Ecology
It's not difficult to conclude that the idea of airplanes was based on birds, some of the best pilots in the animal kingdom. Over billions of years, animals have succeeded through trial and error at various tasks.
As a result, the area biomimicry, that is, the observation of nature, its systems and processes, in order to draw inspiration for solving human problems, began to develop rapidly.
Here are some examples of how nature has served science:
1. Bulletproof skin
You have probably heard more than once about the amazing properties of the web. She is five times the strength of steel, inspiring the creation of Kevlar. Scientists have tried several methods to recreate spider silk on a large scale through a series of ingenious methods, such as splicing spider silk-producing genes with goat genes to produce milk with spider proteins. The only problem is that scientists have never been able to get artificial threads that are as strong as real spider silk. The mass cultivation of spiders, as in the case of silkworms, is out of the question, since cannibalism is common among spiders.
Nevertheless, scientists have managed to make an incredible achievement - bulletproof skin. By combining spider silk with lab-grown skin, scientists have created material that can stop an accelerating bullet. Of course, in testing, the bullet was not fired at full force, and even if the bullet could be stopped, the impact would lead to bone destruction and rupture internal organs. However, in combination with modern body armor, you can create almost perfect protection.
2 Monkeys Are The Oldest Pharmacists
Chimpanzees have evolved to find therapeutic treatments in their natural environment. They were so successful at this that scientists began to observe the habits of chimpanzees to see if they could point to substances that would be useful to humans.
Unfortunately, this method only works for chimpanzees so far, because, for example, what is good for cats can be toxic and useless for humans. Recent studies have shown that the Vernonia plant genus, which chimpanzees gravitate towards when they are sick, is effective in combating a variety of bacterial species that are harmful to humans. The best part is that the drugs resulting from this discovery will be virtually devoid of side effects.
3. Termites are amazing architects
Termites have succeeded a lot in the construction of their buildings. In some parts of Africa, they 2-3 meter mounds decorate the landscape like a spooky graveyard for giants. And although such a height may not seem impressive to you, in relation to the size of the termite itself, these hills are like a giant skyscraper. And at the same time, these workers work in conditions of unbearable heat.
Scientists and architects, impressed by the genius of termites, began to analyze the structure of termite mounds and modeled shopping center Eastgate in Zimbabwe. What is special about this building? Despite being in a country where daytime temperatures rise above 40 degrees, it remains relatively cool. Its unique termite-inspired design effectively absorbs and releases excess heat and consumes only 10 percent of energy compared to similar buildings.
4 Leaf-Based Solar Panels
For billions of years, plants have been converting sunlight into energy. Compared with solar panels Made by humans, plant solar cells are durable, made from inexpensive materials, and plentiful. Scientists have been struggling for years to create more efficient, inexpensive solar panels.
One of the most promising studies in this regard is batteries, which are made in the likeness of leaves
A team of scientists from University of North Carolina developed "artificial leaves", which are a gel-filled bag with special chemicals and plant particles, including some chlorophyll.
They have achieved that the molecules in the gel generate a weak electric current, and in the future they hope to improve the efficiency of their device.
5. Self-cleaning surfaces
Leaves are essentially a window through which the plant receives energy. A dirty window will let in less energy, depriving the plant of important nutrients. This is why the surface of most leaves, while appearing smooth, is actually covered with almost microscopic grooves. At the same time, dust and dirt cannot hold on and accumulate in these grooves, after which the rain washes away everything unnecessary.
Once people took a closer look at the structure of the leaf, they were able to recreate this technology to create self-cleaning paint. By imitating the elevations and depressions on the sheet, this paint keeps the surface clean and also creates an unfavorable environment for bacteria and fungi, reducing microbial levels by 90 percent. Now many companies are working to create self-cleaning glass and concrete.
6. Sinks as a solution to global warming
As a rule, all disasters environment caused by a lack of something, such as a lack pure water, habitat or animals. Global warming is the result of an excessive amount carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
At the same time, the solution to the problem can be quite simple if we turn to mother nature.
