C1. Name at least three features of the human body that make up the biological basis of human activity as a social being.
C2. A human child at the moment of birth, according to the apt expression of A. Pieron, is not a person, but only a “candidate for a person”. Explain what did A. Pierron mean when he called the child a “candidate for a person”? Formulate three judgments.
SZ. It is known that the behavior of an animal in its main features is genetically programmed. As a result of social history, many human instincts have been shaken and erased. In the words of A. Pieron, "humanity has freed itself from the despotism of heredity." What is the manifestation of man's freedom from the "despotism of responsibility"? Formulate at least three statements.
C4. Build a logical chain based on the statement of the Russian publicist and critic V.G. Belinsky: “Without a goal there is no activity, without interests there is no goal, and without activity there is no life.”
Explain what role interests, goals, activities play in a person's life? What is the connection between them?
C5. Read the text and do the tasks for it.
It seems to me that those who are horrified by the development of technology do not notice the difference between a means and an end. ... the car is not the target. The plane is not a target, it is just a tool. The same tool as the plow. ... Reveling in our successes, we served progress - paved railways, built factories, drilled oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created in order to serve people.
Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more modestly and inconspicuously. It seems that all the labors of a man - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all sleepless nights over drawings only manifest themselves in external simplicity; as if the experience of many generations was needed to make the column, the keel of the ship or the fuselage of the aircraft become slimmer and more precise, until they finally gained their original purity and smoothness of lines ... It seems that the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to polish and to smooth, to lighten and simplify the attachment mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but a certain perfection of forms, naturally developed from a kidney, a mysteriously fused and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. A machine at the limit of its development is no longer a machine. So, according to the invention, brought to perfection, it is not visible how it was created. In the simplest tools of labor, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we found an object, as if created by nature itself, like pebbles turned by the sea; the car is also remarkable in the same way - using it, you gradually forget about it.
A. de Saint-Exupery. planet of people
1) Find in the text any three examples of the transformational activity of people.
2) Indicate and illustrate with the help of this text any two
distinctive features of human activity.
3) Is it possible to consider the process of people's labor in creating machines captured in the document as creative? Justify your answer with the text. Define creative activity.
4) What is the ultimate goal of human transformation
century, according to the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.
C6. The conflict between beliefs and immediate interests lies in wait for a person at every step: the conviction that it is necessary to tell the truth, and the unwillingness to offend a person; the conviction that one must come to the aid of a person who has been attacked, and the fear that by helping, one may suffer oneself ...
Continue this list. What types of conflicts this case is it about? Are these conflicts to be avoided? How do you see the manifestation of the conscious and the unconscious in this example?
C7. Otto von Bismarck wrote: "Freedom is a luxury that not everyone can afford."
How are freedom and necessity related? Support your answer with examples.
C8. Choose one of the statements below. On the form
answers number 2, write down the full number of the task you have chosen,
rewrite the content of the statement, and then give
detailed response.
Express your thoughts (your point of view, attitude) about
raised problem. The answer should use
the corresponding concepts of the social science course and, based on
on the facts of public life and one's own life experience,
give the necessary arguments to justify their position.
1) "A person outside of society is either a god or a beast." (Aristotle)
2) “If a person has a “why” to live, he can withstand any
"how". (F. Nietzsche)
3) "Man is a fundamental novelty in nature." (N. Berdyaev)
4) “Man is not a thing, but a living being, which
can only be understood in the long process of its development. AT
any moment of his life he is not yet what he can
to become, and what he, perhaps, will become ”(E. Fromm)
ANSWERS
Level A
| job number | answer |
Part 2. Level B
| job number | answer |
| activity | |
| creation | |
| C; B; A | |
| needs | |
| goal | |
| 1,2,4 | |
| 1-A;2-B;3-C | |
| 1,2,4 | |
| B;A;C | |
| d), e) | |
| 2,5 | |
| C;A;B;C;A | |
| motives | |
| 2,4,5 | |
| BAAB | |
| WABP | |
| 1,4,6,9 | |
| personality | |
| skills | |
| skills | |
| 1) biological, 2) personality, 3) social | |
| talent | |
| 1,2 | |
| moral choice | |
| meaning of life | |
| C;B;A;E;D;D | |
| A;H;B;G;C;D;D;E | |
| C;G;B;A | |
| 1,5 | |
| 2,4 | |
| 3,4,7,8,9 | |
| 2,3,4 |
Part 3. Level C.
