Prepared by a 10th grade student MOU "Motovilovskaya secondary school" Novikova Alena Universe
The universe is a fundamental concept of astronomy, strictly undefined, includes the entire surrounding world. In practice, the Universe is often understood as a part of the material world, accessible to study by natural science methods.
The largest known formations in the universe are the Great Wall of Sloan and the Great Wall of CfA2, and the most distant astronomical object discovered is the gamma-ray burst GRB 090423, which occurred about 13 billion years ago
The largest objects in the universe
Great Wall of Sloan A group of galaxies spanning more than a billion light-years. It is a wall of galaxies that this moment recognized as the largest known structure in the universe. In length, the "wall" stretches for 1.37 billion light years. It is located approximately 1 billion light years from Earth.
Great Wall(sometimes Great Wall CfA2, from English. Center for Astrophysics - Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) is the second largest famous example large-scale structure of the universe. It is a flat-on, pancake-like structure of galaxies about 200 million light-years away, 500 million light-years long, 300 million wide, and 15 million light-years thick. This object was discovered in 1989 by Margaret Geller and John Hunra based on data from redshift studies of distant objects.
Galaxy - Milky Way
Galaxy(ancient Greek Γαλαξίας - Milky Way) - a gravitationally bound system of stars, interstellar gas, dust and dark matter. All objects in galaxies are involved in motion relative to a common center of mass.
constellations
constellations- in modern astronomy, areas into which the celestial sphere is divided for the convenience of orientation in the starry sky. In ancient times, constellations were the characteristic figures formed by bright stars.
In three-dimensional space, the stars that we see side by side on the celestial sphere can be located very far from each other. Since ancient times, people have seen a certain system in the relative position of the stars and grouped them into constellations according to it.
Constellations of the zodiac signs
Also in Ancient Greece the zodiac constellations were singled out in a special group and each of them was assigned its own sign (see Astronomical Signs). Now the signs mentioned are not used to identify the zodiacal constellations; they are used only in astrology to designate the signs of the zodiac. The signs of the corresponding constellations also marked the points of the spring (constellation Aries) and autumn (Libra) equinoxes and the points of the summer (Cancer) and winter (Capricorn) solstices.
As a result of precession, these points have moved from the mentioned constellations over the past more than 2 thousand years, but the designations assigned to them by the ancient Greeks have been preserved. The zodiac signs, tied in Western astrology to the point of the vernal equinox, have shifted accordingly, so there is no correspondence between the coordinates of the constellations and signs. There is also no correspondence between the dates of the entry of the Sun into the zodiac constellations and the corresponding signs of the zodiac.
Sagittarius
Sagittarius(lat. Sagittarius, Sgr) is a zodiac constellation lying between Capricorn and Scorpio. The brightest stars are 1.8 and 2.0 visual magnitudes. Sagittarius is the point of the winter solstice, as well as the center of the Galaxy, about 30,000 light years away from us and hidden behind clouds of interstellar dust.
The ancient Greeks imagined the constellation as a centaur - a mixamorphic creature with a human torso on the body of a horse. Also, the constellation was depicted on all celestial atlases. Greek myth connects the constellation Sagittarius with the centaur Krotos, about whom there are no developed myths. Another myth associates the constellation with the wise Chiron. There is a compilation myth with the following content. It was believed that the inventor of the celestial globe was the centaur Chiron, who created it specifically for the campaign of the Argonauts. On the globe, Chiron left a place for himself in the form of the zodiac constellation Sagittarius. But the centaur Krotos was ahead of Chiron, taking his celestial place, and he had to be content with the less honorable position of the constellation Centaurus.
Scorpion
Scorpion(lat. Scorpius) - the southern zodiac constellation, located between Sagittarius in the east and Libra in the west entirely in the Milky Way, borders on Ophiuchus in the north and Altar in the south. The sun enters the constellation of Scorpio on November 22, but leaves it on November 27 to move into the non-zodiacal constellation of Ophiuchus for 20 days.
According to Aratus, Orion quarreled with Artemis; angry, she sent a scorpion, which killed the youth. Arat adds an astronomical piece to this myth: "When Scorpio rises in the east, Orion hurries to hide in the west."
scales
Scales(lat. Libra) is a zodiacal constellation lying between Scorpio and Virgo. Contains 83 stars visible to the naked eye. The Libra constellation is one of the most visible constellations of the Zodiac, despite the fact that only five of its stars are brighter than the 4th magnitude. The sun enters the constellation on October 31st. Most favorable conditions visibility in April - May.
According to some authors, at the beginning the constellation represented the altar; then he was depicted as an altar, a lamp, but usually as a scale, clamped in the claws of a Scorpion or with the claws of a Scorpion lying on the scales; later, the pincers "released the prey" and shortened. Until now, the stars α and β of Libra are called the Southern and Northern Claws.
Ancient mythologists considered the constellation to be an attribute of Themis, Demeter or Nemesis ascended to heaven.
Virgo
Virgo(lat. Virgo) - the equatorial zodiac constellation, lying between Leo and Libra. In the constellation Virgo in the modern era, the point of the autumn equinox is located.
The Greeks saw a variety of goddesses and heroines in this constellation (for example, the Athenians - Erigone), but the most common version is that this is Demeter, the daughter of Kronos and Rhea, the goddess of fertility and agriculture, the mother of Persephone.
In the images, the Virgo holds an ear, according to the location corresponding to the star Spica. Another bright star of the constellation is Vindemiatrix, (Vindemiatrix is Latin for "winemaker"). It was believed that this is the young man Ampel turned into a star, beloved of Dionysus, the god of the fruitful forces of the earth and winemaking.
a lion
a lion(lat. Leo) - the zodiac constellation of the northern hemisphere of the sky, lying between Cancer and Virgo.
The arrangement of bright stars really resembles a recumbent lion, whose head and chest represent the well-known asterism "Sickle", similar to a mirrored question mark.
The constellation was known to the Sumerians 5000 years ago. Included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest". The classical myth connects the Lion with the Nemean monster killed by Hercules.
Crayfish
Crayfish(lat. Cancer) - the most inconspicuous zodiac constellation, which can only be seen on a clear night between the constellations Leo and Gemini. The brightest star has a visual magnitude of 3.53.
2 thousand years ago, when astronomical terminology was being formed, the point of the summer solstice was in the constellation of Cancer, as a result of which the Northern Tropic of the Earth is called the Tropic of Cancer. In ancient Greek mythology, Cancer is identified with cancer from the second feat of Hercules. According to the myth, during the fight with the Lernean Hydra, all the animals were on the side of Hercules, and only the cancer dared to jump out of the swamp and bite Hercules on the leg, for which he was immediately crushed by his foot. The goddess Hera, who hated Hercules, turned cancer into a constellation in gratitude. It was believed that the stars γ and δ of Cancer, called "Donkeys", and the Manger Nebula were placed in the sky by Dionysus, whose sacred animals were donkeys.
The Greeks believed that the name was proposed by Euctemon. The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Twins
Twins(lat. Gemini) - the zodiacal constellation, the brightest stars - Pollux and Castor, have a brightness of 1.16 and 1.59 visual magnitudes, respectively. The sun enters the constellation of Gemini on June 20. The best visibility conditions are in December - January. It can be seen throughout Russia.
