Section 2. Formation of property and use of the main factors of production
Topic 2. Fixed assets of the enterprise
Practical work
Target: learn to give a comprehensive description of the fixed assets of the enterprise, analyze the effectiveness of their use and assess the future needs of the enterprise for them. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks:
|
Tasks for the development of methods for calculating the coefficients characterizing the structure of the main production assets of the enterprise
The basis of the characteristics of the composition and structure of fixed assets of the enterprise is the calculation of the coefficients of renewal, disposal and growth of fixed assets.
Task 1
Formulation of the problem:
The main production assets of the enterprise at the beginning of 2005 amounted to 3,000 thousand rubles. During the year, fixed assets were commissioned in the amount of 125 thousand rubles, and liquidated - in the amount of 25 thousand rubles. calculate the value of fixed assets at the end of the year.
Technology for solving the problem:
The cost of fixed production assets at the end of the year is the value of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, taking into account the changes that have occurred in their structure during this year:
| (1) |
where F to ;
F cc
F to– cost of fixed assets at the end of the year, rub.
Substituting the values known from the condition of the problem, we calculate the value of fixed assets at the end of the year
F k \u003d 3000 + (125 - 25) \u003d 3100 thousand rubles.
Answer: the cost of fixed assets at the end of the year is 3,100 thousand rubles.
Task 2
Formulation of the problem:
During the year, the enterprise introduced fixed production assets in the amount of 150 thousand rubles. so that the value of fixed assets at the end of the year amounted to 3,000 thousand rubles. Calculate the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets.
Technology for solving the problem:
The renewal coefficient is one of the indicators that are used to analyze changes in the structure of fixed production assets.
Knowing the cost of fixed assets of the enterprise at the end of the year, as well as how much fixed assets were introduced, the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets can be calculated using the formula:
|
where F cc- the cost of introduced fixed assets, rub.;
F to– cost of fixed assets at the end of the year, rub.
The coefficient of renewal of fixed production assets will be:
Thus, over the year our company has undergone a 5% renewal of fixed production assets.
Answer: the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets is 0.05.
Task 3
Formulation of the problem:
The main production assets of the enterprise at the beginning of 2005 amounted to 3,000 thousand rubles. During the year fixed assets were liquidated in the amount of 300 thousand rubles. Calculate the retirement ratio of fixed assets.
Technology for solving the problem:
The retirement rate of fixed assets is calculated by the formula:
|
,where F sel
F n– cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, rub.
Calculate the retirement rate of fixed production assets:
Thus, 10% of fixed production assets were liquidated at the enterprise.
Answer : the retirement ratio of fixed assets is 0.1.
Task 4
Formulation of the problem:
At the enterprise during the year, fixed production assets were introduced in the amount of 150 thousand rubles, and liquidated in the amount of 100 thousand rubles. Calculate the increase in fixed assets of the enterprise in monetary terms.
Technology for solving the problem:
The increase in fixed assets is calculated as the difference between the newly introduced and liquidated funds according to the formula:
F prir \u003d F vv - F sel. |
Substituting the data known from the condition, we get:
F prir \u003d 150 - 100 \u003d 50 thousand rubles.
Answer : the increase in fixed assets of the enterprise in monetary terms amounted to 50 thousand rubles. in a year.
Task 5
Formulation of the problem:
At the enterprise during the year, the increase in fixed production assets amounted to 80 thousand rubles. the value of fixed assets at the end of the year - 4000 thousand rubles. rub. Calculategrowth rate of fixed assets.
Technology for solving the problem:
The growth rate is another indicator that, along with the renewal and disposal rates, is used to analyze changes in the structure of fixed production assets.
The growth rate of fixed assets is calculated as the ratio:
|
,where F natural– increase in fixed assets in monetary terms, rub.;
F to– cost of fixed assets at the end of the year, rub.
Accordingly, the growth rate of fixed assets:
Answer : the increase in fixed assets amounted to 2%.
Tasks for conducting a valuation of fixed assets of an enterprise
Conducting a valuation of fixed assets involves determining the initial, replacement and residual value. In further calculations, the value of the average annual cost of fixed production assets may be needed.
Two methods can be used to calculate the average annual cost. According to the first method, the input and disposal of fixed production assets is timed to the beginning, and according to the second - to the end of the analyzed period.
Task 1
Formulation of the problem:
The cost of purchasing equipment is 90 thousand rubles, transport and installation costs - 10 thousand rubles. Start-up and commissioning of new equipment will cost the enterprise 5 thousand rubles. Determine the initial cost of the main production assets of the enterprise.
Technology for solving the problem:
Initial cost of fixed assets F p includes the cost of their acquisition C o taking into account the costs associated with the commissioning of a new object of fixed assets 3rd century. these costs include transport, installation and, if any, commissioning costs:
In our case, the initial cost of fixed assets will be equal to
F p= (90 + 10 + 5) = 105 thousand rubles.
Answer : the initial cost of fixed production assets is 105 thousand rubles.
Task 2
Formulation of the problem:
The initial cost of equipment for the enterprise is 100 thousand rubles. the period of operation of the equipment is 8 years. the average annual growth rate of labor productivity in the industry is 3%. Determine the replacement cost of fixed production assets.
Technology for solving the problem:
Replacement cost of fixed assets F restore calculated taking into account their revaluation:
|
,where P neg - average annual growth rates of labor productivity in the industry;
t- the time between the years of issue and revaluation (for example, the year of issue is 2000, the year of revaluation is 2005, which means t= 5).
The replacement cost of fixed assets, taking into account their revaluation in our problem, is equal to:
Answer : the replacement cost of fixed production assets is 78,940 rubles.
Task 3
Formulation of the problem:
The initial cost of the main production assets of the enterprise is 100 thousand rubles. the period of operation of the equipment is 8 years. Determine the residual value of fixed production assets if the depreciation rate for this equipment is 10%.
Technology for solving the problem:
The initial cost, reduced by the value carried forward, is the residual value of fixed assets. F ost. Therefore, to solve this problem, we use the following formula:
where ON THE- the rate of depreciation;
t exp- the period of operation of fixed assets.
Substituting the data known from the problem statement, we obtain:
Answer : the residual value of fixed production assets is 20 thousand rubles.
Task 4
Formulation of the problem:
At the beginning of 2005, the cost of the company's fixed production assets was 7,825 thousand rubles. during the year, both commissioning and disposal of fixed assets were carried out four events. They are reflected in Table. one.
Technology for solving the problem:
The average annual cost of fixed production assets, timed to coincide with the beginning of the period, is calculated by the formula:
|
where F n– cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, rub.;
Fi- the cost of fixed production assets at the beginning of the i-th month, starting from February (i = 2) and ending in December (i = 12);
F to– cost of fixed assets at the end of the year, rub.
As is known from the conditions of the problem, the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year is 7825 thousand rubles.
To calculate the cost of fixed production assets at the end of the year, we determine what the increase in fixed assets is equal to. As mentioned above, it is calculated as the difference between newly introduced and liquidated funds. The cost of newly introduced fixed production assets is
F cc \u003d 60 + 80 + 100 + 15 \u003d 255 thousand rubles.
The cost of liquidated fixed production assets is
F vyb \u003d 3 + 8 + 10 + 7 \u003d 28 thousand rubles.
The increase in fixed assets, therefore, is
F prir = 255 - 28 = 227 thousand rubles.
The cost of fixed production assets at the end of the year is calculated using the formula (2):
F k \u003d 7825 + 227 \u003d 8052 thousand rubles.
The cost of fixed production assets at the beginning of February did not change, since there were no changes in their structure. That's why F 2 \u003d F n \u003d 7825 thousand rubles.
In March, fixed assets worth 60 thousand rubles were put into operation. and liquidated for 3 thousand rubles, therefore F 3\u003d 7825 + 60 - 3 \u003d 7882 thousand rubles.