C1. The correct answer may contain the following characteristics:
upright posture;
developed hand;
complex brain;
the ability to see in three dimensions;
plasticity of needs.
Other characteristics may be given.
C2. The correct answer may contain the following statements, for example:
man is a social, social, and not just biological being;
the concepts of individual - individuality - personality are different aspects of the consideration of the problem of "human", they differ;
a person becomes a personality in the process of socialization (upbringing, training, communication with his own kind);
outside of society - communication with their own kind, the development of thinking, speech is impossible.
Other reasonable judgments may also be given.
NW. The correct answer may contain the following statements:
man is a social and conscious being;
unlike the animal, it has goal-setting; a person's ability to be creative is not hereditary; a person is able to consciously control his instincts.
Other wordings of the answer are allowed.
C4. The response must contain the following items:
logical chain: interest - goal - activity - life; interests underlie the goal, the goal determines the activity and meaning of life;
the goal is what actions are taken for, the ideal of the desired result, it is based on motives determined by interests;
motives are motivations for activities related to the satisfaction of needs - biological, social, ideal;
interests play a special role in motivation - conscious needs that are essential for people, it is they who give the value meaning of human activity.
Other formulations of positions are allowed that do not distort the meaning of the answer.
C5. The content of the correct answers to the tasks to the text.
1) Can be specified: the creation of machines, tools, mechanisms, railways, factories, oil wells.
2) The answer can indicate and illustrate, based on the text, such features of human activity as: expediency, practical usefulness, the presence of a result; conscious, productive, transformative, social nature of activity.
3) The correct answer must be affirmative; argument:
the author describes the emergence of a new, more perfect quality of the results of human labor;
creative activity should be defined as an activity, as a result of which something new, which did not exist before, appears.
4) According to the author, “all this was created in order to serve people”; final goal any transformative activity - serving people. For example: labor activity aimed at meeting the fundamental needs of people.
Other examples may be given.
C6. The correct answer is as follows:
there may be a conflict between desires and possibilities; between conscience and desire; duty and mood, etc.;
we are talking about internal conflicts;
in this case, we are talking about a conflict between unconscious feelings, intuition, the source of which is conscience, and reason (consciousness), sometimes evaluating our good deeds as inappropriate, unprofitable, and sometimes stupid.
Other formulations are allowed without distorting the meaning.
C7. With an affirmative answer to the first question, it should be indicated that freedom is the ability to choose a method of action to achieve some goal, which depends on a person, his education, upbringing, attitudes, motives, interests.
In the second answer, definitions of freedom and necessity in human activity should be given. Necessity is the dependence of the individual on objective circumstances. The freedom of a person implies his responsibility to society for his actions and deeds. For example, being late for class entails censure, violation of the rules traffic fraught with consequences. As freedom develops, the measure of responsibility increases. Today there is a shift in the center of gravity of responsibility from the collective to the individual. When answering the second question, both the knowledge of the concepts of the social science course and their application for the analysis of specific situations (examples) are equally important.
C1–C4. Work with text.
Consciousness and activity
Like animal activity, activity is an information-directed process that involves the ability to navigate in the environment - to perceive meaningful messages, process them into command codes of behavior that cause, direct and control the physical reaction of the system ...
The informational behavior of a person is determined by consciousness, which is the highest form of development of the psyche of animals with a nervous system, capable of feeling, perceiving and representing the surrounding reality ...
Human consciousness is based on the ability for verbal-logical, "verbal" thinking, which is built on top of the system of conditional and unconditioned reflexes of behavior and completes the simplest forms of "prological" - visual-effective and visual-figurative thinking.