The researchers noticed that shells are made of calcium carbonate, in other words carbon dioxide plus calcium plus oxygen molecules. So the researchers concluded that carbon dioxide could easily be turned into something that would be easy to separate. Watching the shellfish they found a way to turn harmful carbon dioxide into solid carbonate. Unlike already existing expensive carbon dioxide neutralizers, such a solid carbonate can be use and how construction material which over time will pay for the entire system.
7. Bees are great stewards
At first glance, bees are very simple creatures. They spend most of the day helping the flowers to pollinate, and sometimes stinging someone and dying. But for some unknown reason a swarm of hundreds of thousands of bees can work as an intelligent whole, despite the fact that no single bee is able to see beyond its own own task or generate complex thoughts. Millions of pollen collecting missions are organized and run like clockwork.
So first formulated in 1989, the idea is that when correct algorithm a group of dim-witted individuals who have no knowledge of the general system will nevertheless be able to exercise their powers. So people at the head of a large complex and unmanageable system began to understand the usefulness Swarm intelligence and have recently applied it to control electrical loads with minimal human intervention.
8. Aquaporin as a great water filter
Aquaporin is a class of proteins in cell membranes. Their main function is to regulate the flow of water into and out of the cell. This is an absolutely essential feature, as too much water can cause the cell to burst, and too little will cause the cell to shrink. It is also important to maintain the necessary balance of various ions and solutes for correct operation cells. Aquaporins are especially good at letting water in and out of the cell without letting anything else through.
So scientists were able to recreate the structure of aquaporins for use in water filtration. If this project is successful, aquaporin membranes will become fast, relatively cheap water filtration device, which can filter anything. In addition, they will be able to desalinate water, which today is an expensive and energy-intensive process.
9. Beetles solve the problem of lack of water
If we talk about water, then, of course, its filtration is a necessary and useful thing, but what if you do not have water? The beetles of the Namib desert will serve as the key to the answer. The exoskeleton of a beetle has an ingenious system for collecting moisture in an arid region., which receives a little more than 1 cm of precipitation per year.
This unique system, which retains moisture from the air, provides the beetle with the moisture it needs to survive.
Scientists quickly seized on the idea of creating a similar system for areas with limited access to water, and created a surface that, in combination with a special material can hold water out of the air just like desert beetles. This will be of great benefit to places like Western Sahara, where water is scarce and needs to be transported from desalination plants to the coast.
10. Shark skin as a disinfectant
Almost the same as in the case of self-cleaning paint, the studded surface of shark skin creates an environment unfavorable for various microbes. In essence, pests have nowhere to hide, and movement on the surface damages them.
Scientists have been able to recreate this structure on adhesive film, which they hope to use in schools, hospitals and other places where dangerous microbes live.
If you are already studying the second, go here >>
On this page are the answers to the first part of the notebook. If you are already studying the second, go here >>
Ready-made answers of the solver on the subject "The world around us" for grade 2 will help parents navigate and help the child prepare homework. We bring the solution to part 1 workbook under the program Perspective. All answers to assignments were written by 2nd grade student Maxim Egorov with the help of parents, checked and approved by the teacher primary school. Tasks that may cause difficulties, we will explain to you. As answers, we also provide extended information on relevant topics, which can be read in the articles of our encyclopedia and used if the teacher asks to prepare a report or presentation at home.
GDZ to 1 part of the workbook the world around us Grade 2
Photos for the story:
Following the link, you can choose other signs: all the signs of animate and inanimate nature about the weather >>
Photos for photo story:
Page 36
autumn months.
1. In the first column, read aloud the names of the autumn months in the ancient Roman calendar. Compare their sound with the sound of modern Russian names of the autumn months. Write down the Russian names in the second column. Orally make a conclusion about their origin.
In the 2nd column we write from top to bottom: September October November
Find out from the elders and write down in the third column the names of the autumn months in the languages of the people of your land.
