a conference is organized, where the entire administration participates ( Chief Engineer, technologist, chief geologist, etc.). The conference discusses:

Scheme of the structure of geological rocks at the site of oil discovery: 1 - clay, 2 - water-saturated sandstones, 3 - oil deposit.

well structure;
the structure of the rocks in the place of the geological section;
complications that may arise during the drilling process, etc.;
then consider the normative map;
work on trouble-free and high-speed wiring is discussed.

The drilling process can be started upon execution of the following documents:

geological and technical order;
permission to put the drilling rig into operation;
regulatory map;
shift log;
magazine on drilling fluids;
journal of labor protection;
accounting for diesel engines.

The following types of mechanisms and materials can be used at the drilling rig:

equipment cementing;
posters with inscriptions about safety and labor protection;
logging equipment;
drinking water and technical;
Helipad;
cement mortars and drilling;
chemical reagents;
casing pipes and drilling pipes.

Well drilling is a method of cutting down rock in which a mine is formed. Such mines (wells) are tested for the presence of oil and gas. To do this, the wellbore is perforated to provoke the flow of oil or gas from the productive horizon. Then the drilling equipment and all towers are dismantled. A seal is installed on the well indicating the name and date of drilling. After that, the garbage is destroyed, all barns are buried, and the scrap metal is disposed of.

Usually, at the beginning, the maximum diameter of the wells does not exceed 900 mm. At the end, it rarely reaches 165 mm. The drilling process consists of several processes during which the construction of the wellbore takes place:

the process of deepening the bottom of wells by coloring rocks with a drilling tool;
removal of broken rock from a well shaft;
wellbore fixing;
carrying out geological and geophysical work on the study of the fault rock and the discovery of productive horizons;
descent and cementing depth.

According to the depth of the well, there are the following types:

shallow - 1500 m deep;
medium - up to 4500 m deep;
deep - 6000 m;
ultra-deep - over 6000 m.

The drilling process is the breaking of rocks with drill bits. Broken parts of this rock are cleaned out by a stream of washing (liquid) solution. The depth of wells increases in the process of destruction of the bottomhole over the entire area.

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Arising complications

The collapse of the borehole walls can occur due to the unstable structure of the rock.

During the process of drilling a well, some complications may arise. It can be:

collapses of the mine walls;
absorption of washing liquid;
accidents;
inaccurate borehole drilling, etc.

Falls can occur due to the unstable structure of the rock. They can serve as a sign;

high blood pressure;
too high viscosity of the flushing fluid;
too much debris when washing the mine.

The absorption of the flushing solution occurs due to the fact that the solution, poured into the mine, is completely sucked into the formation. This usually happens when the reservoirs have a porous structure or high permeability.

Drilling is a process in which a rotating projectile is brought to the bottom and then raised again. In this case, the wells are drilled to bedrock, cutting 0.5-1.5 m. After that, a pipe is lowered into the wellhead to prevent erosion and to ensure that the flushing fluid, leaving the well, enters the gutter.

The rotational speed of the drill string and spindle depends on physical properties rocks, diameter and type of drill bit. The rotation speed is controlled by the feed regulator, which creates the desired load on the crown. At the same time, it creates a certain pressure on the cutters of the projectile and the walls of the face.

Before you start drilling a well, you need to draw up its design drawing, which indicates:

physical properties of rocks: their hardness, stability and water saturation;
depth and inclination of the well;
the final diameter of the well, which is affected by the hardness of the rocks;
drilling methods.

Drawing up a well project begins with the choice of its depth, diameter at the end of drilling, drilling angles, and structure.

The depth of the mapping wells depends on the geological analysis followed by its mapping.

Homeland of Russian oil.

Before 1861 In 1994, oil production in the Kuban was limited by the "exclusive right of the troops to exploit oil wells." But everything changed in the second half of the nineteenth century. The first who invested his money in oil production was a retired colonel A. N. Novosiltsev.

Novosiltsev chooses Temryuk district as a place for the development of oil fields. Since 1864, together with the subjects of the United States of America Shandar and Green Clay, he began exploration work on the Taman Peninsula near the villages of Novotitarovskaya and Vyshestebliyevskaya, as well as in the valley of the Kudako and Psif rivers. These American engineers were Rockefeller's own men.

In the first case, two years of work did not give any result, and more than 200 thousand rubles were spent on them. The amount was not small even for those times, and in his letters to friends, Ardalion Nikolaevich complains that the Americans do not work well, drag out the process in every possible way, complain that the conditions in Russia are unsuitable.

It's the devil knows what, - the mining engineer M. M. Yushkin exclaimed woefully, - these Yankees only know how to deliberately slow down the exploration of deposits, hide the results of their geological surveys, distort the data of laboratory analyzes. God knows - this is nothing but a deliberate deception of Russian public opinion ...