...Any "become" person, unlike an animal, has a certain minimum of abstract thinking, which allows him to display the environment through logical models, ideal patterns of action, relatively independent, independent of momentary behavioral situations.
The result of such work of consciousness is the presence in human activity of a special kind of goals, different from the objective goals of the adaptive activity of animals. We are talking about the conscious goals of activity related to the ability of a person to analyze the situation, i.e. reveal the implicit, not amenable to "live observation" causal relationships of its significant components ... This ability allows people to anticipate the results of their activities in advance, plan them, i.e. think over the most expedient ways of achieving them in the given conditions.
K.Kh. Momjian
3. Which of the two concepts - purposefulness and expediency - should be attributed to human activity? Justify your answer based on this text, as well as knowledge from the social science course.
4. Give the words of the text, which reflect the connection between consciousness and speech. Based on knowledge from the course of social science, show the importance of language for the joint activities of people.
C1–C4. Work with text.
Read the text and complete tasks C1-C4
It seems to me that those who are horrified by the development of technology do not notice the difference between a means and an end. ... the car is not the target. The plane is not a target, it is just a tool. The same tool as the plow.
... Reveling in our successes, we served progress - we laid railroads, built factories, drilled oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created in order to serve people ...
Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more modestly and inconspicuously. It seems as if all the labors of a man - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all sleepless nights over drawings only manifest themselves in external simplicity; as if the experience of many generations was needed so that the column, the keel of the ship or the fuselage of the aircraft became more and more slender and chased, until they finally gained the original purity and smoothness of the lines ... It seems that the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to grind and to smooth, to lighten and simplify the attachment mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but a certain perfection of forms, naturally developed from a kidney, a mysteriously fused and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. A machine at the limit of its development is almost no longer a machine.
So, according to the invention, brought to perfection, it is not visible how it was created. In the simplest tools of labor, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we found an object, as if created by nature itself, like pebbles turned by the sea; the car is also remarkable in the same way - using it, you gradually forget about it.
A. de Saint-Exupery
1. Find in the text and write down any three examples of human transformational activity.
2. Point out and illustrate with the help of this text any two distinctive features of human activity.
3. Can the process of people's labor in creating machines captured in the document be called creative? Justify your answer with the text. Define creative activity.
4. What is the ultimate goal of human transformative activity in the opinion of the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.
List four differences between humans and animals.
Name any three factors of socialization of the individual. (Another option: List any three social institutions that contribute to the socialization of the individual).
What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of “human freedom”? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about human freedom.
According to a number of researchers, human intelligence is characterized by a number of abilities. These include, in particular, the ability to deductive thinking.
Give two examples of deductive reasoning. What other intellectual ability of a person can you name?
C6. specification task.
Use the example of studying any school subject to reveal the three main characteristics of learning as an activity.
C6. specification task.
Scientists refer to the characteristics of personality as a person's relationship with other people. Explore the various manifestations of these relationships with the help of three examples from the life of your peer. In each case, first indicate the type of relationship, and then give an example.
C7. Task-task.
Domestic scientist-psychologist B.G. Ananiev and his followers argued that every person who was not subjected to artificial isolation in the first months of life (like a Mowgli child) is a person. Do you share this point of view? Give three reasons to support your opinion.
C7. Task-task.
It is known that the behavior of an animal in its main features is genetically programmed. As a result of social history, many human instincts have been shaken and erased. In the words of A. Pieron, "humanity has freed itself from the despotism of heredity." What is the manifestation of man's freedom from the "despotism of heredity"? Formulate three statements.
C7. Task-task.
The ability to act effectively in a non-standard situation, to find the optimal solution to a problem is not inherent in a person, like in an animal, in the genetic program, in instincts, but is acquired in ontogenesis, in the process of activity. Name any two activities that contribute to the development of this skill. Explain how to use it in non-standard situations.
C7. Task-task.
Considering the game as a kind of activity, the researchers characterize it as spontaneous, ever-renewing, changing, modernizing. Based on the course and social experience, give three evidences of the variability of the game as an activity.
You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the problem "Biological and social in man". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic.