In the 3rd column we write from top to bottom: the howler is a dirty leafy
2. Write down the names of the autumn months in the language of the peoples of your region, which are related:
a) with the phenomena of inanimate nature: rain bell, dawn, dirty, gloomy, howler.
b) with the phenomena of wildlife: leafy, leaf fall.
c) with the labor of people: a baker, a wedding man, a skit, a leaf scythe.
3. Russia is great. Therefore, they see off summer and meet autumn at different times and more than once. Write down the dates of the arrival of autumn according to the ancient calendars of the peoples of your region.
Answer: summer in Russia comes on September 1 (the modern date of the arrival of autumn), September 14 (the arrival of autumn according to the old style), September 23 (the day of the autumn equinox in the Moscow State was considered the day of the onset of autumn).
4. Signatures for the picture to choose from: golden autumn; a dull time - eyes charm; autumn in the village; autumn Moscow; waiting for winter.
pp. 38-39. Autumn in inanimate nature.
1. Mark the diagram showing the position of the sun in autumn. Explain (verbally) your choice.
Let's take a look at the second diagram. It has signs of autumn (rain, leaf fall, the sun is low above the ground).
For understanding: the Earth revolves around the Sun, while the Earth's axis is always tilted the same way. When the axis is tilted in the direction of the sun, it seems high relative to the earth, is "directly overhead", its rays fall "vertically", this time of year is called summer. When the Earth rotates around the Sun, the axis shifts relative to it and the Sun seems to descend relative to the Earth. Its rays fall on the Earth obliquely. Autumn is coming.
2. Make a list of autumn phenomena in inanimate nature using the text of the textbook.
Answer: frost, frost, rain, fog, autumn equinox, freezing.
3. Write down the date.
pp. 40-41. Folk holidays at the time of the autumn equinox.
The traditional costumes of the Nanai hunters of the Amur region are a combination of brown, red, pink and blue colors in patterns. The dishes are golden, painted.
Reindeer herders in Kamchatka dress in clothes and shoes made of reindeer skins, usually in all shades of brown or gray, with light fur.
S.42-43. Starry sky in autumn.
1. Using the illustrations of the textbook, connect the stars so that you get the figures of a bear and a swan. In the left figure, select the bucket of the Big Dipper.
See the picture for the answer.
2. Draw a picture for your fairytale story about how a big bear appeared in the starry sky.
A fairy tale story: Somehow a bear cub wanted to feast on a honey and climbed a tree - to destroy the hive. And the forest bees are evil, they attacked the bear cub, began to sting. The little bear began to climb higher and higher up the tree. The mother bear saw this, rushed to save the bear cub, also climbed a tree, and followed him to the very top of the tree. She covers her son with herself, and the bees sting more and more. I had to climb even higher, to the very sky, so that the bees would not get it. They are still there: Ursa Major and Ursa Minor.
Or make up a story about how bears hid in a tree from a hunter, and then climbed into the sky and left the chase.
We draw bears climbing into the sky from the top of a tree.
3. Watch the starry sky. Find familiar and new constellations and stars. Pay attention to the location of the big dipper bucket. Write down the names of the constellations and stars that you managed to see:
Constellations: Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Pisces, Aries, Andromeda.
Stars: Venus, Sirius, Polaris.
4. Write a story about one of the constellations in the autumn sky. Use for this information from the atlas-determinant, other books, the Internet (at your discretion).
Story: Bootes or the Shepherd is a constellation in the sky of the northern hemisphere. It is observed both in summer and autumn. It looks like a man guarding a herd. The imagination of ancient people drew him with a staff and two dogs. There are several myths about this constellation, but the most interesting one says that the first plowman on earth was turned into this constellation, who taught people to work the land. The constellation Bootes includes a very bright Star Arcturus is next to Ursa Major, and it itself resembles a fan.
If you want, invent a fairy tale about the constellations of the autumn sky. Write it down on a separate sheet and arrange it beautifully.
First you need to find out which constellations are visible in the sky of the northern hemisphere in autumn. They are depicted and signed in the figure:
About any of them or about all at once we come up with a fairy tale.