The constellation has been known since ancient times. Probably, the "twins" were originally called the close and visually similar stars Castor and Pollux. The Greeks considered the constellation to be placed in the sky by the Dioscuri twins Castor and Polydeuces (according to the main version; there are alternative versions). The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Taurus
Taurus(lat. Taurus) is a zodiacal constellation lying between Gemini and Aries, northwest of Orion. The brightest stars are Aldebaran, Nat, Alcyone and ζ Tauri, respectively, 0.87; 1.65; 2.85 and 2.97 apparent magnitude.
The ancient Greek myth claims that Taurus is Zeus, who turned into a winged white bull in order to kidnap Europa and transport her to the island of Crete.
The Pleiades are named after the Greek myth Pleiades. These are the daughters of the titan Atlanta and the oceanides Pleione: Alcyone, Sterop, Maya, Merop, Tayget, Keleno and Electra. Ascended to heaven by Zeus, who saved them from the persecution of Orion. The Hyades are the daughters of Atlanta and Ephra, which means they are the half-sisters of the Pleiades. Zeus turned them into the asterism of the same name, moved by love for his brother Geass: the Hyades died, sobbing, from grief after his death on a hunt. This version is the result of folk etymology: the name "Hyades" means in ancient Greek "it's raining", and the Hyades in the Greek sky during the rainy season are low above the horizon, foreshadowing bad weather. In ancient astronomy, the Pleiades and sometimes the Hyades were perceived as independent constellations.
Aries
Aries(lat. Aries) is one of the most famous zodiac constellations, although it does not contain stars brighter than the second magnitude. The three main stars - Hamal ("ram's head"), Sheratan ("trace" or "sign") and Mezarthim (respectively α, β, and γ Aries) are easy to find: they lie south of the Triangulum. The fourth-magnitude star Mezarthim became one of the first double stars discovered with a telescope (R. Hooke in 1664).
It is believed that the name "Aries" was proposed by Cleostratus. The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Fish
Fish(lat. Pisces) - a large zodiac constellation lying between Aquarius and Aries. It is usually divided into "Northern Pisces" (under Andromeda) and "Western Pisces" (between Pegasus and Aquarius).
Ancient constellation. Included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
In Greek mythology, the flight to Egypt of the Olympian gods, frightened by the monstrous Typhon, is mentioned. There, escaping, they turned into various (as a rule, attributive) animals, and, in particular, Aphrodite - into a fish. In later poetic interpretations, along with her, her son Eros turned into a fish, which was reflected in the sky in the form of a constellation.
Aquarius
Aquarius(lat. Aquarius) is a large, zodiac constellation located between Capricorn and Pisces. A well-known asterism in Aquarius is the "Pitcher", a small Y-shaped group of five stars that "saddles" the celestial equator. The central of these stars, ζ Aquarius, is a double. Also of interest are the globular cluster M2 and the planetary nebulae Saturn and Snail (NGC 7009 and NGC 7293). There is a radiant in Aquarius meteor shower Delta Aquarids, active at the end of July.
Among the ancient Sumerians, Aquarius was one of the most important constellations, since it personified the sky god Ana, who gives life-giving water to the earth. According to the Greeks, Aquarius depicts several mythical characters at once, for example, Ganymede, a Trojan youth who became a butler on Olympus; Deucalion - the hero of the global flood and Kekrop - the ancient king of Attica. Aquarius is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Capricorn
Capricorn(lat. Capricornus) - the zodiac constellation of the southern hemisphere of the sky, located between Aquarius and Sagittarius. The most favorable conditions for observations are in July - August. The constellation is visible in the southern and central regions of Russia.
The ancients called this constellation "fish-goat", and in this form it is represented on many maps. Sometimes identified with the god of forests, fields and shepherds Pan. Its stars form a silhouette resembling an upside down hat. 2 thousand years ago, when the names of the constellations were formed in Ancient Greece, the point of the winter solstice was in Capricorn; the name of the southern tropic, the Tropic of Capricorn, is connected with this. The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
In the old days it was called the Goat, the Goat, and among the Arabs the Goat was called al-Jadi. And the indigenous Australians called the constellation Capricorn the constellation Kangaroo, chased by heavenly hunters. On the first Russian star map, compiled at the direction of Peter I in 1699 by I.F. Kopievsky, this constellation is listed as Kozel, or Capricorn. But the name of the mythical animal was assigned to the constellation. Astronomers in love with Hellas decided that it was the goat Amalthea who had raised Zeus. A chain reaction of mythologization led to outlandish drawings of the constellation in the form of a creature with a goat's face and a fish's tail.
Novikova Alena Universe
The universe is a fundamental concept of astronomy, strictly undefined, includes the entire surrounding world. In practice, the Universe is often understood as a part of the material world, accessible to study by natural science methods.
The largest known formations in the universe are the Great Wall of Sloan and the Great Wall of CfA2, and the most distant astronomical object discovered is the gamma-ray burst GRB 090423, which occurred about 13 billion years ago
The largest objects in the universe
Great Wall of Sloan A group of galaxies spanning more than a billion light-years. It is a wall of galaxies that this moment recognized as the largest known structure in the universe. In length, the "wall" stretches for 1.37 billion light years. It is located approximately 1 billion light years from Earth.
Great Wall(sometimes Great Wall CfA2, from English. Center for Astrophysics - Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) is the second largest famous example large-scale structure of the universe. It is a flat-on, pancake-like structure of galaxies about 200 million light-years away, 500 million light-years long, 300 million wide, and 15 million light-years thick. This object was discovered in 1989 by Margaret Geller and John Hunra based on data from redshift studies of distant objects.
Galaxy - Milky Way
Galaxy(ancient Greek Γαλαξίας - Milky Way) - a gravitationally bound system of stars, interstellar gas, dust and dark matter. All objects in galaxies are involved in motion relative to a common center of mass.
constellations
constellations- in modern astronomy, areas into which the celestial sphere is divided for the convenience of orientation in the starry sky. In ancient times, constellations were the characteristic figures formed by bright stars.
In three-dimensional space, the stars that we see side by side on the celestial sphere can be located very far from each other. Since ancient times, people have seen a certain system in the relative position of the stars and grouped them into constellations according to it.
Constellations of the zodiac signs
Also in Ancient Greece the zodiac constellations were singled out in a special group and each of them was assigned its own sign (see Astronomical Signs). Now the signs mentioned are not used to identify the zodiacal constellations; they are used only in astrology to designate the signs of the zodiac. The signs of the corresponding constellations also marked the points of the spring (constellation Aries) and autumn (Libra) equinoxes and the points of the summer (Cancer) and winter (Capricorn) solstices.
As a result of precession, these points have moved from the mentioned constellations over the past more than 2 thousand years, but the designations assigned to them by the ancient Greeks have been preserved. The zodiac signs, tied in Western astrology to the point of the vernal equinox, have shifted accordingly, so there is no correspondence between the coordinates of the constellations and signs. There is also no correspondence between the dates of the entry of the Sun into the zodiac constellations and the corresponding signs of the zodiac.
Sagittarius
Sagittarius(lat. Sagittarius, Sgr) is a zodiac constellation lying between Capricorn and Scorpio. The brightest stars are 1.8 and 2.0 visual magnitudes. Sagittarius is the point of the winter solstice, as well as the center of the Galaxy, about 30,000 light years away from us and hidden behind clouds of interstellar dust.