Until June, there were no changes in the structure of fixed production assets, therefore F 4 \u003d F 5 \u003d 7882 thousand rubles.
In June, fixed assets worth 80 thousand rubles were put into operation. and liquidated - by 8 thousand rubles, therefore F 6 \u003d 7882 + 80 - 8 \u003d 7954 thousand rubles.
Similarly, we calculate the cost of fixed assets until the end of the year. Let's put this data in the table. 2:
i |
||||||||||||
F i |
Substituting the results of our calculations into formula (9), we obtain the value of the average annual cost of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year:
Answer : the average annual cost of fixed production assets dated to the beginning of the period amounted to 7962.25 thousand rubles.
Task 5
Formulation of the problem:
Based on the conditions of the previous task No. 4, calculate the average annual cost of fixed production assets dedicated to the end of the period.
Technology for solving the problem:
The average annual cost of fixed production assets, timed to the end of the period, is calculated by the formula:
where F cc– cost of newly introduced fixed assets, rub.;
F sel– cost of retired (liquidated) fixed assets, rub.;
t1- the period of operation of the introduced fixed assets (for example, if new fixed assets were introduced from October 01 of the billing year, then with other equal conditions this year they worked for three months, that is, t 1 \u003d 3);
t2- the period of operation of the liquidated fixed assets (for example, if the liquidated fixed assets were decommissioned from July 01 of the billing year, then they worked out six months, that is, t 2 \u003d 6);
i=1,n, where n is the total number of measures to put fixed assets into operation;
j=1, m, where m is the total number of measures to liquidate fixed assets.
The algorithm for calculating the sums of products of the cost of fixed production assets (in thousand rubles) and the period of their work (in months) can be represented by a table.
The month in which the event to change the structure of funds took place (on the 01st day) |
F cc t 1 |
F sel |
F sel (12-t 2) |
|||
Substituting known values into the formula for calculating the average annual cost of fixed assets at the end of the period, we get the following:
Answer : the average annual cost of fixed production assets dated to the end of the period is 7952.67 thousand rubles.
Comparing the results obtained during the calculation by the first and second methods (answers to tasks 4 and 5), we see that they differ by almost 10%. This is explained by the fact that when calculating the second method, the average annual cost deviates downward, since the average annual cost of all cash fixed assets participating in the process on a monthly basis is not taken into account, but only the cost of funds entered and written off from the balance sheet is taken into account.
Tasks for calculating depreciation rates and depreciation charges using modern methods
Depreciation in monetary form expresses depreciation of fixed assets and is charged to production costs (cost) on the basis of depreciation rates.
Depreciation deductions for fixed assets are accrued from the first month following the month of acceptance of the object for accounting, and until the full repayment of the cost of the object or its write-off from accounting in connection with the termination of the right of ownership or other real right.
Task 1
Formulation of the problem:
linear (proportional) way.
Technology for solving the problem:
According to the linear (proportional) method, an equal depreciation rate is charged in any period of operation of fixed production assets.
The following formula is used to calculate the depreciation rate:
So, A \u003d 100 * 0.1 \u003d 10 thousand rubles.
Answer : the annual amount of depreciation deductions calculated using the straight-line method is 10 thousand rubles. per year for the entire period.
Task 2
Formulation of the problem:
The enterprise purchased an object of fixed production assets worth 100 thousand rubles. with a useful life of 10 years. Determine the annual depreciation amountreducing balance method.
Technology for solving the problem:
The method of declining balance of depreciation is otherwise called the accelerated method, since the main share of depreciation accounts for the first years of equipment service.
The calculation of the annual amount of depreciation is made on the basis of the residual value of fixed assets and the depreciation rate.
The basis for calculating the depreciation rate On the the accelerated method (with the value of the acceleration factor equal to 2) is the formula:
where i- the year for which depreciation is calculated, i=1, n (n is the amortization period);
A j- depreciation deductions for the period preceding the billing year.
For example, for the first year of the object's service life A 1 \u003d 100 * 0.2 \u003d 20 thousand rubles.; for the second, respectively, A 2 \u003d (100 - 20) * 0.2 \u003d 16 thousand rubles. and so on.
For clarity, the results of the calculations are summarized in Table. four.
Year of operation |
Amount of depreciation for past period A j, thousand roubles. |
Annual depreciation amount And i , thousand roubles. |
Residual value, thousand rubles |
With the non-linear method, depreciation charges are gradually reduced and there is no complete write-off of the cost of equipment or buildings. Therefore, if the residual value of the equipment has reached 20% of the original value, then this amount is divided by the remaining useful life and written off evenly. In our example, as can be seen from the table, this happened in the eighth year of the useful life of the equipment: its residual value became less than 20% of the original value and amounted to 16.8 thousand rubles. This amount is divided by the remaining useful life (3 years) and written off evenly: 16.8/3 = 5.6 thousand rubles/year.
Answer : the annual amount of depreciation, calculated by the reducing balance method, is presented in Table. four.
Task 3
Formulation of the problem:
The enterprise purchased an object of fixed production assets worth 100 thousand rubles. with a useful life of 10 years. Determine the annual depreciation amountby the sum of the number of years of useful life.
Technology for solving the problem:
The cost is written off , based on the initial cost of fixed assets and the annual ratio, where the numerator is the number of years remaining until the end of the life of the object, and the denominator is the conditional life of the object.
In our case, for equipment with a service life of 10 years, the conditional number of years will be T conditional = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 10 = 55 years.
The annual depreciation rate according to the write-off method based on the sum of the number of years of the useful life in the first year will be equal to H a \u003d 10/55 \u003d 18.2%; in the second year 16.4% and so on. Multiplying these values by the initial cost of fixed assets, we obtain the amount of annual depreciation.
Let's present the results in Table. 5.
Useful life |
On the, % |
A, thousand rubles |
Answer : annual depreciation amounts calculated by the write-off method based on the sum of the number of years of the useful life are presented in Table. 5.
Task 4
Formulation of the problem:
The organization purchased a vehicle worth 150 thousand rubles. with an estimated mileage of 1500 thousand km. Mileage in reporting period is 50 thousand km. Determine the amount of depreciation for the period in proportion to the volume of products (works).
Technology for solving the problem:
The annual depreciation rate in proportion to the volume of products (works) is calculated by the formula:
|
where About otch- the volume of products (works) in physical terms in the reporting period;
About amounts- the estimated volume of production (work) for the entire useful life of fixed assets.
The amount of depreciation deductions for the reporting period in proportion to the volume of products (works), calculated by multiplying the initial cost of fixed assets by the depreciation rate.
From the condition, the scope of work in the reporting period is 50 thousand km. The initial cost of the acquired item of fixed assets is 150 thousand rubles. Estimated volume of products (works) for the entire useful life: 1500 thousand km. Based on these initial data, we get: 150 . (50/1500) = 5 thousand rubles.
Answer : the amount of depreciation charges for the period, calculated in proportion to the volume of products (works), will be 5 thousand rubles
Task 5
Formulation of the problem:
Unit price is C about \u003d 6 thousand rubles.
The cost values of 3 rem associated with maintaining this equipment in working condition are given in Table. 6.
Olimit the economically justified service life of the equipment.
Technology for solving the problem:
It is known that as the service life of fixed production assets increases, annual depreciation deductions decrease, as the depreciation rate changes H a. The longer the life of the equipment, the lower the depreciation. However, an increase in the service life of equipment is accompanied by an increase in the cost of its repair. The economically justified service life of the equipment is determined by that year (T eo), when total costs, i.e. annual depreciation charges ( A i. ) plus repair costs ( 3 rem) will be minimal.