Fairy tale: People lived in the same city. They were kind and honest, they achieved everything with their work. Among them was a shepherd who grazed cattle, a charioteer, twin children, an Aquarius who carried water from a well, beautiful maidens and Cassiopeia and many others. They also had domestic animals: a calf, a ram, a horse, hounds. And when the boy Perseus began to play the flute, all the animals from the nearby forest came to listen to him: a cunning fox, and a lynx, and a lion, and a she-bear with a cub. Fish swam to the shore, a whale and a dolphin. Even the fabulous unicorn and dragon listened to the gentle melody. But one autumn, a volcanic eruption began near the town. He burned forests and fields, dropped houses and was ready to burn the city and all its inhabitants. But the huge dragon said to the people: you have never harmed anyone, you are all very good and I will save you. He gathered on his back everyone who could fit in and carried him to heaven. So they shine from the sky to this day and the constellation Perseus, and the dragon, there was a place for everyone in the night autumn sky.
Page 44-45. Grass at our house.
1. Cut out the drawings from the Appendix and place each plant in its own box.
3. Consider herbaceous plants near your home. Use the identification atlas to find out the names of several herbs, write them down.
Answer: clover, bluegrass, foxtail, yarrow, knotweed (bird's buckwheat), plantain, dandelion, mint, burdock.
4. Write a story about one of the herbs growing near your house. Use information from the Green Pages book or other sources (at your discretion).
Mint.
Mint grows near our house. This plant has a very pleasant smell. We often pick mint, dry its green leaves and add it to tea. I love drinking mint tea. There are several types of mint, among them there is also medicinal.
Plantain.
Plantain grows along the roads, from there it got its name. It has wide leaves and a long stem, on which small flowers bloom and seeds ripen. This plant is medicinal. If you cut yourself, apply plantain, and the wound will heal faster.
Photos for pasting:
pp. 46-47. Old women's work.
1. Find flax among these plants.
Answer: second from the left.
3. You are in the museum of flax and birch bark in the city of Kostroma. View photographs of tools for processing flax, making linen threads and fabrics. Write the numbers of their names in circles. 1. Spinning wheel. 2. Weaving mill. 3. Self-spinning wheel. 4. Rattled. 5. Mortar with pestle. 6. Flax mill.
The answer is in the picture.
It will be very useful to show the child a training video on flax processing >> So the student will clearly see the whole process and better remember the purpose of the items for processing flax.
Page 48-49. Trees and shrubs in autumn.
1. Recognize the trees and shrubs by their leaves and write the numbers of their names in circles.
The answer is in the picture. Leaves of linden, birch and hazel turn yellow in autumn. Euonymus in autumn can be both yellow and purple. Oak leaves turn orange. Rowan, maple and aspen - yellow-red. The leaves of viburnum in autumn are green or yellow at the stalk and red at the edges.
A story about trees and shrubs in autumn with photos will help with tasks from this topic >>
2. Find a shrub among these plants and underline its name.
Answer: juniper.
Find a tree whose needles turn yellow and fall off in autumn.
Answer: larch.
3. Visit the forest, park or square. Admire the trees and shrubs in their autumn attire. Use the identification atlas to find out the names of several trees and shrubs. Write them down.
Answer: Birch, poplar, thuja, maple, mountain ash, linden, spruce, pine, aspen.
4. Observe and write down when the leaf fall ends: near birches - in October; at lindens - in September; at maples - in September; at the poplar - in November; at the aspen - in September; at viburnum - in October.
pp. 50-51. Wonderful flower gardens in autumn
3. Identify a few autumn flower garden plants. Write down their names.
Answer: chrysanthemums, asters, dahlias, rudbeckia, gelenium, ornamental cabbage.
Photo for pasting:
4. Write a story about one of the plants in the autumn flower garden.
Dahlia
1. The legend tells how the dahlia flower appeared on earth. Dahlia appeared at the site of the last fire, which died out during the onset of the ice age. This flower was the first to sprout from the earth after the arrival of heat on the earth and with its flowering marked the victory of life over death, heat over cold.