The ancient Greeks imagined the constellation as a centaur - a mixamorphic creature with a human torso on the body of a horse. Also, the constellation was depicted on all celestial atlases. Greek myth connects the constellation Sagittarius with the centaur Krotos, about whom there are no developed myths. Another myth associates the constellation with the wise Chiron. There is a compilation myth with the following content. It was believed that the inventor of the celestial globe was the centaur Chiron, who created it specifically for the campaign of the Argonauts. On the globe, Chiron left a place for himself in the form of the zodiac constellation Sagittarius. But the centaur Krotos was ahead of Chiron, taking his celestial place, and he had to be content with the less honorable position of the constellation Centaurus.
Scorpion
Scorpion(lat. Scorpius) - the southern zodiac constellation, located between Sagittarius in the east and Libra in the west entirely in the Milky Way, borders on Ophiuchus in the north and Altar in the south. The sun enters the constellation of Scorpio on November 22, but leaves it on November 27 to move into the non-zodiacal constellation of Ophiuchus for 20 days.
According to Aratus, Orion quarreled with Artemis; angry, she sent a scorpion, which killed the youth. Arat adds an astronomical piece to this myth: "When Scorpio rises in the east, Orion hurries to hide in the west."
scales
Scales(lat. Libra) is a zodiacal constellation lying between Scorpio and Virgo. Contains 83 stars visible to the naked eye. The Libra constellation is one of the most visible constellations of the Zodiac, despite the fact that only five of its stars are brighter than the 4th magnitude. The sun enters the constellation on October 31st. Most favorable conditions visibility in April - May.
According to some authors, at the beginning the constellation represented the altar; then he was depicted as an altar, a lamp, but usually as a scale, clamped in the claws of a Scorpion or with the claws of a Scorpion lying on the scales; later, the pincers "released the prey" and shortened. Until now, the stars α and β of Libra are called the Southern and Northern Claws.
Ancient mythologists considered the constellation to be an attribute of Themis, Demeter or Nemesis ascended to heaven.
Virgo
Virgo(lat. Virgo) - the equatorial zodiac constellation, lying between Leo and Libra. In the constellation Virgo in the modern era, the point of the autumn equinox is located.
The Greeks saw a variety of goddesses and heroines in this constellation (for example, the Athenians - Erigone), but the most common version is that this is Demeter, the daughter of Kronos and Rhea, the goddess of fertility and agriculture, the mother of Persephone.
In the images, the Virgo holds an ear, according to the location corresponding to the star Spica. Another bright star of the constellation is Vindemiatrix, (Vindemiatrix is Latin for "winemaker"). It was believed that this is the young man Ampel turned into a star, beloved of Dionysus, the god of the fruitful forces of the earth and winemaking.
a lion
a lion(lat. Leo) - the zodiac constellation of the northern hemisphere of the sky, lying between Cancer and Virgo.
The arrangement of bright stars really resembles a recumbent lion, whose head and chest represent the well-known asterism "Sickle", similar to a mirrored question mark.
The constellation was known to the Sumerians 5000 years ago. Included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest". The classical myth connects the Lion with the Nemean monster killed by Hercules.
Crayfish
Crayfish(lat. Cancer) - the most inconspicuous zodiac constellation, which can only be seen on a clear night between the constellations Leo and Gemini. The brightest star has a visual magnitude of 3.53.
2 thousand years ago, when astronomical terminology was being formed, the point of the summer solstice was in the constellation of Cancer, as a result of which the Northern Tropic of the Earth is called the Tropic of Cancer. In ancient Greek mythology, Cancer is identified with cancer from the second feat of Hercules. According to the myth, during the fight with the Lernean Hydra, all the animals were on the side of Hercules, and only the cancer dared to jump out of the swamp and bite Hercules on the leg, for which he was immediately crushed by his foot. The goddess Hera, who hated Hercules, turned cancer into a constellation in gratitude. It was believed that the stars γ and δ of Cancer, called "Donkeys", and the Manger Nebula were placed in the sky by Dionysus, whose sacred animals were donkeys.
The Greeks believed that the name was proposed by Euctemon. The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Twins
Twins(lat. Gemini) - the zodiacal constellation, the brightest stars - Pollux and Castor, have a brightness of 1.16 and 1.59 visual magnitudes, respectively. The sun enters the constellation of Gemini on June 20. The best visibility conditions are in December - January. It can be seen throughout Russia.
The constellation has been known since ancient times. Probably, the "twins" were originally called the close and visually similar stars Castor and Pollux. The Greeks considered the constellation to be placed in the sky by the Dioscuri twins Castor and Polydeuces (according to the main version; there are alternative versions). The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Taurus
Taurus(lat. Taurus) is a zodiacal constellation lying between Gemini and Aries, northwest of Orion. The brightest stars are Aldebaran, Nat, Alcyone and ζ Tauri, respectively, 0.87; 1.65; 2.85 and 2.97 apparent magnitude.
The ancient Greek myth claims that Taurus is Zeus, who turned into a winged white bull in order to kidnap Europa and transport her to the island of Crete.
The Pleiades are named after the Greek myth Pleiades. These are the daughters of the titan Atlanta and the oceanides Pleione: Alcyone, Sterop, Maya, Merop, Tayget, Keleno and Electra. Ascended to heaven by Zeus, who saved them from the persecution of Orion. The Hyades are the daughters of Atlanta and Ephra, which means they are the half-sisters of the Pleiades. Zeus turned them into the asterism of the same name, moved by love for his brother Geass: the Hyades died, sobbing, from grief after his death on a hunt. This version is the result of folk etymology: the name "Hyades" means in ancient Greek "it's raining", and the Hyades in the Greek sky during the rainy season are low above the horizon, foreshadowing bad weather. In ancient astronomy, the Pleiades and sometimes the Hyades were perceived as independent constellations.
Aries
Aries(lat. Aries) is one of the most famous zodiac constellations, although it does not contain stars brighter than the second magnitude. The three main stars - Hamal ("ram's head"), Sheratan ("trace" or "sign") and Mezarthim (respectively α, β, and γ Aries) are easy to find: they lie south of the Triangulum. The fourth-magnitude star Mezarthim became one of the first double stars discovered with a telescope (R. Hooke in 1664).
It is believed that the name "Aries" was proposed by Cleostratus. The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Fish
Fish(lat. Pisces) - a large zodiac constellation lying between Aquarius and Aries. It is usually divided into "Northern Pisces" (under Andromeda) and "Western Pisces" (between Pegasus and Aquarius).
Ancient constellation. Included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
In Greek mythology, the flight to Egypt of the Olympian gods, frightened by the monstrous Typhon, is mentioned. There, escaping, they turned into various (as a rule, attributive) animals, and, in particular, Aphrodite - into a fish. In later poetic interpretations, along with her, her son Eros turned into a fish, which was reflected in the sky in the form of a constellation.
Aquarius
Aquarius(lat. Aquarius) is a large, zodiac constellation located between Capricorn and Pisces. A well-known asterism in Aquarius is the "Pitcher", a small Y-shaped group of five stars that "saddles" the celestial equator. The central of these stars, ζ Aquarius, is a double. Also of interest are the globular cluster M2 and the planetary nebulae Saturn and Snail (NGC 7009 and NGC 7293). There is a radiant in Aquarius meteor shower Delta Aquarids, active at the end of July.
