Sculpture and architecture as types of plastic arts
Prepared by the teacher of IZO MOBU Novobureyskaya secondary school No. 3 L.A. Rogudeeva UMK - Shpikalova T.Ya., Ershova L.V., Porovskaya G.A. Visual Arts: Textbook for grade 7 educational institutions / ed. Shpikalova T.Ya. - M., Education, 2010. 2015
Amur Region, Bureya District, Novobureisky Settlement
Lesson Objectives
Objectives: to introduce students to the expressive possibilities of a three-dimensional image, types of sculptural images, the relationship of volume with the surrounding space and lighting, artistic materials used in sculpture, and their properties; learn to create three-dimensional images of animals using various materials (plasticine, clay, crumpled paper), including natural ones; cultivate interest in learning activities and sculptural art.
We will study plastic arts. They are also called spatial, visual, visible, graceful. These types of art are perceived by sight and exist in space. These are architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics and arts and crafts.
The figure shows a column of plastic arts. Each groove is inscribed with the name of the art form, and at the bottom of the column is the language in which this art “speaks”.
Sculpture
Sculpture (from the Latin word for “carve”) is one of the most ancient arts. History knows the works created thousands of years ago by the masters of Egypt, India, Greece. Statue of Augustus. 1st century AD
In his work, the sculptor uses volume and plasticity, making a work from clay, carving from stone, casting from metal. Like a painter, a sculptor conveys in his work the character of a person, his inner world, the feelings of a person, we read in his features. F. Shubin. Portrait of Catherine the Great.
Sculpture can be round and protruding on a plane - a relief.
Sculpture can be easel (small size) and monumental (large size)
Architecture
Architecture is architecture, the art of designing and building buildings. Architecture should be not only beautiful, but also functional.
In different historical periods, various Construction Materials and technologies that affect the creation of structures.
The modern level of development of technology, the use of reinforced concrete, glass, plastics and other new materials make it possible to create unusual shapes buildings.
To use the preview of presentations, create an account for yourself ( account) Google and sign in: https://accounts.google.com
Slides captions:
Masterpieces of world architecture.
France The Eiffel Tower is the most recognizable architectural landmark in Paris, world famous as a symbol of France, named after its designer Gustave Eiffel. Eiffel himself called it simply - the 300-meter tower. In 2006, the tower was visited by 6,719,200 people, and in its entire history until December 31, 2007-236,445,812 people. That is, the tower is the most visited [and most photographed landmark in the world. This symbol of Paris was conceived as a temporary structure - the tower served as the entrance arch of the Paris World Exhibition in 1889. From the planned demolition (20 years after the exhibition), the tower was saved by radio antennas installed at the very top - this was the era of the introduction of radio. Gustave Eiffel
Great Britain The tower was built according to the project of the English architect Augustus Pugin in 1858; the tower clock was put into operation on May 31, 1859. The official name until September 2012 was the "Westminster Clock Tower" (sometimes referred to as "St. Stephen's Tower"). The height of the tower is 96.3 meters (with a spire); the lower part of the clock mechanism is located at a height of 55 m from the ground. With a dial diameter of 7 meters and an arrow length of 2.7 and 4.2 meters, the watch has long been considered the largest in the world.
This “musical” building in the form of a piano and a violin is a unique, amazing and beautiful architectural marvel. Piano House is located in Huainan City, China. The main building is in a piano made of black glass, and in a violin made of clear glass stairs are located. It was designed by Hefei University of Technology and built in 2007 to draw public attention to the newly developed area. Serves as an exhibition complex, which hosts cultural meetings, where various ideas and prospects for the development of the new city. House piano and violin in lights. This remarkable architecture, displaying the pride of high musical art, has become a popular tourist attraction and the most fantastic building in China. China House of piano and violin.
The Sydney Opera House is a musical theater in Sydney, one of the most famous and easily recognizable buildings in the world, which is a symbol of largest city Australia and one of the main attractions of the continent - the sail-like shells that form the roof make this building unlike any other in the world. The Opera House is recognized as one of the outstanding buildings of modern architecture in the world and since 1973 has been, along with the Harbor Bridge, calling card Sydney. Australia
The Leaning Tower of Pisa is a bell tower, part of the ensemble of the city's Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta (Pisa Cathedral) in the city of Pisa. The tower was completed in 1360. The tower was nicknamed "The Leaning Tower" and became world famous due to the fact that it is strongly tilted and "falls" as it were. Both because of the slope and because of the original architecture, from 1173 to the present day, the tower has been the object of intense attention. Efforts are constantly being made to make the tower more stable. For example, collapsing columns were repeatedly replaced. Currently, underground work is being carried out to strengthen the foundation. Italy
Atomium in Brussels, Belgium. Designed for opening world exhibition 1958 by architect Andre Waterkeyn as a symbol atomic age and peaceful use of atomic energy and was built under the direction of architects André and Michel Polakov.