2. In ancient times, the dahlia was not as common as it is now. Then it was only the property of the royal gardens. No one had the right to carry or take the dahlia out of the palace garden. A young gardener named George worked in that garden. And he had a beloved, whom he once gave a beautiful flower - a dahlia. He secretly brought a dahlia sprout from the royal palace and planted it in the spring at the house of his bride. This could not remain a secret, and rumors reached the king that a flower from his garden was now growing outside his palace. The king's anger knew no bounds. By his decree, the gardener George was captured by the guards and put in prison, from where he was never destined to leave. And the dahlia has since become the property of everyone who liked this flower. In honor of the gardener, this flower was named - dahlia.
pp. 52-53. Mushrooms
2. Draw a diagram of the structure of the fungus and label its parts. Check yourself according to the diagram in the textbook.
The main parts of the mushroom: mycelium, leg, cap.
4. Give other examples of edible and inedible mushrooms using the identification atlas From earth to sky (Pleshakov) >>.
Edible mushrooms: butterdish, boletus, mushroom, camelina, russula.
Inedible mushrooms: fly agaric, galerina, pig.
Page 54-55. Six-legged and eight-legged.
1. What are these insects called? Write in the circles the numbers of their names.
2. Cut out the pictures from the application and make diagrams of the transformation of insects. Finish the signatures.
Diagram of insect transformation.
Eggs - larva - dragonfly. Eggs - caterpillar - chrysalis - butterfly.
3. Find an extra pattern in this row and circle it. Explain (verbally) your decision.
Answer: An extra spider. He has 8 legs and he belongs to the arachnids, and the rest in the picture have 6 legs, these are insects.
4. Write a story about insects that interest you or about spiders. Use the information from the atlas-identifier, the book "Green Pages! or" The Giant in the Clearing "(of your choice).
Near our dacha, in the forest, there are several large anthills. Ants work all day, collecting seeds and dead animals. Also, ants feed on aphids. They slap the aphids on the back, and they exude a drop of sweet liquid. This liquid attracts ants. They love sweets.
Page 56-57. bird secrets
1. What are these birds called? Write in the circles the numbers of their names.
Migratory birds: swallow, swift, starling, duck, heron, rook.
Wintering birds: jay, woodpecker, nuthatch, titmouse, crow, sparrow.
2. Give other examples of migratory and wintering birds. You can use the information from the book "Green Pages".
Migratory birds: crane, redstart, sandpiper, thrush, wagtail, wild geese.
Wintering birds: jackdaw, dove, bullfinch, magpie.
3. Watch the birds in your city (village). Use the identification atlas to find out their names. Pay attention to the behavior of birds. Does each bird have its own character? Write your story based on your observation. Make a drawing and stick a photo.
The jay is a forest bird, but recently it can be increasingly seen in the city: parks and squares. This is a very beautiful bird. She has multi-colored feathers on her wings, with a blue tint. Jay screams sharply, piercingly. This forest beauty loves to eat acorns, picks up leftover food, sometimes destroys bird nests and even attacks small birds.
Page 58-59. How different animals prepare for winter.
1. Recognize animals by description. Write the names.
frog
toad
lizard
snake
2. Color the squirrel and the hare in summer and winter outfit. Draw each animal its natural environment. Explain (orally) why these animals change coat color.
The hare is gray in summer, slightly reddish, and by winter changes its skin to white.
Squirrels come in different colors, from light red to black. In autumn, they also shed, change their fur coat to a thicker and warmer one, but their color does not change significantly.
3. Sign who made these supplies for the winter.
Answer: 1. Squirrel. 2. Mouse.
4. Write in the text the names of the animals.
On the ground in a hole, the hedgehog makes a small nest of dry leaves, grass, and moss. In it, he lies in hibernation until spring. And the bear in late autumn arranges a lair for himself under a fallen tree and sleeps in it all winter.
pp. 60-61. Invisible threads in the autumn forest.