Among the ancient Sumerians, Aquarius was one of the most important constellations, since it personified the sky god Ana, who gives life-giving water to the earth. According to the Greeks, Aquarius depicts several mythical characters at once, for example, Ganymede, a Trojan youth who became a butler on Olympus; Deucalion - the hero of the global flood and Kekrop - the ancient king of Attica. Aquarius is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Capricorn
Capricorn(lat. Capricornus) - the zodiac constellation of the southern hemisphere of the sky, located between Aquarius and Sagittarius. The most favorable conditions for observations are in July - August. The constellation is visible in the southern and central regions of Russia.
The ancients called this constellation "fish-goat", and in this form it is represented on many maps. Sometimes identified with the god of forests, fields and shepherds Pan. Its stars form a silhouette resembling an upside down hat. 2 thousand years ago, when the names of the constellations were formed in Ancient Greece, the point of the winter solstice was in Capricorn; the name of the southern tropic, the Tropic of Capricorn, is connected with this. The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
In the old days it was called the Goat, the Goat, and among the Arabs the Goat was called al-Jadi. And the indigenous Australians called the constellation Capricorn the constellation Kangaroo, chased by heavenly hunters. On the first Russian star map, compiled at the direction of Peter I in 1699 by I.F. Kopievsky, this constellation is listed as Kozel, or Capricorn. But the name of the mythical animal was assigned to the constellation. Astronomers in love with Hellas decided that it was the goat Amalthea who had raised Zeus. A chain reaction of mythologization led to outlandish drawings of the constellation in the form of a creature with a goat's face and a fish's tail.
The universe is a fundamental concept of astronomy, strictly undefined, includes the entire surrounding world. In practice, the Universe is often understood as a part of the material world, accessible to study by natural science methods.
The largest known formations in the universe are the Great Wall of Sloan and the Great Wall of CfA2, and the most distant astronomical object discovered is the gamma-ray burst GRB 090423, which occurred about 13 billion years ago
Great Wall of Sloan A group of galaxies spanning more than a billion light-years. It is a wall of galaxies that this moment recognized as the largest known structure in the universe. In length, the "wall" stretches for 1.37 billion light years. It is located approximately 1 billion light years from Earth.
Great Wall(sometimes Great Wall CfA2, from English. Center for Astrophysics - Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) is the second largest famous example large-scale structure of the universe. It is a flat-on, pancake-like structure of galaxies about 200 million light-years away, 500 million light-years long, 300 million wide, and 15 million light-years thick. This object was discovered in 1989 by Margaret Geller and John Hunra based on data from redshift studies of distant objects.
Galaxy(ancient Greek Γαλαξίας - Milky Way) - a gravitationally bound system of stars, interstellar gas, dust and dark matter. All objects in galaxies are involved in motion relative to a common center of mass.
constellations- in modern astronomy, areas into which the celestial sphere is divided for the convenience of orientation in the starry sky. In ancient times, constellations were the characteristic figures formed by bright stars.
In three-dimensional space, the stars that we see side by side on the celestial sphere can be located very far from each other. Since ancient times, people have seen a certain system in the relative position of the stars and grouped them into constellations according to it.
Also in Ancient Greece the zodiac constellations were singled out in a special group and each of them was assigned its own sign (see Astronomical Signs). Now the signs mentioned are not used to identify the zodiacal constellations; they are used only in astrology to designate the signs of the zodiac. The signs of the corresponding constellations also marked the points of the spring (constellation Aries) and autumn (Libra) equinoxes and the points of the summer (Cancer) and winter (Capricorn) solstices.
As a result of precession, these points have moved from the mentioned constellations over the past more than 2 thousand years, but the designations assigned to them by the ancient Greeks have been preserved. The zodiac signs, tied in Western astrology to the point of the vernal equinox, have shifted accordingly, so there is no correspondence between the coordinates of the constellations and signs. There is also no correspondence between the dates of the entry of the Sun into the zodiac constellations and the corresponding signs of the zodiac.
Sagittarius(lat. Sagittarius, Sgr) is a zodiac constellation lying between Capricorn and Scorpio. The brightest stars are 1.8 and 2.0 visual magnitudes. Sagittarius is the point of the winter solstice, as well as the center of the Galaxy, about 30,000 light years away from us and hidden behind clouds of interstellar dust.
The ancient Greeks imagined the constellation as a centaur - a mixamorphic creature with a human torso on the body of a horse. Also, the constellation was depicted on all celestial atlases. Greek myth connects the constellation Sagittarius with the centaur Krotos, about whom there are no developed myths. Another myth associates the constellation with the wise Chiron. There is a compilation myth with the following content. It was believed that the inventor of the celestial globe was the centaur Chiron, who created it specifically for the campaign of the Argonauts. On the globe, Chiron left a place for himself in the form of the zodiac constellation Sagittarius. But the centaur Krotos was ahead of Chiron, taking his celestial place, and he had to be content with the less honorable position of the constellation Centaurus.
Scorpion(lat. Scorpius) - the southern zodiac constellation, located between Sagittarius in the east and Libra in the west entirely in the Milky Way, borders on Ophiuchus in the north and Altar in the south. The sun enters the constellation of Scorpio on November 22, but leaves it on November 27 to move into the non-zodiacal constellation of Ophiuchus for 20 days.
According to Aratus, Orion quarreled with Artemis; angry, she sent a scorpion, which killed the youth. Arat adds an astronomical piece to this myth: "When Scorpio rises in the east, Orion hurries to hide in the west."
Scales(lat. Libra) is a zodiacal constellation lying between Scorpio and Virgo. Contains 83 stars visible to the naked eye. The Libra constellation is one of the most visible constellations of the Zodiac, despite the fact that only five of its stars are brighter than the 4th magnitude. The sun enters the constellation on October 31st. Most favorable conditions visibility in April - May.
According to some authors, at the beginning the constellation represented the altar; then he was depicted as an altar, a lamp, but usually as a scale, clamped in the claws of a Scorpion or with the claws of a Scorpion lying on the scales; later, the pincers "released the prey" and shortened. Until now, the stars α and β of Libra are called the Southern and Northern Claws.
Ancient mythologists considered the constellation to be an attribute of Themis, Demeter or Nemesis ascended to heaven.
Virgo(lat. Virgo) - the equatorial zodiac constellation, lying between Leo and Libra. In the constellation Virgo in the modern era, the point of the autumn equinox is located.
The Greeks saw a variety of goddesses and heroines in this constellation (for example, the Athenians - Erigone), but the most common version is that this is Demeter, the daughter of Kronos and Rhea, the goddess of fertility and agriculture, the mother of Persephone.
In the images, the Virgo holds an ear, according to the location corresponding to the star Spica. Another bright star of the constellation is Vindemiatrix, (Vindemiatrix is Latin for "winemaker"). It was believed that this is the young man Ampel turned into a star, beloved of Dionysus, the god of the fruitful forces of the earth and winemaking.
a lion(lat. Leo) - the zodiac constellation of the northern hemisphere of the sky, lying between Cancer and Virgo.
The arrangement of bright stars really resembles a recumbent lion, whose head and chest represent the well-known asterism "Sickle", similar to a mirrored question mark.
The constellation was known to the Sumerians 5000 years ago. Included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest". The classical myth connects the Lion with the Nemean monster killed by Hercules.
Crayfish(lat. Cancer) - the most inconspicuous zodiac constellation, which can only be seen on a clear night between the constellations Leo and Gemini. The brightest star has a visual magnitude of 3.53.