Curved house in the Polish city of Sopot.
Residential complex called "Edificio Mirador" (literal translation: Lookout) in Madrid.
Office of the Longaberger basket company in Newark, Ohio.
Upside down house in Szymbark, Poland
Resources http://www.chudesny.ru/tech-bashnya.php http://go.mail.ru/search http://www.dn8.de/forum/showthread.php?t=11603
slide 2 architecture
Open competitions, discussions, original projects and teaching systems in art universities made up a picture of an unprecedented creative upsurge at the end of the 10-20s. The range of directions was very wide: from continuing the tradition of neoclassicism of the 10s. to the most daring innovation. Traditionalist architects tried to create a "revolutionary" style based on the architectural forms of the past, generalizing them, giving them increased expressiveness. Architecture
slide 3
The legacy of the architects of the Ancient East was very popular. His simple and capacious language, his motifs, speaking of eternity and immortality, were actively used in memorial ensembles, such as the monument to the "Fighters of the Revolution" on the Field of Mars in Petrograd (1917-1919, architect Lev Vladimirovich Rudnev)
Slide 4: Monument to the "Fighters of the Revolution"
slide 5
A striking example of technical innovation is the Moscow radio tower, built in 1922 according to the design of engineer Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (1853-1939). He was one of the first to use steel mesh structures of double curvature - hyperboloids - which had a great future in world construction practice.
Slide 6: Moscow radio tower
Slide 7
Constructivism - the Soviet avant-garde method (style, direction) in fine arts, architecture, photography and arts and crafts, which was developed in the 1920s - the first half of the 1930s. It is characterized by rigor, geometrism, conciseness of forms and monolithic appearance. In 1924, an official creative organization constructivists - OCA, whose representatives developed the so-called functional design method based on scientific analysis features of the functioning of buildings, structures, urban complexes. Characteristic monuments of constructivism are kitchen factories, Labor Palaces, workers' clubs, communal houses of the indicated time. House of Culture named after S. M. Zuev 1928
Slide 8
Constructivism is a trend in Soviet art of the 20s, which put forward the task of artistic design of the material environment surrounding a person: interior, furniture, dishes, clothes, etc. The general ideal was a building that was strictly thought out, easy to use, built with minimal labor and materials.
Slide 9: Rusakov House of Culture
10
Slide 10: Rudnev L.V.
11
slide 11
Rudnev Lev Vladimirovich, Soviet architect. He graduated from the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts (1915), where he studied with L. N. Benois. Professor of the Academy of Arts in Leningrad (1922-48) and the Moscow Architectural Institute (1948-52). Participated in the implementation of Lenin's plan for monumental propaganda (a monument to the "Fighters of the Revolution" on the Field of Mars in Leningrad). The best buildings of Rudnev Lev Vladimirovich are characterized by the conciseness of large monumental volumes, the desire to modernize the warrant. Works: the building of the Military Academy. M. V. Frunze (1937), office building on the street. Marshal Shaposhnikov (1934-38) and on the Frunzenskaya embankment (1938-55; all three together with the architect V. O. Munts), a complex of university buildings on the Lenin Hills (together with the architect S. E. Chernyshev, P. V. Abrosimov, A. F. Khryakov and others, 1949-53, project - State Prize of the USSR, 1949) - all in Moscow; House of the Government of the Azerbaijan SSR in Baku (together with V. O. Munts; completed in 1952); Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw (with co-authors; 1952-55). Awarded 3 orders and medals.
12
Slide 12: M. V. Frunze Military Academy in Moscow
13
Slide 13: Palace of Culture
14
slide 14: sculpture
The main direction of sculpture in the 20s was still determined by the principles of monumental propaganda; in the foreground was the task of creating works containing significant historical generalizations. Of particular importance for the formation of sculpture was the creation of easel works and monuments dedicated to V.I. Lenin.
15
Slide 15: Lenin's monument
16
slide 16
Sculpture of the 1930s was characterized by the spread monumental works, due, in particular, to the increased commonwealth of sculpture and architecture in the creation of outstanding buildings of the socialist era.