C8. Plan a response.
You have to speak at a school conference on the topic "Human activity in its diversity." Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic.
C8. Plan a response.
You are preparing for a test in social science on the topic "Socialization of the individual." Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic.
I have already noted that in the examination paper the elements of the two content lines "Society" and "Man" are combined into one block - module. And this gives this material a special complexity. In this article, we will consider some of the most difficult questions for graduates of the content line "Man".
This submodule contains the following questions:
man as a result of biological and social evolution; human existence; needs and interests; human activity, its main forms; thinking and activity; purpose and meaning of life; self-realization; individual, individuality, personality; socialization of the individual; human inner world; conscious and unconscious; self-knowledge; behavior; freedom and responsibility of the individual.
Brief conclusions on the section
1. Man is a creature that embodies the highest stage of development of life, an active participant in labor, social and even historical activities. With certain inclinations and education (self-education), he is able to creatively transform himself and the world around him, create new material and spiritual values. In man, the body (physical) and mind (mental) form an indissoluble unity. The separation of man from the animal world took several million years. During this time, two parallel processes took place: anthropogenesis- the formation of man and sociogenesis- the formation of society. Modern theories have combined these two processes - anthroposociogenesis. Biological nature is the one real basis on which man is born and exists. Each separate individual, each person exists from that time until his biological nature exists and lives. But with his biological nature, man belongs to the animal world. And man is born only as an animal species of Homo Sapiens; is not born a man, but only a candidate for a man.
2.
Personality -
product of cultural rather than biological evolution. Therefore, society has a maximum influence on the individual. When they talk about a person, they mean his social individuality, uniqueness.
A personality is a person as a carrier of consciousness, endowed with a number of important social properties: the ability to learn, work, communicate with their own kind, participate in society, have spiritual interests, experience complex feelings, etc. Moreover, a person receives all these social properties under the influence of society in the process of socialization. Socialization is the process of assimilation by an individual of a certain system of knowledge, norms, values and social roles, during which the formation of a full-fledged and full member of society takes place.
Personality is the totality of the spiritual world of a person inextricably linked with his biological nature in the process of social life. A person is a being who, with knowledge of the matter, makes decisions and is responsible for his actions and behavior. The content of the individual is his spiritual world, in which the central place is occupied by the worldview.
3. Being - a category that means existence based on the position "I am". Activity is a form of activity that is not limited to adaptation to environment, but transforms it. Types of activity: practical (aimed at the transformation of real objects of nature and society) and spiritual (associated with a change in people's consciousness).
Activity structure: motive, purpose, means, actions, results.
4. Needs are a perceived and experienced by a person dependence on the conditions of his existence. Human needs can be divided into three groups:
Biological (the need for food, water, normal heat exchange, movement, procreation ...);
- social (needs for labor activity, social activity, self-realization and self-affirmation in society);
- spiritual (needs for cognition, knowledge, other elements of spiritual culture).
Another classification of human needs was proposed by the American psychologist Abraham Maslow. He distinguished primary (innate) needs from secondary (acquired) needs.
The first group includes:
A) physiological (needs for the reproduction of the species, food, water, clothing, breathing, housing, rest ...);
b) existential (needs for the security of one's existence, comfort, confidence in the future, job security).
The second group includes:
BUT) social needs(needs for social connections, communication, participation in joint activities with other people);
b) prestigious (needs for self-respect, respect from others, achievement of success, career growth);
c) spiritual (needs for self-expression).
Needs should be distinguished from the interests of people.
5. Socialization and education of the individual:
A) adaptation of a person to society (society);
b) the process of assimilation of cultural norms and development of social roles;
c) the transformation of a person into a social individual, i.e. personality.
6 . Deviant behavior - deviant behavior that is not consistent with the expectations of society regarding human behavior. By itself, the deviation, as it were, does not exist, it occurs only if there is already a norm and a pattern (standard) of behavior described by it. Any deviation is always a deviation from the standard.
Deviant behavior includes a variety of phenomena, and not necessarily negative ones. The punishment for deviant behavior depends on the severity of the violation, as well as how great its consequences are.