2 thousand years ago, when astronomical terminology was being formed, the point of the summer solstice was in the constellation of Cancer, as a result of which the Northern Tropic of the Earth is called the Tropic of Cancer. In ancient Greek mythology, Cancer is identified with cancer from the second feat of Hercules. According to the myth, during the fight with the Lernean Hydra, all the animals were on the side of Hercules, and only the cancer dared to jump out of the swamp and bite Hercules on the leg, for which he was immediately crushed by his foot. The goddess Hera, who hated Hercules, turned cancer into a constellation in gratitude. It was believed that the stars γ and δ of Cancer, called "Donkeys", and the Manger Nebula were placed in the sky by Dionysus, whose sacred animals were donkeys.
The Greeks believed that the name was proposed by Euctemon. The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Twins(lat. Gemini) - the zodiacal constellation, the brightest stars - Pollux and Castor, have a brightness of 1.16 and 1.59 visual magnitudes, respectively. The sun enters the constellation of Gemini on June 20. The best visibility conditions are in December - January. It can be seen throughout Russia.
The constellation has been known since ancient times. Probably, the "twins" were originally called the close and visually similar stars Castor and Pollux. The Greeks considered the constellation to be placed in the sky by the Dioscuri twins Castor and Polydeuces (according to the main version; there are alternative versions). The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Taurus(lat. Taurus) is a zodiacal constellation lying between Gemini and Aries, northwest of Orion. The brightest stars are Aldebaran, Nat, Alcyone and ζ Tauri, respectively, 0.87; 1.65; 2.85 and 2.97 apparent magnitude.
The ancient Greek myth claims that Taurus is Zeus, who turned into a winged white bull in order to kidnap Europa and transport her to the island of Crete.
The Pleiades are named after the Greek myth Pleiades. These are the daughters of the titan Atlanta and the oceanides Pleione: Alcyone, Sterop, Maya, Merop, Tayget, Keleno and Electra. Ascended to heaven by Zeus, who saved them from the persecution of Orion. The Hyades are the daughters of Atlanta and Ephra, which means they are the half-sisters of the Pleiades. Zeus turned them into the asterism of the same name, moved by love for his brother Geass: the Hyades died, sobbing, from grief after his death on a hunt. This version is the result of folk etymology: the name "Hyades" means in ancient Greek "it's raining", and the Hyades in the Greek sky during the rainy season are low above the horizon, foreshadowing bad weather. In ancient astronomy, the Pleiades and sometimes the Hyades were perceived as independent constellations.
Aries(lat. Aries) is one of the most famous zodiac constellations, although it does not contain stars brighter than the second magnitude. The three main stars - Hamal ("ram's head"), Sheratan ("trace" or "sign") and Mezarthim (respectively α, β, and γ Aries) are easy to find: they lie south of the Triangulum. The fourth-magnitude star Mezarthim became one of the first double stars discovered with a telescope (R. Hooke in 1664).
It is believed that the name "Aries" was proposed by Cleostratus. The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Fish(lat. Pisces) - a large zodiac constellation lying between Aquarius and Aries. It is usually divided into "Northern Pisces" (under Andromeda) and "Western Pisces" (between Pegasus and Aquarius).
Ancient constellation. Included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
In Greek mythology, the flight to Egypt of the Olympian gods, frightened by the monstrous Typhon, is mentioned. There, escaping, they turned into various (as a rule, attributive) animals, and, in particular, Aphrodite - into a fish. In later poetic interpretations, along with her, her son Eros turned into a fish, which was reflected in the sky in the form of a constellation.
Aquarius(lat. Aquarius) is a large, zodiac constellation located between Capricorn and Pisces. A well-known asterism in Aquarius is the "Pitcher", a small Y-shaped group of five stars that "saddles" the celestial equator. The central of these stars, ζ Aquarius, is a double. Also of interest are the globular cluster M2 and the planetary nebulae Saturn and Snail (NGC 7009 and NGC 7293). There is a radiant in Aquarius meteor shower Delta Aquarids, active at the end of July.
Among the ancient Sumerians, Aquarius was one of the most important constellations, since it personified the sky god Ana, who gives life-giving water to the earth. According to the Greeks, Aquarius depicts several mythical characters at once, for example, Ganymede, a Trojan youth who became a butler on Olympus; Deucalion - the hero of the global flood and Kekrop - the ancient king of Attica. Aquarius is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Capricorn(lat. Capricornus) - the zodiac constellation of the southern hemisphere of the sky, located between Aquarius and Sagittarius. The most favorable conditions for observations are in July - August. The constellation is visible in the southern and central regions of Russia.
The ancients called this constellation "fish-goat", and in this form it is represented on many maps. Sometimes identified with the god of forests, fields and shepherds Pan. Its stars form a silhouette resembling an upside down hat. 2 thousand years ago, when the names of the constellations were formed in Ancient Greece, the point of the winter solstice was in Capricorn; the name of the southern tropic, the Tropic of Capricorn, is connected with this. The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
In the old days it was called the Goat, the Goat, and among the Arabs the Goat was called al-Jadi. And the indigenous Australians called the constellation Capricorn the constellation Kangaroo, chased by heavenly hunters. On the first Russian star map, compiled at the direction of Peter I in 1699 by I.F. Kopievsky, this constellation is listed as Kozel, or Capricorn. But the name of the mythical animal was assigned to the constellation. Astronomers in love with Hellas decided that it was the goat Amalthea who had raised Zeus. A chain reaction of mythologization led to outlandish drawings of the constellation in the form of a creature with a goat's face and a fish's tail.
What is a star? They rose above the dinosaurs, above the great glaciation, above the Egyptian pyramids. The same stars pointed the way to the Phoenician navigators and Columbus' caravels, contemplated the Hundred Years' War and the explosion of the nuclear bomb in Hiroshima from above. Some people saw in them the eyes of the gods and the gods themselves, others - silver nails driven into the crystal dome of heaven, others - holes through which heavenly light streams.
“This cosmos, the same for everyone, was not created by any of the gods, none of the people, but it has always been, is and will be an ever-living fire, steadily flaring up, measuredly fading away.” (Heraclitus of Ephesus) Heraclitus of Ephesus (b. circa BC, death unknown)
We are lucky - we live in a relatively calm region of the universe. Perhaps, it is precisely because of this that life on Earth arose and exists during such a huge (by human standards) period of time. But from the point of view of the study of stars, this fact causes a feeling of annoyance. For many parsecs around, there are only dim and inexpressive luminaries, similar to our Sun. And all rare types of stars are very far away. Apparently, this is why the diversity of the world of stars has remained hidden from the human eye for so long.
The main characteristics of a star are its radiation power, mass, radius, temperature and chemical composition of the atmosphere. Knowing these parameters, the age of the star can be calculated. These parameters vary over a very wide range. Moreover, they are interconnected. The stars of the highest luminosity have the greatest mass, and vice versa.
Taking measurements from the stars. Shine The first thing that a person notices when observing the night sky is the different brightness of the stars. The apparent brilliance of stars is estimated in stellar magnitudes. Visible gloss is an easily measured, important, but far from exhaustive characteristic. In order to establish the radiation power of a star - the luminosity, you need to know the distance to it.