Gilev, another Russian mining engineer, spoke about the same in his articles: the Americans were only interested in one thing - to convince the Russians of the futility of new geological surveys in the Kuban.

Novosiltsev terminates the contract with the Americans and invites Russian specialists to work, relying on the valley of the Psif, Kudako and Psebeps rivers.

February 3, 1866 year has been a wonderful day. Novosiltsev’s representative, Vladimir Peters, informed the commander of the Adagum regiment: “I inform you that on my last trip to the Kudako tract, after incredible efforts on February 3, a stone was broken, and with an unusual noise a stream of clean oil opened, giving without the help of a locomobile and workers’ allowances, by means of one pipe from 1500 to 2000 buckets every 24 hours. I bring this to your attention, for reporting to whom it should.

It was the first oil gusher in Russia. He attracted the attention of the domestic press, which described the "wonder of nature" in great detail. The newspaper "Russian invalid" (No. 59) published a note about this event. And through diplomatic channels, requests were received to set up an oil business in the Kuban.

Nowadays the well is no longer in operation, but in its place, in honor of those events, a stylized tower was built, in the middle of which a monument was erected.
Everything would be fine, if not complete inattention to such a historical place of both local authorities and our oil giants, who owe A. N. Novosiltsev the beginning of development oil industry in Russia.
This place is not even included in the list of sights of the region, not to mention supporting the idea of creating a memorial and historical complex.

The tower still looks relatively dignified, but the monument with "fiery" inscriptions on the plates is being destroyed and literally crumbles before our eyes.

Used information from the site:
http://kudako.ru/

Water is the source of life, without which life is unthinkable. Throughout history, people have built settlements near bodies of water and springs. Regardless of the amount of water available in the region where people lived, the springs were deified and often endowed with magical powers. Indeed, underground water or water flowing from a source is more useful, able not only to quench thirst, but also to give energy. Already in our time it has been proven that water can change its energy-informational structure, on which its healing properties will depend. The deeper the water is extracted, the more useful it is. In ancient times, this property was also noticed, so water was delivered to the fields through a special water supply and irrigation system, as a result there were large crops.

Well drilling in pre-biblical times and in Egypt

The first mention of aquifers is in the Bible. Exodus 17:1-6 says that during the passage of the people of Israel from Egypt, Moses turned to God to give water to his people in the wilderness. Moses struck the rock with the rod in the place indicated by the Lord, and the source was clogged. AT this case artesian waters were close to the surface.

Wells for water are known in Egypt, according to the artifacts found, it was possible to determine their age - it was at least 5000 years old. Some of the wells even have an inscription with the date of construction. In Egypt, rough stone chisels were used for drilling, which were attached to a wooden pole.

Somewhat later, in ancient Jerusalem, wells became an integral part of urban life. The city had a Gihon spring behind fortified walls. Water was collected in a pool, around which powerful walls also rose. Also in Israel, in the city of David, the Warren Mine became famous, according to some opinions related to the water supply system. Several mines led to Gihon. It is believed that the city existed as early as the 12th century BC, at the same time, work was carried out to drill the source.

Sources of water in the ancient world

Springs were also drilled in the ancient world. The wells were found in the area of the city of Syracuse, which was located on the territory of Ancient Sicily. Moreover, the sources in Ancient Greece were broken through on the territory of the estates of wealthy citizens. True, these wells were shallow and did not exceed 3 m, that is, with its help, groundwater was raised, and the well was drilled using an auger. The auger is a vertical screw conveyor. Nowadays, it is also used for drilling shallow wells.

Recall that at one time Archimedes lived in Syracuse, who created a special device for raising sea water to aqueducts, resembling a modern pump in design. But a discovery was made, which allows us to assert that wells were drilled by augers in Greece 100 years before the birth of Archimedes. Thanks to such inventions, water supply and sewerage were made in cities. In Rome, the canal of the Cloaca Maximus, which was built in the 5th century BC, is still in working order. like a sewer. Today it is used for storm sewers.

Excerpts from the History of Drilling in Ancient China

The greatest perfection was achieved by technology in ancient China. In the 7th century BC, according to Confucius, wells were drilled over 512 m. The drilling technology is fully described in ancient manuscripts. To destroy the rock, chisels made of metal and attached to long bamboo poles were used. The drill was raised to a height with the help of ropes and dropped into the well. The crushed rock was mixed with water and scooped out of the well. This method was invented by the Chinese engineer Li Peng. Nowadays, this method is also used in an improved form and is called the shock-rope method of drilling wells.

First wells in Europe

The first known European well is dated 1125. Its depth was 121 m. It is located in the province of Pas de Cayes (France). In 1818, a special well drilling fund was organized in France due to mass demand. In 1833, the first well was drilled in Paris, in 1839 its depth already reached 493 m, in 1841 - 549 m. At this level near Paris there is an aquifer, and a fountain with a height of 34 m gushed from the well.