Deviations can be:
1) absolute (violation of norms that are fair for all members of society without exception - criminal offenses);
2) relative (actions or behavior that do not meet the expectations of only some individuals or some social groups).
Tasks for systematizing the material
Level C assignments
C1. Name at least three features of the human body that make up the biological basis of human activity as a social being.
C2. A human child at the moment of birth, according to the apt expression of A. Pieron, is not a person, but only a “candidate for a person”. Explain what A. Pieron meant by naming the child "candidate for man"? Formulate three judgments.
SZ. It is known that the behavior of an animal in its main features is genetically programmed. As a result of social history, many human instincts have been shaken and erased. According to A. Pieron, "Humanity has freed itself from the despotism of heredity". What is the manifestation of man's freedom from the "despotism of responsibility"? Formulate at least three statements.
C4. Build a logical chain based on the statement of the Russian publicist and critic V.G. Belinsky: “Without a goal there is no activity, without interests there is no goal, and without activity there is no life”.
Explain what role interests, goals, activities play in a person's life? What is the connection between them?
C5. Read the text and do the tasks for it.
It seems to me that those who are horrified by the development of technology do not notice the difference between a means and an end. ... the car is not the target. The plane is not a target, it is just a tool. The same tool as the plow. ... Reveling in our successes, we served progress - we laid railroads, built factories, drilled oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created in order to serve people.
Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more modestly and inconspicuously. It seems that all the labors of a man - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all sleepless nights over drawings only manifest themselves in external simplicity; as if the experience of many generations was needed to make the column, the keel of the ship or the fuselage of the aircraft become slimmer and more precise, until they finally gained their original purity and smoothness of lines ... It seems that the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to polish and to smooth, to lighten and simplify the attachment mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but a certain perfection of forms, naturally developed from a kidney, a mysteriously fused and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. A machine at the limit of its development is no longer a machine. So, according to the invention, brought to perfection, it is not visible how it was created. In the simplest tools of labor, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we found an object, as if created by nature itself, like pebbles turned by the sea; the car is also remarkable in the same way - using it, you gradually forget about it.
A. de Saint-Exupery. planet of people
Find in the text any three examples of the transformational activity of people.
Point out and illustrate with the help of this text any two distinctive features of human activity.
Can the process of people's labor in creating machines captured in the document be considered creative? Justify your answer with the text. Define creative activity.
What is the ultimate goal of human transformative activity, in the opinion of the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.
C6. The conflict between beliefs and immediate interests lies in wait for a person at every step: the conviction that it is necessary to tell the truth, and the unwillingness to offend a person; the conviction that one must come to the aid of a person who has been attacked, and the fear that by helping, one may suffer oneself ...
Continue this list. What are the types of conflicts in this case? Are these conflicts to be avoided? How do you see the manifestation of the conscious and the unconscious in this example?
C7. Otto von Bismarck wrote: "Freedom is a luxury that not everyone can afford".
Do you agree with the author? Why?
How are freedom and necessity related? Support your answer with examples.
Answers:
C1. The correct answer may contain the following characteristics:
upright posture; developed hand; complex brain; the ability to see in three dimensions; plasticity of needs.
Other characteristics may be given.
C2. The correct answer may contain the following statements, for example:
man is a social, social, and not just biological being;
the concepts of individual - individuality - personality are different aspects of the consideration of the problem of "human", they differ;
a person becomes a personality in the process of socialization (upbringing, training, communication with his own kind);
outside of society - communication with their own kind, the development of thinking, speech is impossible.
Other reasonable judgments may also be given.
NW. The correct answer may contain the following statements:
man is a social and conscious being;
unlike the animal, it has goal-setting; a person's ability to be creative is not hereditary; a person is able to consciously control his instincts.
Other wordings of the answer are allowed.
C4. The response must contain the following items:
logical chain: interest - goal - activity - life; interests underlie the goal, the goal determines the activity and meaning of life;
the goal is what actions are taken for, the ideal of the desired result, it is based on motives determined by interests;
motives are motivations for activities related to the satisfaction of needs - biological, social, ideal;
interests play a special role in motivation - conscious needs that are essential for people, it is they who give the value meaning of human activity.