Distances to Stars The distance to a distant object can be determined without physically reaching it. It is necessary to measure the directions to this object from the two ends of the known segment (basis), and then calculate the dimensions of the triangle formed by the ends of the segment and the remote object. This can be done because in a triangle one side (basis) and two adjacent angles are known. When measuring on Earth, this method is called triangulation.
The larger the basis, the more accurate the measurement result. The distances to the stars are large, so that the length of the basis must exceed the dimensions of the globe, otherwise the measurement error will be greater than the measured value. If you make two observations of the same star with an interval of several months, it turns out that he is considering it from different points of the earth's orbit - and this is already a decent basis.
The direction of the star will change: it will shift slightly against the background of more distant stars and galaxies. This displacement is called parallax, and the angle by which the star has shifted on the celestial sphere is called parallax. It is clear from geometrical considerations that it is exactly equal to the angle at which these two points of the earth's orbit would be seen from the side of the star, and depends both on the distance between the points and on their orientation in space.
Luminosity When the distances to bright stars were measured, it became obvious that many of them were much more luminous than the Sun. If the luminosity of the Sun is taken as one, then, for example, the radiation power of the 4 brightest stars in the sky, expressed in the luminosities of the Sun, will be: Sirius 22L Canopus 4700L Arcturus 107L Vega 50L
Color and Temperature One of the easily measured characteristics of a star is color. Just as a hot metal changes its color depending on the degree of heating, so the color of a star always indicates its temperature. In astronomy, an absolute temperature scale is used, the step of which is one kelvin - the same as in the Celsius scale familiar to us, and the beginning of the scale is shifted by -273.
Harvard spectral classification Spectral class Effective temperature, K Color O Blue B Blue-white B White F Yellow-white G Yellow K Orange M Red
The hottest stars are always blue and white, the less hot are yellowish, and the coldest are reddish. But even the coldest stars have a temperature of 2-3 thousand kelvins - hotter than any molten metal. O - hypergiants (stars of the highest luminosity); Ia bright supergiants; Ib - weaker supergiants; II bright giants; III normal giants; IV subgiants; V dwarfs (main sequence stars).
Star sizes How to find out the size of a star? The moon comes to the aid of astronomers. It slowly moves against the background of the stars, in turn "blocking" the light coming from them. Although the angular size of the star is extremely small, the Moon does not obscure it immediately, but over a period of several hundredths or thousandths of a second. The duration of the process of reducing the brightness of a star when it is covered by the Moon determines the angular size of the star. And knowing the distance to the star, it is easy to get its true dimensions from the angular size.
Measurements have shown that the smallest stars observed in optical beams - the so-called white dwarfs - have a diameter of several thousand kilometers. The dimensions of the largest - red supergiants - are such that if it were possible to place a similar star in the place of the Sun, most of the planets of the solar system would be inside it.
Mass of a star The most important characteristic of a star is its mass. The more matter gathered into a star, the higher the pressure and temperature in its center, and this determines almost all other characteristics of the star, as well as its features. life path. Direct estimates of mass can only be made on the basis of the law of universal gravitation.
Analyzing the most important characteristics of stars, comparing them with each other, scientists were able to establish what is inaccessible to direct observations: how stars are arranged, how they form and change during life, what they turn into, having wasted energy reserves.
Balance in a star. The force of gravity of the upper layers is balanced by the pressure of the gas, which grows from the periphery to the center. The graph shows the dependence of pressure (p) on the distance to the center (R) Stars will not remain forever the same as we see them now. In the universe, new stars are constantly born, and old ones die.
A star radiates energy generated in its depths. The temperature in a star is distributed in such a way that in any layer at any moment of time the energy received from the underlying layer is equal to the energy given to the layer above. How much energy is formed in the center of a star, the same amount must be radiated by its surface, otherwise the balance will be disturbed. Thus, the radiation pressure is added to the gas pressure.
Diagram of Hertzsprung - Ressell In the late XIX - early XX century. Astronomy included photographic methods for quantitative estimates of the apparent brightness of stars and their color characteristics. In 1913, the American astronomer Henry Ressell compared the luminosity of various stars with their spectral types. On the spectrum-luminosity diagram, he plotted all the stars with known distances at that time.
CONSTELLATIONS
Kolesova Zh. V., teacher of physics, Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School in Burasy"
CONSTELLATIONS
starry sky
The universe, of course, is infinite, And the stars are its population. . And the stars in the sky shine brightly, forever, And we observe them endlessly ... The scientist Mikhail Lomonosov After all, he also contemplated these stars, Watched, dreamed, made discoveries And discovered new things in science! Today we admire the universe And study the starry firmament. We direct our gaze to the stars, We look into the distance, we study the stars.
starry sky
In ancient times, our ancestors divided the starry sky into clearly distinguishable combinations of stars, which they called constellations. The names of the constellations were associated with myths, the names of gods, the names of instruments and mechanisms.
constellations
Modern astronomers divide the entire sky into 88 constellations, the boundaries between which are drawn in the form of broken lines along the arcs of celestial parallels. the names of the constellations and their boundaries were established only in the 30s of the twentieth century.
Big Dipper
The almighty god Zeus fell in love with the beautiful nymph Calisto. To save Calisto from his jealous wife Hera, Zeus turned his beloved into the Big Dipper and raised her to heaven. Together with her, Zeus turned into a bear and her favorite dog - this is Ursa Minor
Ursa Minor
This constellation is also well known, because the last star in the "tail" of Ursa Minor is the famous North Star, the star of sailors and travelers. The polar star is located almost always remains in the same place, while the other stars revolve around it in the sky
Constellation of Orion
In Greek mythology, Orion was the son of the brother of Zeus the Thunderer - Poseidon. When Orion grew up, he became a great hunter. But the goddess Hera was angry with Orion for his words that he could defeat any animal, and sent a Scorpion at him, from whose poisonous bite Orion died. Hera carried Scorpio to heaven. The goddess Artemis asked Asclepius to revive Orion, but Zeus himself prevented this. Then Artemis asked Zeus to transfer Orion to the sky.
constellation scorpio
Hera carried Scorpio to heaven. Zeus took pity on the great hunter and placed the constellations of Orion and Scorpio in the sky in such a way that the hunter can always get away from his pursuer
Constellations of dogs (Big and small)
with constellation Big Dog related word holidays. The fact is that the priests of Ancient Egypt carefully noted the moment when the Nile flood begins, and then the summer heat. Sirius, rising at dawn in July (for the northern hemisphere), foreshadowed the beginning of the hottest days of summer. In Latin, the word for "dog" sounds like "canis". Hence the period of summer heat and rest from agricultural work among the Romans was called "vacation" - "dog days".
According to one ancient Greek myth, the constellation is named after the smaller of the two dogs Orion, according to another - in honor of the dog Odysseus, who faithfully waited for him.
Slide #10
Constellation Northern Crown
The beautiful Ariadne, kidnapped by Theseus and mercilessly abandoned by him on the seashore, sobbed loudly and cried out to heaven for help. In the end, Bacchus appeared to her and, falling in love with the beauty, took her as his wife. The Northern Crown is a wedding gift placed in the sky.
Slide #11
Constellations of Cepheus and Cassiopeia
In ancient times, the mythical Ethiopian king Cepheus had a beautiful wife, Queen Cassiopeia. Once she had the imprudence to show off the beauty of her daughter Andromeda in the presence of nereids - the mythical inhabitants of the sea. Envious Nereids complained to the god of the sea Poseidon, and he unleashed a terrible monster on the shores of Ethiopia, devouring people
Slide #12
Constellations Perseus and Andromeda
Cepheus, on the advice of the oracle, was forced to give his beloved daughter to be eaten. He chained her to a coastal rock, and Andromeda began to wait for her death. But the hero Perseus, who arrived on the winged horse Pegasus, saved her.