In other words, the following condition must be met:
We take the ratio as the basis for calculating the depreciation rate
On the = 1/T. During service life T=1 year, the depreciation rate is 1, the total costs are 6 thousand rubles, with a service life T=2 year, the depreciation rate is 0.5, the total costs are 3 thousand rubles. As can be seen from the conditions of the problem, in the third year of operation, the total costs will be calculated as follows:
3 sum = 6 . 1/3 + 0.5 = 2.5 thousand rubles
The results of the remaining calculations are presented in tables.
Year of operation |
|||||||
Costs, thousand rubles |
|||||||
A i , thousand rubles |
|||||||
3 sum, thousand roubles. |
1,95 |
Thus, the economically justified service life of the equipment T eo = 8 years, since during this period of operation the total costs are minimal (they are equal to 1.95 thousand rubles), and in the future they begin to increase.
Task 6
Formulation of the problem:
The company has equipment that is 9 years old. Determine the annual effective fund of the operating time of this equipment.
Technology for solving the problem:
As equipment ages, the potential for its operating time decreases, i.e., depending on the number of years of operation, the annual effective fund of equipment operation time decreases.
Annual effective fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment F teff in one shift with the age of up to 5 years does not change and is 1870 hours, where 0.1 is the proportion of time allotted for repairs. As the age of equipment increases, the annual fund of time decreases annually by 1.5% for equipment aged 6 to 10 years, by 2.0% for equipment aged 11 to 15 years, and by 2.5% for equipment over 15 years old (according to Burbelo O. Statistical methods for assessing the potential of equipment // Bulletin of Statistics? 1992. No. 8).
where t f is the age of the equipment.
Given the above, the annual effective fund of the operating time of our equipment will be equal to 1758 hours:
Ф t eff= 1870 (1 - ) = 1758 h.
Answer : annual effective fund of equipment operation time 1758 h.
Task 7
Formulation of the problem:
The enterprise's equipment fleet consists of 30 units, of which 4-year-old equipment - 12 units; 12 years old - 12 units, 17 years old - 6 units. Determine the annual effective fund of the operating time of the equipment fleet.
Technology for solving the problem:
To calculate the annual effective fund of equipment operation time, we use the formula:
|
where F teff– annual effective fund of equipment operation time, in hours;
F tefi- the annual fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment I-th age group;
i=1, m(m is the number of age groups);
n i – number of pieces of equipment in I-th age group .
First, focusing on the explanations (18) given to task 6, we determine the annual fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment I-th age group F tefi:
t f = 4 years: F tefi= 1870 h.
t f = 12 years: Ф tefi = 1870 (1 - )=1655 hours
t f = 17 years: F tefi\u003d 1870 (1 - ) \u003d 1449 hours.
Now, using formula (19), we determine the annual effective fund of the operating time of all equipment:
F teff = 1870 X 12 + 1655 x 12 + 1449 x 6 = 50,994 hours
Answer : the annual effective fund of the equipment fleet is 50,994 hours.
Task 8
Formulation of the problem:
The enterprise's equipment fleet consists of 30 units, of which 4-year-old equipment - 12 units; 12 years old - 12 units, 17 years old - 6 units. Determine the annual effective fund of equipment fleet operating time based on the calculation of the average age of the equipment fleet.
Technology for solving the problem:
The annual fund of the operating time of the equipment fleet in this problem is defined as the product of the annual fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment of average age () on the number of pieces of equipment in the park n.
So, the average age of our equipment fleet:
Now we calculate the annual fund of the operating time of our equipment fleet:
F teff\u003d 1870 (1 -) x 30 \u003d 52,061 hours.
Let's compare the result with the one obtained from the calculation results of problem 7:
The resulting error was 2%, so the calculation is approved. An error of more than 2% is considered economically unjustified, and the calculation for such an error is not approved.
Answer : the annual effective fund of equipment fleet operating time is 52 061 h.
Tasks for evaluating the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets of the enterprise
The effectiveness of the use of fixed production assets is evaluated by general and particular indicators. The most general indicator reflecting the level of use of fixed production assets is capital productivity.
There are several methods for calculating return on assets. The most common is the method of calculating the cost of gross output, i.e., comparing the cost of gross output (VP) and the average annual cost of fixed production assets. However, this method does not take into account the impact of material costs on the value of capital productivity. Other methods involve the use of: marketable products, own, net and conditionally net products, profits. Private indicators include the coefficients of extensive and intensive use of fixed production assets, the coefficient of integral use of fixed production assets, the shift ratio, etc.
Task 1
Formulation of the problem:
Equipment worth 20,000 thousand rubles was installed in the workshop. From May 1, equipment worth 30 thousand rubles was put into operation; Since November 1, equipment worth 25 thousand rubles has been retired. The enterprise produced products with a volume of 700 thousand units. at a price of 50 rubles / unit. Determine the value of the return on assets of the equipment.
Technology for solving the problem:
Return on assets is the cost of manufactured products per one ruble of the average annual cost of fixed production assets.
To calculate the value of capital productivity of equipment in this case it is advisable to use the following formula:
where In f - actual output in monetary terms;
– average annual cost of fixed production assets, thousand rubles
The actual output is determined by multiplying the total volume of output by its price:
V f = 700,000 x 50 \u003d 35,000 thousand rubles.
Thus, in the numerator we have gross output In f enterprises.
Interim calculations of the average annual cost at the end of the year will be presented in the form of a table:
The month in which the event to change the structure of funds took place (on the 01st day) |
F cc t 1 |
F sel (12-t 2) |
||||
Thus, the average annual cost of fixed assets at the end of the year will be equal to:
Substituting the values of the actual output and the average annual cost of fixed production assets obtained as a result of the calculations, we obtain the desired value of the return on assets of the equipment:
Answer : the return on assets of the equipment is 1.75 rubles.
Task 2
Formulation of the problem:
The enterprise produces 700 thousand units. products. the production capacity of the equipment on which these products are produced is 750 thousand units. Determine the coefficient of intensive use of equipment.
Technology for solving the problem:
Equipment heavy use ratio ( K int) characterizes the use of equipment in terms of power, therefore it is defined as the ratio of the actual performance of the equipment to the standard:
K int \u003d P f / P n, |
where P f - the actual performance of the equipment;
P n - standard performance.
Substituting the performance values known from the problem condition into the formula, we obtain: 
.
Answer : the coefficient of intensive use of equipment is 0.93.
Task 3
Formulation of the problem:
150 machine tools were installed in the workshop of the instrument-making plant. The workshop has two shifts. In the first shift, all machines work, and in the second - only 50%. Determine the shift ratio of machine tools.
Technology for solving the problem:
The shift ratio is the ratio of the number of machine shifts worked per day to the number of installed equipment:
|
where M day - daily capacity of the workshop, in machine-tool shifts ;
M - normative power, in machine-tools.
Calculate the value of the shift coefficient:
Answer : the equipment shift ratio is 1.5.
Task 4
Formulation of the problem:
150 machine tools were installed in the workshop of the instrument-making plant. The workshop has two shifts. In the first shift, all machines work, and in the second - only 50%. Average age machines for 9 years. Determine the coefficient of extensiveuse of machines.
Technology for solving the problem:
Calculate the annual effective fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment in one shift:
Fteff = 1870 {1 – ) = 1785 h.
Annual fund of operating time of all machines in one shift:
Considering two shifts, we obtain the value of the maximum possible fund equipment operating time:
Ф max\u003d 2 x 1785 x 150 \u003d 535,500 hours.
Time actual work one machine per year:
Ф t = 1785 x (150 + 75) = 401 625 hours
The coefficient of extensive use of equipment ( K ext) characterizes the use of equipment over time, therefore it is defined as the ratio of the actual fund of equipment operation time to the maximum possible in given production conditions:
|
.Now we calculate the coefficient of extensive use of equipment for the condition of our problem:
In other words, 
Answer : the coefficient of extensive use of equipment is 0.75.
Task 5
Formulation of the problem:
It is known that the coefficient of extensive use of equipment is 0.75; the coefficient of intensive use of equipment is 0.93. Find the coefficient of integral use of equipment.