Other formulations of positions are allowed that do not distort the meaning of the answer.
C5. The content of the correct answers to the tasks to the text.
1) Can be specified: the creation of machines, tools, mechanisms, railways, factories, oil wells.
2) The answer can indicate and illustrate, based on the text, such features of human activity as: expediency, practical usefulness, the presence of a result; conscious, productive, transformative, social nature of activity.
3) The correct answer must be affirmative; argument: the author describes the emergence of a new, more perfect quality of the results of human labor;
Creative activity should be defined as an activity, as a result of which something new, which did not exist before, appears.
4) According to the author, “all this was created in order to serve people”; the ultimate goal of any transformational activity is service to people. For example: labor activity is aimed at satisfying the fundamental needs of people.
Other examples may be given.
C6. The correct answer is as follows:
there may be a conflict between desires and possibilities; between conscience and desire; duty and mood, etc.;
we are talking about internal conflicts;
in this case, we are talking about a conflict between unconscious feelings, intuition, the source of which is conscience, and reason (consciousness), sometimes evaluating our good deeds as inappropriate, unprofitable, and sometimes stupid.
Other formulations are allowed without distorting the meaning.
C7. With an affirmative answer to the first question, it should be indicated that freedom is the ability to choose a method of action to achieve some goal, which depends on a person, his education, upbringing, attitudes, motives, interests.
In the second answer, definitions of freedom and necessity in human activity should be given. Necessity is the dependence of the individual on objective circumstances. The freedom of a person implies his responsibility to society for his actions and deeds. For example, being late for classes entails censure, violation of traffic rules is fraught with consequences. As freedom develops, the measure of responsibility increases. Today there is a shift in the center of gravity of responsibility from the collective to the individual. When answering the second question, both the knowledge of the concepts of the social science course and their application for the analysis of specific situations (examples) are equally important.
Used materials:1. Codifier of content elements and requirements for the level of training of graduates of educational institutions for the 2011 unified state exam in social science.
2. Analytical report on the results of the USE in 2010. Social science. (www.fipi.ru/view/sections/138/docs/522.html)
3. Open segment FBTZ. Social studies - (www.fipi.ru/view)
Point out and illustrate with the help of this text any two distinctive features of human activity.
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.
It seems to me that those who are horrified by the development of technology do not notice the difference between a means and an end. (...) the car is not the target. The plane is not a target, it is just a tool. The same tool as the plow.
(...) Reveling in our successes, we served progress - we laid railroads, built factories, drilled oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created in order to serve people. (...)
Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more modestly and inconspicuously. It seems that all the labors of a man - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all sleepless nights over drawings only manifest themselves in external simplicity; as if the experience of many generations was needed in order for the column, the keel of the ship or the fuselage of the aircraft to become slimmer and more chased, until they finally gained their original purity and smoothness of lines (...). It seems as if the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to grind and smooth, to lighten and simplify the attachment mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but some kind of perfection of forms, naturally developed from the kidney , mysteriously fused and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. A machine at the limit of its development is almost no longer a machine.
So, according to the invention, brought to perfection, it is not visible how it was created. In the simplest tools of labor, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we found an object, as if created by nature itself, like pebbles turned by the sea; the car is also remarkable in the same way - using it, you gradually forget about it.
(A. de Saint-Exupery. "Planet of people")
Explanation.
The correct answer should contain two distinctive features of human activity, illustrated by the text.
Goal setting (all this was created to serve people)
Practical utility (Airplane is not a goal, it is just a weapon. Such a weapon, like a plow. Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more modestly and inconspicuously)
Creative, creative activity (All the labors of a person - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all sleepless nights over drawings ... are manifested in external simplicity ...)
Impact on the environment by specially manufactured means of labor. (railroads, oil drilling).
Other distinguishing features of human activity can be given.
Elements of the answer can be given in other formulations that are close in meaning.