1. How are oak and forest animals related? Cut out the drawings from the Appendix and paste them into the boxes of diagram No. 1, and write the names of animals in diagram No. 2.
Answer: squirrel, jay, mouse. They feed on oak fruits and live here.
2. Cut out the drawings from the application and paste them into the diagram boxes. Within the framework, make diagrams with names.
Answer: Squirrels and mice feed on nuts. Rowan - thrush.
3. Give your example of invisible threads in the autumn forest and draw it in the form of a diagram.
Example: a squirrel feeds on a pine tree (eats cone seeds) and a woodpecker (eats insects that live in the bark, thereby healing the tree).
4. Look at the photos. Tell (verbally) what invisible threads in the autumn forest they remind you of.
Nuts are reminiscent of squirrels and mice. Acorns - squirrel, jay, mouse. Rowan - thrush.
pp. 62-63. Autumn work.
1. List what people do in the fall in the house, garden, orchard.
In the house: windows are insulated, firewood and coal are stored for the winter, stoves and heating boilers are prepared, seaming is done for the winter.
In the garden: harvest from trees, protect tree trunks from rodents and frost, fallen leaves are burned
In the garden: vegetables are harvested, sent to the cellar for storage, the beds are dug up.
2. Pick up and paste a photo of autumn activities in your family.
Photo for pasting:
Think and write down what qualities are needed to perform such a job.
Answer: love for the earth, diligence, ability to work with a shovel, chopper, rake, patience, strength.
Page 64-65. Be healthy.
1. Draw what games you like to play in summer and autumn. Photographs can be used instead of drawings.
Summer and autumn games: catch-up, tag, hide-and-seek, football, dodgeball, condals, badminton, for girls - rubber band, hopscotch.
2. Think and write down what qualities the games you like to play in summer and autumn develop.
Answer: dexterity, strength, ingenuity, courage, attentiveness, perseverance.
3. Ask the elders in the family to talk about one of the backgammon games in your area. Describe the game together. Give her a name...
GAME "High Oak"
This game was played in Russia by our grandparents, its name has been preserved since the 50s of the last century. One ball is needed to play. Play from 4 to 30 (or more) children.
Everyone becomes in a circle. Inside the circle is one person with a ball. He tosses the ball high above him and calls out the name of one of the players, for example: "Lyuba!". All children (including the one who tossed the ball) scatter in all directions. Lyuba should pick up the ball and throw it at one of the guys. Whoever is hit is the next to toss the ball.
They play until they get bored.
What qualities does this game develop: reaction speed, accuracy, running speed, dexterity.
pp. 66-69. Nature conservation in autumn.
3. We met these plants and animals from the Red Book of Russia in the 1st grade. Remember their names. Write the numbers in the circles.
4. And here are a few more representatives of the Red Book of Russia. Use the textbook to color them and sign the names.
Mushroom ram, water chestnut, tangerine.
5. Write a story about one of the representatives of the Red Book of Russia, who lives in your region.
Example: Atlantic walrus. The habitat of this rare species is the Barents and Kara Seas. An adult walrus can reach a length of 4 meters, and an Atlantic walrus can weigh about one and a half tons. This walrus species has been almost completely exterminated. To date, thanks to the efforts of specialists, a slight increase in the population is recorded, although it is not yet possible to determine their exact number, since without special equipment it is extremely difficult to get to the haulout of these animals.
Or we take the story from the page: Reports on animals of the Red Book >>
Page 70. Autumn walk.
Photo for pasting:
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Ingenious inventions, great discoveries and breakthroughs in science have been made only thanks to the observation of nature. Her creations are characterized by maximum efficiency, impeccable precision and resource saving. And many things that we use every day were invented long before us.
website collected for you the 10 most interesting inventions that we spied on nature.
Nothing is purer than shark skin
Sharks are one of the cleanest creatures on the planet. Their skin is covered with many teeth. The coating of the teeth repels dangerous germs and fungal infections. Scientists copied the structure of shark skin on film, which was used in hospitals, schools and places where dangerous microbes live.