Technology for solving the problem:
The coefficient of integral use of equipment K integr is defined as the product of the coefficients of the extensive K ext intense K int the use of equipment and comprehensively characterizes its operation in terms of time and productivity (power):
|
In our problem, k integr = 0.75 x 0.93 = 0.7.
Answer : the coefficient of integral use of equipment is 0.7.
Task 6
Formulation of the problem:
The enterprise produced gross output in the amount of 3 million rubles. The share of material costs, taking into account depreciation, is 0.6. The average annual cost of fixed production assets at the end of the year is 1.5 million rubles. Determine the return on assets for net production.
Technology for solving the problem:
Net output is the value newly created in the production process, which is calculated as the difference between gross output and material costs. (Z), including depreciation (BUT):
F otd \u003d 1.2 / 1.5 \u003d 0.8.
Answer : the return on assets for net production is 0.8.
Tasks for determining the economic benefit from a leasing transaction
Leasing is a form of long-term lease of machinery, equipment and other types of property with periodic payment of its cost.
The leasing form of rent is the most progressive and has a number of advantages for both the landlord and the tenant. It is implemented on the basis of a concluded agreement, which reflects all the conditions that allow the lessor to transfer the rental object to the other party - the tenant for a certain fee. In the contract, all the main articles are formulated in detail and clearly in order to eliminate disagreements.
Task 1
Formulation of the problem:
The issue of a long-term lease is being considered (for a periodt=5 years) equipment with an initial cost of C n \u003d 30 thousand rubles. Depreciation rate H a = 0.125. There are no benefits for the tenant. Determine the price of the leasing contract.
Technology for solving the problem:
The price of a license contract is determined by the formula:
|
where C p- the initial price of the leased equipment;
D i – tenant's contributions in the i-th year;
R – share of the depreciation rate for maintaining equipment in working condition (R = 0,5);
D add - the share of additional payments, which, at a rate of return equal to the depreciation rate, is assumed to be 1.0;
To cash- coefficient taking into account property tax:
K cash = (1+ 0,2) = 1,2.
Leasing contract price:
C p\u003d 30000 x 0.5 x 0.125 x 1.2 x [(1 + 0.5) 5 + (1 + 0.5) 4 + (1 + 0.5) 3 + (1 + 0.5) 2 + (1 + 0.5) 1 ] = 44,508 rubles.
Answer: the price of the leasing contract will be 44,508 rubles.
Task 2
Formulation of the problem:
A leasing contract is being considered at a price of 44,508 rubles. for a long term rentalt = 5 years) equipment with an initial cost of C n \u003d 30 thousand rubles. Depreciation rate H a \u003d 0.125, net income standard N BH \u003d 0.11; expenses of the lessor C yar = 12550 rubles, annual interest rate for the loanD = 0.1. There are no benefits for the tenant. Assess how this transaction is economically beneficial for the landlord, for the tenant.
Technology for solving the problem:
The leasing transaction is economically justified:
- for the lessor, provided that the actual amount of net income (BH f) exceeds its standard value (N BH):
BH F > N BH;
- for the tenant, provided that the amount of the loan for the purchase of the leased equipment (the initial price of the equipment, taking into account the rate for the loan) exceeds the cost of the license contract, i.e. C cr > C l.
The actual net annual income of the lessor from this transaction will be:
BH f= (44 508 - 12550 )/5 = 6392 rubles.
The standard net annual income of the lessor:
N BH\u003d 30,000 x 0.11 \u003d 3300 rubles.
This leasing transaction is beneficial for the lessor, as there is an excess of actual net income over the standard value.
Capital investments for the purchase of leased equipment, taking into account the rate for the loan, are calculated according to the formula.
where F to ;
F cc
F to– cost of fixed assets at the end of the year, rub.
Substituting the values known from the condition of the problem, we calculate the value of fixed assets at the end of the year
F k \u003d 3000 + (125 - 25) \u003d 3100 thousand rubles.
Answer:the cost of fixed assets at the end of the year is 3,100 thousand rubles.
Calculation of the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets
a task:
During the year, the enterprise introduced fixed production assets in the amount of 150 thousand rubles. so that the value of fixed assets at the end of the year amounted to 3,000 thousand rubles. Calculate the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets.
Technology for solving the problem:
The renewal coefficient is one of the indicators that are used to analyze changes in the structure of fixed production assets.
Knowing the cost of fixed assets of the enterprise at the end of the year, as well as how much fixed assets were introduced, the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets is calculated by the formula:
 | (2) |
where F cc- the cost of introduced fixed assets, rub.;
F to– cost of fixed assets at the end of the year, rub.
The coefficient of renewal of fixed production assets will be:
Thus, over the year our company has undergone a 5% renewal of fixed production assets.
Answer:the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets is 0.05.
Retirement rate calculation
tasks:
The main production assets of the enterprise at the beginning of 2005 amounted to 3,000 thousand rubles. During the year fixed assets were liquidated in the amount of 300 thousand rubles. Calculate the retirement ratio of fixed assets.
Technology for solving the problem:
The retirement rate of fixed assets is calculated by the formula:
 ,
| (3) |
where F sel– cost of retired (liquidated) fixed assets, rub.;
F n– cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, rub.
Calculate the retirement rate of fixed production assets:
Thus, 10% of fixed production assets were liquidated at the enterprise.
Answer:the retirement ratio of fixed assets is 0.1.
Calculation of the growth of fixed assets
a task:
At the enterprise during the year, fixed production assets were introduced in the amount of 150 thousand rubles, and liquidated in the amount of 100 thousand rubles. Calculate the increase in fixed assets of the enterprise in monetary terms.
Technology for solving the problem:
The increase in fixed assets is calculated as the difference between the newly introduced and liquidated funds according to the formula:
| F prir \u003d F vv - F sel. | (4) |
Substituting the data known from the condition, we get:
F prir \u003d 150 - 100 \u003d 50 thousand rubles.
Answer:the increase in fixed assets of the enterprise in monetary terms amounted to 50 thousand rubles. in a year.
Calculation of the introduction of fixed assets, growth of fixed assets
a task:
At the enterprise during the year, the increase in fixed production assets amounted to 80 thousand rubles. the cost of fixed assets at the end of the year - 4000 thousand rubles. Calculate the growth rate of fixed assets.
Technology for solving the problem:
The growth rate is another indicator that, along with the renewal and disposal rates, is used to analyze changes in the structure of fixed production assets.
The growth rate of fixed assets is calculated as the ratio:
 ,
| (5) |
where F natural– increase in fixed assets in monetary terms, rub.;
F to– cost of fixed assets at the end of the year, rub.
Accordingly, the growth rate of fixed assets:
Answer:the increase in fixed assets amounted to 2%.
A task
Fixed assets industrial enterprise provide their material and material base, the growth and improvement of which is the most important condition for improving the quality and competitiveness of products. Improving the use of fixed assets of the organization solves many economic problems aimed at improving production efficiency: increasing labor productivity, reducing costs, saving capital investments, increasing output, increasing profits and profitability, and, consequently, increasing solvency and financial stability.