Slide #13
constellation unicorn
In ancient times, unicorns fought with lions for power. These battles would have continued to this day, if people had not intervened in the matter. Someone said that the horn of a unicorn cures all diseases, and they began to round up this proud animal. The unicorn skillfully defended itself and could withstand many hunters and packs of dogs at once. People learned that the ferocious beast loses its fighting spirit in the presence of a girl. He walks up to her and puts his head in her lap like a tame animal. The hunters began to seat a girl in a forest clearing, to whom a beautiful white unicorn would definitely come out. It was then that they all jumped out of the bushes screaming and began to strike with spears ...
This continued until the last unicorn disappeared from the face of the Earth. Perhaps he went to heaven to look at people with regret from there.
The constellation Unicorn is named after the Unicorn, a symbol of purity and devotion.
Slide #14
constellation giraffe
The constellation Giraffe appeared on the maps relatively recently: in 1624, the German astronomer Jacob Bartsch outlined the boundaries of this constellation.
In those days, the animal giraffe with an unusually long neck was such an exotic animal, almost mythical, that Barch placed it on the sky maps of that time.
This presentation is for educators. speech therapy groups on the topic "Introduction to space". The concept of the Milky Way, stars and constellations is given, how to find the North Star, what the sun is and its distinguishing features from all stars, and also verses about stars and constellations are given.
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Constellations and stars Rozhkova Lidia Nikolaevna in the hospital of GBDOU No. 58, St. Petersburg
On a cloudless dark night in the sky you can see a light silvery stripe - This is the Milky Way. All the stars and constellations are here. They form a system called the Galaxy. Our solar system is also located in the Milky Way. Don't forget to look up into the sky to see the Milky Way. But we can't get anywhere along this path. It's just that there are too many stars, As if the road of the Firmament stretches across, All roads are more beautiful!
Stars are burning luminous celestial bodies. Stars vary in temperature, size and brightness.
Constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor Among the stars in the sky Bears roam at night. At the Big Dipper In the paws the ladle glows; Take a closer look at the dark night - Nearby you will see your daughter. What is this pair of star bears doing over the roof?
The Big Dipper is a large constellation in the sky. The seven bright stars of the Big Dipper make up a figure resembling a bucket. Each star of this bucket has a name.
Ursa Minor The constellation Ursa Minor is also called the Little Dipper. This bucket is much smaller than the bucket of the Big Dipper, And it is less visible from the Earth. The brightest star in the constellation Ursa Minor is Polaris. She is the last in the handle of the Small Bucket.
The North Star is the brightest in the constellation Ursa Minor. It is located near the North Pole of the World and does not change its position. The star always points north. polar Star
How to find the North Star? To find it, you must first find the constellation Ursa Major. Then mentally draw a line up through the two stars of the "wall" of the Bucket, opposite the "handle". If we put aside on this line Five distances between the stars of the "wall" of the bucket, then we will find the Polar Star.
Cape Polar Star We will not get lost with you - After all, it is like a beacon to us. Traveler, sailor And cheerful tourists With it will find their way quickly. Lost - not food, Quickly look for that star. In the darkest thicket, even the North will show us!
Sun A typical star that seems huge to us. but this is because it is closer to the Earth than other, larger stars. The sun is the only star that can be seen during the day. But you can't look directly at the sun. The sun gives us light and heat, and this is life. All the planets in the solar system revolve around the sun.
Sun Well, well, wow! Our Sun is just a star. A hot red ball Will immediately turn into steam, If you come close, And you won't find any traces here. But we can't live without the Sun, It gives life, friends. It shines and warms, It happens very affectionate. He sits as if on a throne, In his golden crown!
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Development of singing abilities of gifted preschoolers in the project "We light the stars"
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Stars
Slides: 19 Words: 2104 Sounds: 1 Effects: 82Stars are mysterious lights. The stellar world around us is surprisingly diverse. The life of the stars is the same. The mass of the star. When the hydrogen is mostly burned out, the star shrinks even more. neutron stars. Stars, similar to our Sun, are the main population. The neutron star is compressed. The number of galaxies in the universe is estimated at 200 million. Star Altair. 3C58 - The remains of the New Star. The remnant of a nova outburst. Super giant star. young pulsar. A star in the Eta Carinae nebula. NGC 1850. Star cluster. The M19 cluster (NGC 6273). M50 is a faint star cluster. - Stars.pptx
starry sky
Slides: 12 Words: 302 Sounds: 0 Effects: 49Universe. Man has always been attracted by the sky, for a long time he dreamed of rising into space. Stars on the sky. Late at night you see many stars in the sky. constellations. The stars in the sky are grouped. Groups of stars are called constellations. Name the constellations you know. Task for young astronomers. Ancient Greek legend. A legend has come down to us from the ancient Greeks. Planets. Planet Earth. The earth is the habitat of man. Earth is the third planet from the Sun in the solar system. The age of the Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years. Shells of the Earth. Moon. In 1609, Galileo first looked at the moon through a telescope. Sun. - Stars 1.ppt
Stars on the sky
Slides: 19 Words: 1963 Sounds: 1 Effects: 72The history of the names of stars and constellations. The evolution of the stars. Myths in astronomy. general characteristics stars. Life cycle stars. Temperature determines the color of a star and its spectrum. Chemical composition. star radius. The surface of the star is 4 R 2 . The history of the constellations is very interesting. There are a lot of constellations - 88. The winter sky is richest in bright stars. What did the ancient Greeks say about bears? There are many legends about Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. Big Dipper. "Burnout" of hydrogen. - Stars 2.ppt
Distances to the stars
Slides: 14 Words: 339 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Distances to the stars. The name of one of the basic units in astronomy, the parsec, is associated with the concept of parallax. 1 parsec = 3.26 light years = 206 265 astronomical units = 3.083 1015 m. Too small shifts in the positions of the stars must be measured - less than one hundredth of an arc second! The distance to the stars can be estimated using the spectral parallax method. From the spectral lines, one can estimate the luminosity of a star, and then find the distance to it. Supergiant in the constellation Scorpio - Antares. The Hipparchus satellite determined the distances to stars from high precision. Hipparchus. The brightest stars in ancient times were called stars of the first magnitude. - Stars 3.ppt
Stars and constellations
Slides: 14 Words: 259 Sounds: 0 Effects: 25Starry sky. On a cloudless and moonless night, far from populated areas, about 3,000 stars can be distinguished. The entire celestial sphere contains about 6,000 stars visible to the naked eye. Starry sky in the region of the constellation Auriga. The most famous group of stars in the northern hemisphere is the Ursa Major Dipper. Astronomers of antiquity divided the starry sky into constellations. Hipparchus. Ptolemy. Thousands of years ago, bright stars were conditionally connected into figures that were called constellations. The constellations Ophiuchus and Serpens from the Flamsteed atlas. Images of constellations from the ancient atlas of Hevelius. Taurus. Whale. Cassiopeia. - Stars 4.ppt