Geckos control gravity
Geckos have tiny hairs on their feet that allow them to walk on virtually any surface.
When people learned the "secret" of geckos, a glue was created that could withstand a weight of 315 kg. And Velcro window gloves, used by high-altitude workers and astronauts, work on the same principle as gecko legs.
Cats see in the dark
Remember how cat eyes glow in the dark? In truth, they reflect light, which allows them to see better at night. After people paid attention to this, a reflective coating was invented, which was applied to road signs around the world.
The humpback whale is very agile
Despite their weight and size, whales are very agile creatures. While studying whales, scientists have noticed bumps in the front of their fins that allow them to cut through the water column like a hot knife through butter.
Based on this discovery, the engineers changed the blades of wind generators and were able to get 20% more energy. Later, the same technology was used in the construction of aircraft and helicopters, increasing the flight speed.
Lotus is self-purifying
If you dip the lotus in dirty water, then there will be no dirt left on it. Its petals are covered with nano-hairs, on which drops roll down, washing away all the dirt.
Scientists have developed a self-cleaning lotus-effect paint. Now buildings and premises in hospitals are covered with such paint so that dust, bacteria and mold do not settle on them.
Desert beetles can get water
Desert beetles Nami are able to extract water, even if there is none at all. Their carapace has an ingenious system for collecting water right out of thin air. This ability inspired engineers to create a material that extracts moisture from the air and provides the most arid regions. drinking water. At the same time, the technology remains very cheap.
The birds are silent
In 1964, the Japanese created a "bullet train" that traveled at a speed of 190 km / h, but had one very unpleasant effect. When leaving the tunnel, the train pushed out a wall of air and a deafening bang was heard that frightened passengers.
Then the engineers changed the shape of the front of the train, borrowing it from the birds that caught fish, plunging into the water quietly and without a splash. This solution eliminated sound, increased speed by 10% and reduced power consumption by 15%.
Termites are brilliant architects
The very first air conditioners were created by termites. These insects build nests up to 3 meters high and work in unbearable heat.
Synopsis of the lesson in Russian
Under the program "Planet of Knowledge"
Textbook: Zheltovskaya L.Ya. 4th grade 4th quarter
Topic: We build texts by linking parts and sentences.
Purpose: familiarization with the features of the narrative text.
Tasks:
Formation of the ability to title the text; understand the connections between its parts and sentences, defining the topic;
To develop oral and written speech and communication skills of students.
Formation of the ability to exercise self-control.
lesson protocol
Stage
Teacher activity
Student activities
1. Organizational moment
Hello. Check if everything is ready for the lesson: notebook, textbook, pen, pencil, eraser.
2. Posting the topic of the lesson
Look at the desk.
Suggestions are written on the board (Appendix No. 1)
Let's read these sentences.
What do you think should be done in these proposals?
Correctly. We name the words, the missing letter and explain the spelling.
Guys, what is one word for these sentences?
Correctly.
And who has already guessed what we will do at the lesson today?
Reading sentences
Insert missing letters
Text
Talk about text
3. Work on the topic of the lesson.
And now, let's remember what a text is?
What is the topic of the text?
Does the text have a main idea?
What is the main idea of the text?
What are the texts according to the type of speech?
What is usually reported in the text of the narrative?
What questions can be answered with the help of the narrative text?
What is the description text talking about?
What questions can be answered with this text?
What does the discourse text say?
What questions are answered in this text?
A text is two or more sentences related in meaning by a common theme.
This is what the text is talking about, the topic combines sentences in the text.
Yes
This is the main thing that the author wanted to say, what he wanted to convince the reader and listener.
Narratives, descriptions, reasoning
About a certain incident or event
What happened? what happened?
It talks about the signs of objects, that is, animals, plants, natural phenomena, events, people and much more are described.
Which? what? what is it? what are
Causes of phenomena, events, actions are explained.
Why is this happening (or happening)? Why did it do so?