Table 1 - Indicators of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets
| Index | Indicator value | Change in indicator | ||
| plan | fact | absolute, (+,−) | relative, % | |
| The cost of marketable products, thousand rubles. | 0,52 | |||
| Profit from core activities, thousand rubles | −110 | 0,17 | ||
| The average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles. | −100 | 0,80 | ||
| The average number of industrial production staff, pers. | −33 | 17,64 | ||
| Capital return, % | 5,13 | 5,16 | 0,03 | 0,58 |
| Capital productivity, rub. | 1,16 | 1,18 | 0,02 | 1,72 |
| Capital intensity, rub. | 0,85 | 0,84 | −0,01 | 1,17 |
| Capital-labor ratio, thousand rubles | 66,64 | 80,27 | 13,63 | 20,45 |
The following indicators serve as a generalizing characteristic of the efficiency and intensity of the use of fixed assets:
return on equity(the ratio of profit from the main activity to the average annual cost of fixed assets):
Fr - return on equity of fixed assets, %.;
P - profit from the main activity, thousand rubles;
OF sg - the average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles . We take indicators from the plan column
Fp = 64018/ 12463 = 5.13
FF \u003d 63908 / 12363 \u003d 5.16
capital productivity(the ratio of the cost of manufactured (commercial) products to the average annual cost of fixed assets):
where (3) Fo - return on assets, rub.;
Tp - the cost of marketable products, thousand rubles.
we take indicators from the fact column
Fp = 14567/ 12463 = 1.16
FF \u003d 14644 / 12363 \u003d 1.18
capital intensity(the ratio of the average annual cost of fixed assets to the cost of manufactured products):
Fe - capital intensity, rub.;
Tp - the cost of marketable products, thousand rubles;
OF sg - the average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles.
Fp = 12463/ 14567 = 0.85 target
Ff = 12363 / 14644 = 0.84 actual indicator
capital-labor ratio(the ratio of the average annual cost of fixed assets to the average number of industrial and production personnel):
Fv - capital-labor ratio, thousand rubles;
OFSG - the average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles;
Nppp - the average number of industrial and production personnel, people.
Fp \u003d 12463 / 187 \u003d 66.64
FF = 12363/ 154 = 80.27
A task
Perform diagnostics of the production and economic activities of the enterprise according to the table. Determine the dynamics of capital productivity, capital intensity and labor productivity at the enterprise in 2010-2011.
Initial data:
return on assets- this is the volume of gross or marketable output in relation to the value of fixed assets of the enterprise. The return on assets shows how much output the company produces for each invested unit of the value of fixed assets.
The return on assets is:
According to reporting data:
Fo=1200/650=1.85 den. units/day units;
According to design data:
Fo=1500/800=1.88 den. units/day units;
The growth rate of this indicator is:
Kp=1.88/1.85=1.016 (101.6%).
The design value of this indicator should increase by 1.6% compared with the reporting data. Such an increase is ensured by the introduction of new fixed assets, thanks to which the enterprise is able to increase output.
It is believed that the company prefers high values of this indicator. This means that for each monetary unit of revenue, the company makes less investment in fixed assets. A decrease in the ratio may indicate that, for the current level of revenue, excessive investments have been made in buildings, equipment and other fixed assets.
The inverse return on assets is called capital intensity. This indicator equals:
According to reporting data:
Fe=650/1200=0.54 den. units/day units;
According to design data:
Fe=800/1500=0.53 den. units/day units;
Growth factor:
Kp=0.53/0.54=0.981 (98.1%).
The fund consumption should decrease by 1.9%.
Labor productivity is labor efficiency. Labor productivity can be measured by the amount of time spent per unit of output or by the amount of output produced by an employee over a period of time.
Labor productivity is:
According to reporting data:
P \u003d 1200/200 \u003d 6 thousand den. units/person;
According to design data:
P \u003d 1500 / 1.85 \u003d 8.11 thousand den. units/person;
Growth factor:
Cr=8.11/6.00=1.352 (135.2%).
Labor productivity will increase by 35.2%.
The growth of labor productivity means the saving of labor costs (working time) for the manufacture of a unit of output or an additional amount of output per unit of time, which directly affects the increase in production efficiency, since in one case the current costs for the production of a unit of output are reduced under the item “Wages the main production workers", and in the other - more products are produced per unit of time.
Fund equipment shows how many monetary units invested in fixed assets account for one employee.
The capital ratio is equal to:
According to reporting data:
Fosn = 650/200 = 3.25 thousand den. units/person;
According to design data:
Fosn = 800/185 = 4.32 thousand den. units/person;
Growth factor:
Cr=4.32/3.25=1.329 (132.9%).
Capital equipment under the project should increase by 32.9%.
Thus, it is planned to significantly increase the efficiency of the use of fixed production assets at the enterprise.
A task
In the first quarter, the company sold products worth 300 thousand rubles. Average quarterly balance working capital is 23 thousand rubles. In the second quarter, it is planned to increase the volume of sales by 10%, and the time of one turnover of working capital will be reduced by one day. Determine: the turnover ratio of working capital and the duration of one turnover in the first quarter, the turnover ratio of working capital and their absolute size in the second quarter, the release of working capital due to the reduction in the duration of one turnover of working capital.
The turnover ratio of working capital is the ratio of the volume of products sold to the average quarterly balance of working capital.
In the first quarter, this figure is:
K1ob \u003d P1 / OBS 1 \u003d 300/23 \u003d 13.04 revolutions.
For a quarter (90 days) working capital makes 13.04 turnovers. The duration of one turnover of working capital is:
T1=90/K1ob=90/13.04=6.9 days.
If the time of one turnover of working capital is reduced by one day, then the duration in the second quarter will be:
T2=6.9-1=5.9 days.
In such conditions, the turnover ratio of working capital is
: K2rev=90/T2=90/5.9=15.3 revolutions.
Absolute size working capital in the second quarter is: OBS2=P2/K2ob=300* 1.1/15.3=21.6 thousand rubles.
The release of working capital due to the reduction in the duration of one turnover of working capital is:
pOBS=OBS2-OBS 1 = 21.6-23.0=-1.4 thousand rubles
A task
Determine the growth rate of capital productivity, if the cost of gross output at wholesale prices of the enterprise is 9466 thousand rubles, the cost of fixed capital is 4516 thousand rubles. The share of the active part of fixed assets - 0.6. The load factor is 0.7. In the future, the share of the active part of fixed capital will increase and amount to 0.76, and the load factor - 0.75.
Solution: In this case, the volume of gross output is known (9466 thousand rubles), and the cost of existing production assets can be determined as the product of the value of fixed capital by the share of the active part of fixed capital and the load factor (4516 * 0.6 * 0.7 = 1896.72 thousand rubles).
In this case, the return on assets is:
Fo \u003d 9466 / 1896.72 \u003d 4.99 rubles / rub., Which indicates that 1 rub. funds invested in production assets, gives 4.99 rubles. products.
After the changes, the cost of existing production assets will be:
4516 * 0.76 * 0.75 \u003d 2574.12 thousand rubles.
With a constant volume of output, the value of return on assets will be: Fo \u003d 9466 / 2574.12 \u003d 3.68 rubles / rub.
Thus, with a constant volume of output and an increase in the cost of existing production assets, the value of capital productivity will decrease. The reduction will be:
Tpr \u003d (3.68-4.99) * 100 / 4.99 \u003d -26.25%.
Calculation of the profit of the enterprise.
A task
Construction firm intends to significantly increase staff productivity and reduce gross operating costs of production in order to significantly improve its financial condition and increase the efficiency of its production and economic activities.
According to preliminary calculations, the number of employees of the company should be reduced from 72 to 60 people, and the annual output per employee should increase from 6920 to 8000 den. units
Current production costs of one den. units products should be reduced from 84 to 78 kopecks.
Current expenses for production one den. units products are respectively 84 and 78 kopecks. Consequently, the profit per one hryvnia of production is equal to 16 and 22 kopecks, respectively.
The volume of production in the previous year is calculated as the product of the number of employees and their labor productivity and is:
Def \u003d 6920 * 72 \u003d 498240 den. units;
in the planned year:
Opl \u003d 8000 * 60 \u003d 480000 den. units
Based on this the company's profit is:
in the previous year:
Ppr \u003d 498240 * 0.16 \u003d 79718 den. units;
in the planned year:
Ppl \u003d 480000 * 0.22 \u003d 105600 den. units
Thus, the profit will increase by the amount:
P \u003d Ppl-PPR \u003d 105600-79718 \u003d + 25882 den. units
Calculate the influence individual factors for such a change in profit:
where po is the change in the volume of production, expressed in the change in revenue from the sale of products;
pS - change running costs for the production of products.