"Architecture of Ancient Greece"– a presentation that will acquaint you with the origins of European architecture, with the three main orders and outstanding monuments of ancient Greek architecture. In addition to illustrations, the presentation contains a video that can only be viewed in PowerPoint.
Architecture of Ancient Greece
"Architecture of Ancient Greece"- one of major topics aware of the world artistic culture so how to truly understand great amount beautiful monuments of European architecture, you can fully enjoy their beauty only when you know the basics of this art, the origin of which is associated with Ancient Greece.
It is very important to introduce students to the three architectural orders: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian. The guys must remember what elements the column consists of, how the capital of the Doric column differs from the capital of the Ionic or Corinthian.
Walking through the streets of cities in Europe, Russia, we meet many buildings created using forms born in Ancient Greece. One of my favorite activities is walking with a camera along Moscow streets and lanes. The collage that I present to your attention is made up of my photographs taken during such walks. It would be nice to organize a tour for students around their hometown in order to discover elements of the ancient order in buildings that they once passed by without paying attention to them. Such buildings can be seen on the streets of many Russian cities.
Antique order in Moscow
As homework I would offer the guys a choice: create a temple project for one of the Greek gods or goddesses (this can be a drawing, layout, application), a presentation about one of the ancient monuments of architecture, or creative work to create a photo album from the pictures of architectural monuments created by the children in the style of classicism.
Architecture of Ancient Greece Temple of Hera (Poseidon) at Paestum. Second quarter of the 5th c. BC. Temple of Hera (Poseidon) in Paestum "Man is the measure of all things."
- Theodore of Phokia Temple of Athena at Delphi
- Order - a system of rational relationships between columns and ceilings lying on them.
- 1) the foundation of the temple - stereobat ;
- 2) the upper part of the stereobat - stylobate ;
- 3) vertical supports rising on the stylobate - columns;
- 4) the upper part of the column - capital ("head" of the column);
- 5) the upper part of the building, based on columns, was called entablature. It consists of architrave (beams that lie on columns), frieze and eaves ;
- 6) triangular completion of a gable roof - gable.
- Treasury of the Athenians at Delphi, built in honor of Nike, the goddess of victory
- The Doric column is stocky and squat, it has no base, base; it narrows sharply at the top.
- Its trunk is vertically divided by shallow wide grooves - flutes having sharp edges.
- Approximately 1/3 of the height of the column shaft had swelling ( entasis ).
- The top of the column capital - represents a spat out "pillow" - echinus and a square slab abacus .
- The frieze is processed with alternating vertical strips - triglyphs and square slabs between them - metopes , decorated with reliefs.
- Thin, tall columns; they could not stand directly on the stone steps, they needed a stand - a base similar to the chiseled stand of a chess piece.
- The flutes of the columns are deeper, separated not by sharp edges, but by thin planes; each flute ends with roundings at the top and bottom.
- The capital of the column - two curls of the spiral - volutes .
- The Ionic architrave consists of three horizontal bands; a frieze, decorated with a relief, runs along the entire temple in a continuous ribbon.
- Ionic order
- In proportion, this order coincides with the Ionic order, but differs in a higher capital, decorated with leaves of acanthus, a poisonous plant.
- The support function in it is completely disguised by a decorative bouquet, which is why the Corinthian order is used for decorative purposes.
- The basis was a residential building of the type megaron where the hearth was replaced by a statue of a deity.
- These were simple buildings with a longitudinal rectangular plan with a gable roof and a small interior space.
- The interior space consisted of a central part, or sanctuary ( intact , or naos ), where the statue of the deity stood, and the front part - portico (pronaos ).
- Sometimes on the western side of the temple there was a room for storing gifts ( opisthodome ).
- The inner space of large temples was three-aisled (divided by internal columns into 3 longitudinal parts - naves ). In the middle nave was placed the figure of a god.
- a) "Temple in Ants"- a small rectangular structure, the entrance to which was framed by protrusions of the longitudinal walls - ants (ants - protruding walls), between which 1-2 columns were placed.
- b) Prostyle(Greek Pro - in front; stylos - column) - a rectangular building with one row of columns on the main facade.
- in) Peripter- a rectangular building, framed by a colonnade on 4 sides.
- G) Dipter- a rectangular building surrounded by two rows of columns on 4 sides.
- e) monopter- a temple round in plan, consisting of one colonnade, covered with a cone-shaped roof.
- Prostyle
- Peripter
- monopter