First wells in Russia

In Russia, wells were drilled primarily for the extraction of brine. It must be said that water wells were used for their intended purpose for a relatively short time. The drilling method began to be used for mineral exploration.

The first wells for water consumption were drilled in the 15th century in the Kremlin, in 1654 on the territory of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra and in Belozero. Wells for the extraction of salt were especially relevant, such salt pans were mentioned in 1136 in the charter of Prince Svyatoslav.

By the 17th century, Russia even had its own handwritten drilling textbook “Painting on how to start making a new pipe in a new place.” Centuries-old experience of Russian drillers was collected in this set of rules. The collection gave recommendations on sampling soil, brines and ways to eliminate accidents. There is also information about the rules for the manufacture of drills and drilling technology. 128 terms are given, where there is not a single borrowed one. On average, wells of 89 sazhens (about 88 meters) were practiced, which corresponds to a sandy horizon.
The names of legendary Russian drilling engineers such as Kirill Arnold, Veniamin Kayakanogov, Georgy Timofeev can also be noted. Over time, drilling began to be used steam engines, engines. Already in the 19th century, a large number of wells were drilled in Russia.

Modern well drilling

It can be considered from the beginning of the 19th century began modern history drilling of aquifers. Technologies have evolved, the capabilities of drillers have grown significantly, and the cost of drilling has also decreased.
At the beginning of the 20th century, drilling rigs were purely mechanical systems: a column, differential-screw, chain or lever systems for axial force. Over time, the installations were equipped with a hydraulic feed, as well as a system that made it possible to achieve smooth rotation. Drilling rigs were equipped with a diesel-hydroelectric drive, and subsequently with electronic control.

The history of water well drilling is associated with the following inventions:

with the invention of the cone bit in the USA (1909);
with the creation of drill bits with reinforcing incisors (after 1920);
using small diamond crowns and chisels (after 1940);

It must be said that only technologies have been improved, the very principle of drilling has practically not changed since antiquity. In addition, at present, water well drilling has gradually faded into the background, drilling is used for mining, and the average well depth is 2-3 km. In the history of Russia there is a case of ultra-deep drilling, its depth in 1992 was over 12 km.

With the improvement of technology, the nature of well completion also changed. To protect against freezing and destruction by groundwater, the hole is completed with waterproof caissons that form waterproof chambers. Caissons are mainly used for water wells. Dimensions of caissons: diameter - 1 meter, height - 2 meters. In caissons, water well equipment is usually placed if it is necessary to save space in the house.

In the days of Ancient Rome, water flowed through the system by gravity; in the 13th century, such a water supply system appeared in Paris and London. Even in Novgorod, a gravity water pipe made of wood was found. In Georgia, water was supplied through pottery pipes. This aqueduct was built in the 13th century. In 1630, the first well with a water tower on lead pipes was built in the Kremlin - installations that are still in use today.

Now the walls of the well can be fixed with a number of materials available at the time of drilling - cast iron, reinforced concrete, asbestos-cement, reinforced concrete, galvanized pipes. Plastic pipes have been used since the 1930s. Polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride pipes were used. These types of labor tolerate high and low temperatures well. Modern pipes combine the properties of polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride. The service life of modern pipes is at least 50 years. These pipes "deliver" water literally in its original state, without changing chemical composition. An integral part of the well will be a water intake pump. Pumps vary in application, and there are more expensive and less expensive versions to help you get into your budget. In general, a professional company will offer you several options for completing pumps, which will differ in parameters and cost.

Is drilling a well worth it?

Many people wonder if it is worth drilling a well? Definitely worth it. You provide yourself incomparably clean water. Wells are divided into several types: wells for raising groundwater, wells for sand horizon, wells for aquifer. The most useful and clean water will be given to you by the latter, but even an average well of 90 m can guarantee you good and fresh water. How is it different from groundwater? Water repeatedly passes through the thickness of the sand and is purified. Even a well guarantees you the pleasure of fresh water, which has more recuperative energy.

The most difficult will be to drill an artesian well. Such water in most cases is not used for domestic needs. Usually water is extracted from such wells for the purpose of its subsequent sale. The well is drilled to limestone rocks, the water from it is a fountain. It is formed because water is under hydraulic pressure in the thickness of limestone. Today, despite the high cost, artesian wells have become the most popular way of autonomous water supply. Groundwater does not require purification and disinfection.

The main advantage of such a well is its incomparably high water yield. On average, a well without repair will serve you for at least 30 years, but this is on condition that it will be drilled by professionals.

Recall that artesian water is available only in artesian basins, the geographical location of which can be clarified at any geodetic bureau. If you need drilling, try to choose a company that has a large and its own mobile drilling rigs, then you will be insured against the troubles of operation.

Whatever the budget for autonomous water supply, be sure to consider different drilling options. With a well, you will always be provided with clean spring water.