PO=Opl-Opr=480000-498240=-18240 den. units;
pS \u003d Cpl-Cr \u003d 480000 * 0.78-498240? 0.48 \u003d -44122 den. units
Indeed, the amount of profit increased by the amount:
pP=-18240-(-44122)=+25882 den. units
First of all, we use the following dependency:
where h - number of employees,
Pr - labor productivity of one worker.
The change in production volume is due to:
a) a change in the number of employees:
PO (pCh) \u003d (Npl-Npr) * Prpr \u003d (60-72) * 6920 \u003d -83040 den. units;
b) changes in labor productivity of workers:
PO (pPr) = Npl * (Prpl-Prpr) \u003d 60 * (8000-6920) \u003d + 64800 den. units
pO \u003d pO (pCh) + pO (pPr) \u003d -83040 + 64800 \u003d -18240 den. units
Current costs are determined by the volume of production (O) and the cost rate (St):
The change in current expenses is due to:
a) a change in the volume of production:
pS (pO) \u003d (Opl-Opr) * Stpr \u003d (480000-498240) * 0.84 \u003d -15322 den. units;
b) change in the rate of expenses:
pS (pSt) \u003d Opl * (Stpl-Stpr) \u003d 480000 * (0.78-0.84) \u003d -28800 den. units
The total effect, as shown above, is:
pS \u003d pS (pO) + pS (pSt) \u003d -15322-28800 \u003d -44122 den. units
Thus, as a result of the changes described in the condition, the growth in profit should be 25882 den. units Such a change should be due to a change in the volume of production (by -18240 monetary units) and a change in current costs (by 44122 monetary units). The change in the volume of production is caused by a change in the number of employees (the influence of the factor = -83040 monetary units) and the productivity of their labor (the influence of the factor = 64800 monetary units). The change in current costs is caused by a change in the volume of production (the influence of the factor = 15322 monetary units) and the cost rate per one den. units products (influence of the factor = -28800 den. units).
| Indicators | Meaning |
| 1. Sold products, thousand den. units | 1120,0 |
| 2. Full cost of goods sold, thousand den. units | 892,0 |
| 3. Profit from other sales and non-industrial services, thousand den. units | 164,8 |
| 4. Profit from non-sales operations, thousand den. unit: | |
| a) fines and penalties paid | 19,6 |
| b) fines were collected from other enterprises | 26,8 |
| 5. The average annual cost of fixed production assets, thousand den. units | 2906,0 |
| 6. The average annual cost of standardized working capital, thousand den. units | 305,0 |
| 7. Income tax, % | |
| 8. Fee for a bank loan, thousand den. units | 2,8 |
When evaluating the economic results of the enterprise, indicators of general and estimated profitability are used.
For their calculation it is necessary to determine:
profit before tax:
1120.0-892.0+164.8-19.6+26.8=400.0 thousand den. units;
net profit:
400.0-400.0 * 0.25-2.8 \u003d 297.2 thousand den. units;
the amount of fixed and working capital:
2906.0 + 305.0 \u003d 3211.0 thousand den. units
The overall profitability is defined as the ratio of profit before tax and interest payments to the cost of fixed and working capital.
The value of the total profitability is:
400,0/3211,0=0,125 (12,5%).
Estimated profitability is the ratio of net profit to the cost of fixed and working capital:
297,2/3211,0=0,093 (9,3%).
Based on the results of calculations, the company operates profitably. The value of the total profitability is 12.5%, and the estimated profitability is 9.3%.
A task.
Calculate the annual profit of the enterprise if the income for the year amounted to 2.5 million rubles,
annual variable costs amounted to 0.5 million rubles, fixed costs amounted to 1.2 million rubles.
Calculate the return on sales.
A task.
Find profit and determine the profitability of sales grocery store per month if:
revenue for given month amounted to 4,500,000 rubles,
the average markup on goods was 22%.
Costs for the purchase of goods for sale: 3,510,000 rubles, wages per month amounted to 400,000 rubles, the cost of rent and utilities: 230,000 rubles.
The solution of the problem.
Calculation of working capital
For one of the enterprises in the industry, the following data are available, presented in tables 1 and 2.
Table 1
| Types of fixed production assets | OPF cost as of 01.01.08 | Put into operation for the year | OPF retired for the year | Annual depreciation rate for renovation | ||||||
| by residual value, thousand rubles | wear factor (%) | at full initial cost, thousand rubles. | wear factor (%) | at full initial cost, thousand rubles. | their residual value, thousand rubles. | wear factor (%) | ||||
| Building | 500 | 300 | 0,4 | 01.04.08100 | 0 | 0 | 01.10.0830 | 5 | 0,84 | 5,4 |
| Structures | 150 | 147 | 2 | 01.03.0880 | 70 | 0,13 | 01.09.0820 | 2 | 0,9 | 6,0 |
| Transfer devices | 80 | 50 | 0,38 | 01.07.0830 | 29,7 | 1 | 5,0 | |||
| cars and equipment | 1840 | 1656 | 10 | 01.05.08200 | 192 | 4 | 01.04.08100 | 10 | 90 | 11,8 |
| Vehicles | 198 | 90 | 0,55 | 01.11.0812 | 10 | 0,17 | 12,2 | |||
Define
1. The cost of fixed production assets in the assessment of the full initial cost at the end of the year.
2. The average annual cost of fixed production assets (according to the full initial and residual value) for their active part and for the enterprise as a whole.
3. The average rate of depreciation for renovation.
4. Indicators of the structure of fixed production assets at full initial cost at the beginning and end of the year.
5. Indicators of wear and tear of fixed production assets at the beginning and end of the year.
6. Indicators of input and disposal of fixed production assets.
7. Indicators of return on assets of all fixed assets and their active part. Show the relationship between them.
8. Indicators of capital-labor ratio and capital intensity of manufactured products.
9. Growth in the cost of manufactured products due to an increase in the volume of fixed production assets, due to an increase in the efficiency of their use (thousand rubles).
10. Justify the necessary increase in the cost of production assets on next year if the company plans to increase output by 15% (thousand rubles).
Analyze the results. Draw your own conclusions.
Solution
1. The cost of fixed production assets in the assessment at full historical cost at the end of the year can be calculated using the formula:
K \u003d N + P - V
where K is the value of funds at the end of the year;
H is the value of funds at the beginning of the year;
P - the cost of funds received during the year;
B is the value of funds retired during the year.
Calculate the cost of funds for each category:
Buildings: K \u003d 500 + 100 - 30 \u003d 570 thousand rubles.
Structures: K \u003d 150 + 80 - 20 \u003d 210 thousand rubles.
Transfer devices: K \u003d 80 + 30 - 0 \u003d 110 thousand rubles.
Machinery and equipment: K \u003d 1840 + 200 - 100 \u003d 1940 thousand rubles.
Vehicles: K \u003d 198 + 12 - 0 \u003d 210 thousand rubles.
Total: K \u003d 570 + 210 + 110 + 1940 + 210 \u003d 3040 thousand rubles.
The cost of fixed production assets in the assessment of the full initial cost at the end of the year amounted to 3040 thousand rubles.
2. The average annual cost of fixed production assets can be calculated using the formula:
where Ссг is the average annual cost of funds;
C n - the cost of funds at the beginning of the year;
C in - the cost of funds introduced during the year;
With vyb - the cost of funds retired during the year;
M is the number of months of operation of the funds per year.
Calculate the average annual cost of fixed assets for the whole enterprise at historical cost:
The active part of the funds is represented by a group of machines and equipment, since only they have a direct impact on the object of labor.
Calculate the average annual cost of the active part of fixed assets at historical cost:
The residual value of funds can be determined as the product of the original cost and the coefficient of validity (1 - depreciation coefficient).