world of stars
Slides: 52 Words: 1042 Sounds: 0 Effects: 8The world of stars. K. E. Tsiolkovsky. Stars. Sun. The birth of a star. Stars are supergiants. Stars are dwarfs. Star temperature. The brightness of the stars. Light year. constellations. Star map of the northern hemisphere. Star map of the southern hemisphere. star cluster. Star orientation. Belt of the Zodiac. Aries. Taurus. Twins. Crayfish. A lion. Virgo. Scales. Scorpion. Sagittarius. Capricorn. Aquarius. Fish. Constellation Ursa Minor. Constellation Hercules. Constellation Cepheus. Constellation Bootes. Constellation Perseus. Constellation Auriga. Constellation Cygnus. Aries constellation. Constellation Cetus. Constellation Pegasus. Constellation of Orion. - World of Stars.ppt
starry sky
Slides: 16 Words: 535 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Starry sky. Celestial sphere. Astronomers of antiquity. Bright stars. constellation images. Area of the celestial sphere. Johann Bayer. Bright stars. The stars were the main landmarks. Letters of the Greek alphabet. Bucket of the Big Dipper. Constellation Ursa Major. Stars. Winter triangle. North hemisphere. - Starry Sky.ppt
Characteristics of the stars
Slides: 82 Words: 1296 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Content. What are stars. Stars are hot balls of gas. About 4,500 stars can be seen in the sky with the naked eye. Starry sky. All stars move across the sky. The movement of the stars. Polar Star. Characteristics of stars. Distances to the stars. Some stars closest to the Earth. Sun. Proxima Centauri. Sirius. Procyon. parallax method. Color. Temperature. Spectrum. Luminosity L. Types of stars. Main sequence stars. Structure of main sequence stars. Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Giants and supergiants. Supergiant star. A star with 10 times the mass of the sun. - Characteristics of stars.ppt
Main characteristics of stars
Slides: 24 Words: 1340 Sounds: 24 Effects: 52The main characteristics of stars. Distances to the stars. The distance is determined by the parallax method. Distance to the star. Small angular displacements. The angle at which the radius of the earth's orbit is seen from the star. The parallaxes of stars are very small. Distance from the Sun to the nearest star. The parallax method is currently the most accurate method. The temperature of the stars. The temperature of stars is determined using Wien's law. The luminosity of the stars. Like the Sun, the stars illuminate the Earth. Masses of stars. Spectral classification of stars. The color of a star depends on temperature. Lines of ionized helium. - Main characteristics of stars.ppt
mass of stars
Slides: 11 Words: 531 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The main characteristics of stars. Spectrum-luminosity diagram. Astronomers are building giant telescopes to capture the faint rays of stars. Main sequence. The sun is also a main sequence star. The densities of main sequence stars are comparable to the solar density. Red giants. Supergiants. Betelgeuse is a red supergiant. White dwarfs. An example is the star Sirius B, a satellite of Sirius. The mass is almost equal to the sun, and in size 2.5 times larger than the Earth. Masses of stars. Masses could only be measured for stars that are part of binary systems. - Mass of stars.ppt
Star evolution
Slides: 21 Words: 472 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The evolution of the stars. The universe is made up of 98% stars. Stars are the basic element of the galaxy. Stars are huge balls of helium and hydrogen, as well as other gases. Astronomers are unable to trace the life of a single star from beginning to end. Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Regions of star formation. Nebula Eagle. The Orion Nebula. Gravitational contraction. Compression is a consequence of gravitational instability, Newton's idea. Protostar. As the density of the cloud increases, it becomes opaque to radiation. Graph of the evolution of a typical star. Giants and supergiants. A white dwarf in a cloud of interstellar dust. - Compress stars.ppt
The structure of the stars
Slides: 13 Words: 238 Sounds: 0 Effects: 119The physical nature of the stars. Mass. Dimensions. Luminosities. Temperature (color). Age. Building. Color and temperature of stars. Arcturus has a yellow-orange hue, Arcturus. Rigel. Antares. The stars have a variety of colors. crossbar white-blue, Antares bright red. Different stars have maximum radiation at different wavelengths. Harvard spectral classification of stars. One. Shaved. American. Dates. Chewed. Carrot. Class. effective temperature K. Colour. Blue. White - blue. White. Yellow - white. Yellow. Orange. Red. The luminosity of the stars. Star radii. Stars. Comparative sizes of stars. - Structure of stars.ppt
Stars and their structure
Slides: 62 Words: 730 Sounds: 0 Effects: 6The structure and evolution of stars. Stars from degenerate matter. Degeneration. Pressure of a nonrelativistic degenerate electron gas. Mass limit for a white dwarf. The limiting number of fermions. Sirius V. Theory of Relativity. Effects of General Relativity on Earth. Quark state of matter. Systems of two neutron stars. BH and NS masses in binary systems. Dimensions. Hot spot. conditions at the center of the sun. The height of the homogeneous atmosphere of the NS. Thermonuclear combustion of the atmosphere. Explosions of classic New on BC. thermonuclear explosions. Oscillations during thermonuclear explosions. Spreading layer spectrum. - Stars and their structure.ppt
The structure and evolution of stars
Slides: 69 Words: 2405 Sounds: 0 Effects: 8Stars: structure and evolution. Classification of normal stars. Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Luminosity classes. The internal structure of the Sun. Physical foundations of the internal structure of stars. hydrostatic balance. polytropic model. Special cases of polytropic models. The theory of white dwarfs. The exposed core of a star. Sirius V. Radiation transfer in stars. The opacity of matter in the interiors of stars. Stellar structure equations. Sun model. Mass-luminosity relation. Eddington luminosity limit. Nuclear energy sources of stars. Nuclear reactions in stars. Proton-proton cycle. - The structure and evolution of stars.ppt
The physical nature of the stars
Slides: 20 Words: 42 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The physical nature of the stars. Our Sun is a yellow star, the temperature of the photosphere of which is about 6000 K. The same color is Capella, the temperature of which is also about 6000 K. The color and spectrum of stars is related to their temperature. In hot blue stars with temperatures above 10,000–15,000 K, most of the atoms are ionized. Fully ionized atoms do not produce spectral lines, so there are few lines in the spectra of such stars. The Pleiades open cluster contains many bright, hot stars that were formed at the same time from a cloud of gas and dust. The blue haze that accompanies the Pleiades is scattered dust that reflects starlight. - Physical nature of stars.ppsx
Black holes
Slides: 25 Words: 473 Sounds: 0 Effects: 65Black holes are the end result of the activity of stars whose mass is five or more times greater than the sun. After all the reserves of nuclear fuel are used up and the reactions stop, the star dies. When a star explodes, a supernova appears. The structure of a black hole. Away from the hole, the rays are slightly bent. If the beam passes very close to the hole, it can capture it into a circular orbit or suck it into itself completely. Singularity - all the matter of a black hole, collected in an infinitesimal point. The event horizon is the boundary of a black hole. Astronomer Karl Schwarzschild in the last years of his life calculated the gravitational field around a mass of zero volume. - Black Hole.ppt
Black holes of the universe
Slides: 18 Words: 1013 Sounds: 0 Effects: 36Black holes and dark matter. Composition of the Universe. Dark matter. Classification of dark matter. Hot dark matter. Cold dark matter. Warm dark matter. Difficulty. Black holes. Terrible impression. Region in space. The question of the real existence of black holes. collapsing stars. The history of ideas about black holes. Detection of black holes. Supermassive black holes. Primitive black holes. -