4. Work on cards.
Well done! Now let's check how you understand the texts.
I handed out leaflets to you (Appendix No. 2)
Take their hands.
Let's read the sentences under number 1.
How do you think it can be called a text?
Why?
Let's read the sentences under number 2.
Can these sentences be called text?
Why?
What is the topic of this text?
Why else can these sentences be called text?
Which?
What else makes us understand that this is a text?
Let's title this text.
Guys, let's think about what type of speech this text is?
Prove it.
Correctly. Let's see how many parts this text can be divided into?
Why?
What will be the name of the first part?
What will the second part be called?
What will the third part be called?
Well done boys!
Now, put your papers aside and tell me, do you know the types of narrative text?
Read
Not
There is no topic, the main idea and sentences are not related in meaning.
Read
Yes
He has a theme
What did the children see in the field?
He has a main idea
How the kite looked out for prey
Offers are linked
Shadow on the road
Narratives
A case has been reported. Answers the question: what happened?
On three
explain
Beginning (or introductory part, introduction)
Main part (development of events)
Ending (conclusion)
Not
5. Work in the textbook.
In order to find out what types of narrative text there are, let's open the textbook on page 114 of ex. 277.
Read the first kind.
What is an instruction?
What is a recipe?
Read the second version.
How do you understand it?
Read, the third kind.
So what kinds of narrative text are there?
Instruction, recipe
explain
explain
Episode sketch (observation)
explain
History (a story about an event that happened in life)
Instruction, recipe, observation, history.
6. Application of acquired knowledge in practice
Let us dwell on such a variety of narrative text as observation, for this we will open exercise. 278.
Look at this exercise and tell me what to do?
What is a meteorologist?
Let's read the text.
What is the topic of this text?
How many parts are in the text?
What will these parts be called?
In which of these parts is the theme of the text revealed?
What is the meaning of the first part?
Let's pay attention to the groups of highlighted words and phrases.
Read them.
Will they help to understand how the parts and sentences in the text are connected in meaning?
How will they help?
Guys, find which sentence has the words as if.
How is this word spelled?
Open your notebooks, write down the number, class work.
Write down this word, mark in the margins that this is a dictionary word.
Now, step back, write a line exercise 278.
- Write the text, think of a title for it.
Underline the words and phrases of the link.
Do not forget to write each part from the red line.
Do it.
A person who studies the science of the structure and properties of the earthand the physical processes that take place in it.
Read the text.
How a flock of sparrows settled on the lid of the washbasin
Three
Introduction, developments, conclusion
In the first part
If it were not for the first part, it would not be clear
Read
Let them help
explain
As if
write down
Celebrate
Perform an exercise
7. Lesson summary
What did you do in class today?
What have you learned?
What did you like?
8. Homework.
Come up with any text and sign what type of speech it belongs to.
If there is time, I will give an independent task (Appendix No. 3)
Application No. 1
Z .. my children hung to the Christmas tree .. to .. a beanbag and poured food. Once, a squirrel appeared near the k..rmushki..ka. She cautiously jumped on k..mushku. And she began to eat seeds .. ki.
Application №2
№1
The Russian forest is beautiful and sad in the early autumn days. The ground was covered with pure white snow. Blue and blue flowers of cornflowers are far visible in the rye. The late fall flowers are still blooming.
№2
It was a bright sunny day. My brother and I walked across the field.
Suddenly a shadow fell on the road. I quickly looked up. A large bird flew silently above us. It was a kite. He looked for prey. In an instant, a predator grabbed her and soared into the sky.
We will remember this incident for a long time.
Application №3
Fill in the gaps in the text so that you get a story about your class.
Write what kind of text it will be according to the type of speech? Why?
Friendly, kind and funny.
We have been together for 4 years, we study together in the same class! Our morning begins with what we say to each other ___________________. Every day we are glad to see our ________________________________. We miss when ________________ is long.
Our class has __________________ and __________________. Girls _________ and ________________, and boys _________ and _________________. There is never a ____________________ in our class.