For example, the residual value of structures at the beginning of the year will be:
C rest \u003d 150 * (1 - 0.02) \u003d 147 thousand rubles.
Calculate the average annual value of fixed assets for the whole enterprise at the residual value:
Calculate the average annual cost of the active part of fixed assets at the residual value:
3. We define the average depreciation rate as the arithmetic average:
4. The structure of fixed assets shows the ratio between groups of fixed production assets. The share of each group is calculated as the ratio of the value of fixed assets of this group to the total initial cost of all funds. For example, specific gravity buildings at the beginning of the year will be 18.1% (500*100/2768).
We present the structure of funds in the table:
| Types of OPF | For the beginning of the year | At the end of the year | ||
| sum | % | sum | % | |
| Building | 500 | 18,1 | 570 | 18,8 |
| Structures | 150 | 5,4 | 210 | 6,9 |
| Transfer devices | 80 | 2,9 | 110 | 3,6 |
| cars and equipment | 1840 | 66,5 | 1940 | 63,8 |
| Vehicles | 198 | 7,2 | 210 | 6,9 |
| Total | 2768 | 100 | 3040 | 100 |
5. The coefficient of validity of fixed assets, reflects the share of the value of funds saved during the operation:
where C p - the initial cost of fixed assets;
С ost - the residual value of fixed assets.
The depreciation coefficient of fixed assets reflects the share of the value of assets lost during the operation:
K and \u003d 1 - K g
Let's calculate the indicators for the building group at the beginning of the year:
K and \u003d 1 - 0.6 \u003d 0.4Similarly, we calculate the indicators for other groups in the table:
| Types of OPF | For the beginning of the year | At the end of the year | ||||||
| Initial price | residual value | K g | K and | Initial price | residual value | K g | K and | |
| Building | 500 | 300 | 0,60 | 0,40 | 570 | 395 | 0,69 | 0,31 |
| Structures | 150 | 147 | 0,98 | 0,02 | 210 | 215 | 1,02 | -0,02 |
| Transfer devices | 80 | 50 | 0,63 | 0,38 | 110 | 79,7 | 0,72 | 0,28 |
| cars and equipment | 1840 | 1656 | 0,90 | 0,10 | 1940 | 1838 | 0,95 | 0,05 |
| Vehicles | 198 | 90 | 0,45 | 0,55 | 210 | 100 | 0,48 | 0,52 |
6. Coefficient of introduction - shows the share of fixed assets introduced during the year in the average annual cost of fixed assets of the enterprise:
The retirement ratio reflects the share of retired fixed assets in the average annual value of fixed assets:
7. Return on assets - an indicator of output per 1 ruble of the value of fixed assets. To calculate the return on assets, the formula is used:
F otd \u003d VP / OF average year
where Ф otd - capital productivity, rub.;
VP is the annual output of marketable (gross) products, rub.;
OF average year - the average annual cost of fixed assets, rub.
Calculate the return on assets of all fixed assets:
To assess the return on assets of active funds, we determine their average annual cost.
The average annual cost of fixed assets is an indicator that characterizes average cost fixed assets of the company. It also allows you to evaluate how efficiently the company uses its own resources. In the article, methods of calculation and scope of the indicator.
What are fixed assets
Fixed assets are property owned by an enterprise on a long-term basis, and which are used in the activities of the company.
Fixed assets are both industrial and non-productive purposes. For example, spinning machines in a weaving factory belong to the funds for production purposes, they are a means of labor and take part in the manufacture of fabric. As for fixed assets for non-production purposes, they include, for example, sanatoriums, educational establishments, residential buildings - in other words, property transferred to the jurisdiction of non-profit structures.
Download and get to work:
The formula for calculating the average annual cost of fixed assets, taking into account the time of their write-off and commissioning
The basic formula for calculating the average annual cost of OPF is convenient to use, but has a significant drawback. Since it does not take into account the moment of commissioning of fixed assets and the moment of their decommissioning, it cannot be applied in a situation in which it is fundamental high accuracy calculations.
For such a case, a different formula is more suitable, taking into account the dynamics of the receipt and disposal of fixed assets.
Wed. = Sn.g. + M1 /1 2 * Cin. - M2 / 12 * Sel.
where Cng is the cost of OPF at the beginning of the year,
With input. – cost of fixed assets put into operation during the year,
From choice - the value of assets written off during the year,
M1 - time during which the introduced OF were used (in months)
M2 - the time during which the written-off fixed assets were not used. (in months)
Example 2
Let's take the initial data of example 1 as a basis and calculate the average annual cost of fixed assets, taking into account their input (write-off):
Avg \u003d 20,000 + (8 / 12 * 300 + 5 / 12 * 200 + 3 / 12 * 400) - (10 / 12 * 100 + 11 / 12 * 500) \u003d 19841.67 thousand rubles.
Note that this method of calculation is more time-consuming, but at the same time more accurate - since it allows you to take into account the uneven operation of funds. The average annual cost of fixed assets calculated in this way is also called the average annual total book value of fixed assets.
Calculation of the average annual cost of OPF according to the balance sheet
The average annual cost of the OPF can also be determined using the balance sheet indicators as a basis.
The formula used for this calculation will look like:
Wed. \u003d Sat + (Svved. * M) / 12 - (Svyb. * (12 - Mf)) / 12
where Sat is the book value of fixed assets,
Cvved. - the cost of the OPF, commissioned funds,
Cvyb. - the cost of decommissioned fixed assets,
M is the time elapsed since the start use of the OPF(in months)
Mf - the time during which the fixed assets were used before its disposal (in months).
The residual (book) value of all OPF of the organization is indicated on line 150 of the balance sheet.
Determination of the average annual cost of the OPF according to the average chronological
If the goal of the calculations is maximum accuracy, it is advisable to apply the chronological average method. First, determine the average cost of the OPF for each month (including input and write-off), and then divide the sum of these values by 12.
Cav = ((From 01.01 + From 31.01) / 2 + (From 01.02 + From 28.02) / 2 ... + (From 01.12 + From 31.12) / 2) / 12
where C as of 01.01 is the cost of the OPF at the beginning of the first month of the year;
From 31.01 - the cost of the OPF at the end of the first month, and so on.
Example 4
Let's determine the average annual cost of OPF according to the data from the first example
C on 01.01 = C on 31.01 = C on 01.02 = C on 28.02 = C on 01.03 = C on 31.03 31 = C on 01.04 = 20000
C on 30.04 = 20000+300= 203000= C on 01.05 = C on 31.05 = C on 01.06 = C on 30.06 = C on 01.07
From 31.07 = 20300 + 200 = 20500 = From 01.08 = From 31.08 = From 01.09
From 30.09 = 20500 + 400 = 20900 = From 01.10
From 31.10 = 20900 - 100 = 20800 = From 01.11
From 30.11 = 20800 - 500 = 20300 = From 01.12 = From 31.12
C \u003d ((20000 + 20000) / 2 + (20000 + 20000) / 2 + (20000 + 20000) / 2 + (20000 + 20300) / 2 + (20300 + 20300) / 2 + (20300 + 20300) / 2 + (20300 + 20500) / 2 + (20500 + 20500) / 2 + (20500 + 20900) /2 + (20900+20800) / 2 + (20800 + 20300) / 2 + (20300 + 20300) / 2) / 12 = 20337.5 thousand rubles
The method that uses the chronological average is the most accurate, but at the same time the most labor-intensive algorithm for calculating the average annual cost of the OPF.
Calculation of the average annual cost of OF according to the rules of the Tax Code
AT tax code The Russian Federation has established a special algorithm for calculating the average annual cost of fixed assets, which taxpayers are required to use when calculating corporate property tax.
Avg= (Status on 01.01+ Status on 01.02 + ... + Status on 01.12 + Status on 31.12) / 13
Example 5
Table 1. Residual value of fixed assets of the enterprise (thousand rubles)
|
OPF cost |
Calculate the average annual cost of OF:
(400 + 380 + 360 + 340 + 320 + 300 + 280 + 260 + 240 + 220 + 200 +180 + 160): (12 months + 1) = 280 thousand rubles.
Using the average annual cost of OPF in economic analysis
Let's consider the scope of application of the average annual cost of OPF in the calculation of other economic indicators.
If we take the volume of products manufactured by the enterprise and divide it by the average annual cost of the OPF, then we get return on assets ratio, which actually shows , how many manufactured products in monetary terms account for 1 ruble of fixed assets.
If, over time, the return on assets of the enterprise increases, this allows us to conclude that the company's capacities are used efficiently. Decrease in return on assets - on the contrary, says the opposite.
If the average annual cost of the OPF is taken as a dividend, and the volume of output is used as a divisor, then the capital intensity ratio will be obtained, which allows you to determine what value of fixed assets is needed to manufacture a unit of output.
If we divide the average annual cost of the OPF by average headcount workers, this will allow us to calculate the capital-labor ratio, which shows the extent to which each of the employees of the enterprise is provided with the necessary means of labor.
If the average annual cost of the OPF is multiplied by the depreciation rate coefficient characterizing the operating conditions of the funds, we will get the amount of depreciation deductions for the year. This indicator can be used not only as a retrospective, but also in the preparation of business plans, as a forecast.
OPF - material elements that are repeatedly involved in manufacturing process, do not change their original appearance, and transfer their cost in parts to the cost of manufactured products.
The average annual cost of the OPF in the reporting period is determined by the formula:
Where: 
- cost of OPF at the beginning of the year;
- the cost of received OPF;
- the cost of retired OPF;
m - the number of months of deregistration of retired OPF in the reporting year.
million rubles
The cost of OPF at the end of the reporting year:
Million rub.
1.2 Calculation of BPF usage indicators
Return on assets is an indicator that expresses the ratio of the cost of construction and installation works produced in one year (or other period of time) to the average annual cost of the OPF. Shows how much production (in monetary terms) received from each ruble of operating capital.
Capital intensity is an inverse indicator of capital productivity. Shows what share of the OPF is in 1 ruble of construction and installation works performed on their own.
The renewal coefficient is the ratio of the value of the received OPF to the value of the OPF at the end of the reporting year.
The capital-labor ratio is an indicator that characterizes the cost of the active part of the OPF per one worker employed in construction.
Table 2. Calculation of indicators for the use of OPF
| No. p / p | The name of indicators | Conventional designation | Period Values | |
| Base | Reporting | |||
| 1. | return on assets    | 2,007846 | - | |
| - | 1,912368 | |||
| 2. | capital intensity    | 0,4982 | - | |
| - | 0,5228 | |||
| Continuation of table 2 | ||||
| 3. | OPF renewal factor   | - | 2,18 | |
| 4. | OPF disposal rate   | - | 2,121 | |
| 5. | OPF reproduction rate   | 
| - | 0,069 |
| 66. | Labor capital-labor ratio    | 62,22 | - | |
| - | 60,72 |
Conclusion: as can be seen from the calculation of indicators of the use of the OPF:
Decrease in the rate of return on assets in reporting year in relation to the base year indicates a decrease in the volume of construction and installation works, which could occur due to inefficient and rational use new equipment, as well as due to the short time spent by production assets in operation.
2. An increase in the capital intensity indicator in the reporting year in relation to the base year indicates a decrease in production efficiency, since the manufacture of this construction product is provided at high cost of the OPF.
3.Refresh rate- the main indicator characterizing the rate of reproduction of fixed capital. It is calculated as the ratio of the value of injected physical capital to the total value at the end of the year. By construction organization equals 2.18%. This value indicates a certain share of the renewal of the BPF in the construction organization. The leading areas of renewal are an increase in the scale of disposal of physically and morally worn-out means of labor and a corresponding increase in the share of new ones aimed at replacing the former.
4.Retirement rate- the value reflecting the intensity of renewal of production assets, is calculated as the ratio of retired capital investments to the total value at the beginning of the year (taking into account the capital retired due to physical and moral deterioration, since it also retires for reasons not related to its aging). It is equal to 2.121%. This value means that the organization is updating obsolete equipment to some extent. An increase in the degree of renewal is possible by attracting new equipment or overhauling (modernizing) the old one, provided that the costs for this should not lead to an increase in the cost of production.
5.Reproduction rate- reflects the relative increase (decrease) in the OPF due to their renewal (retirement). It is equal to 0.069%, which indicates that the retirement of OPF does not exceed their renewal. The tangible difference between the retirement rate and the renewal rate indicates that the BPF is more updated than retired.
6. Capital-labor ratio- characterizes the equipment of workers of enterprises of the OPF. The decrease in this coefficient indicates that in the reporting year, in comparison with the base year, the share of manual labor increased and the share of mechanized labor decreased.
1.3 We determine the shares of intensive (due to changes in capital productivity) and extensive (due to changes in the size of OPF) factors of changes in the volume of construction and installation works.
The successful functioning of fixed assets depends on how fully the extensive and intensive factors for improving their use are implemented.
Intensive factors changes in the volume of construction and installation works are development factors production activities construction organization through a more complete use of each unit of the resource potential due to the growth of labor productivity, a more complete use of materials, an increase in the return on fixed assets, best use working time.
Extensive factors changes in the volume of construction and installation works are factors involved in the development construction industry, increasing the output of finished construction products by attracting additional resources without increasing the efficiency of their use.
extensive path development involves a way to increase the volume of production due to quantitative factors while maintaining its former technical basis: additional attraction of labor, the number of enterprises, workshops, sites, an increase in the construction of new facilities. With this path of development, a large amount of resources (natural, labor, material) is involved in production, but there is no significant changes in engineering and technology, labor organization, qualification of workers.
Intra-production reserves for improving the use of existing production capacities are divided into extensive and intensive reserves.
To extensive factors include reserves for increasing the useful time of equipment operation within the regime fund. These include eliminating intra-shift and day-to-day equipment downtime, as well as reducing the duration of scheduled repairs.
Group intensive reserves includes measures for a more complete loading of equipment per unit of time, advanced training of workers and, on this basis, a more complete use of the productivity of machines, an increase in the output of finished construction products, etc.
extensive Improving the use of fixed assets implies that, on the one hand, the operating time of existing equipment in the calendar period will be increased, and on the other hand, the share of existing equipment in the composition of all equipment available at the enterprise will be increased.
Although the extensive way of improving the use of fixed assets has not yet been fully utilized, it has its limits. The possibilities of the intensive path are much wider.
intensive improving the use of fixed assets involves increasing the degree of equipment utilization per unit of time. This can be achieved by modernizing existing machines and mechanisms, establishing the optimal mode of their operation. Optimum performance technological process provides an increase in output without changing the composition of fixed assets, without an increase in the number of employees and with a decrease in consumption material resources per unit of production.
Intensity the use of fixed assets is also increased through the technical improvement of labor tools and the improvement of production technology, the elimination of "bottlenecks" in the production process, the reduction of the time for achieving the design productivity of equipment, the improvement of the scientific organization of labor, production and management, the use of high-speed methods of work, advanced training and professional excellence workers.
The development of technology and the associated intensification of processes are not limited. Therefore, the possibilities for an intensive increase in the use of fixed assets are not limited.
1.3.а Dynamics of construction and installation works volumes in the reporting year due to changes in capital productivity:
Million rub.
1.3.b. Dynamics of the volume of construction and installation works due to changes in the size of the OPF:
Million rub.
Dynamics of construction and installation works volumes:
; 
(1.3)
Million rub.
Million rub.
- therefore, the calculations are performed correctly.
2. CALCULATION OF INDICATORS RELATED TO THE LEVEL OF LABOR PRODUCTIVITY