Debate at the symposium scanword. Units of speech communication. List of used literature

Introduction

1. Voice communication

2. Units of speech communication

Conclusion

No matter how important feelings, emotions, relationships of people are, but communication involves not only and not so much the transfer of emotional states, but the transfer of information. The content of information is transmitted using language, that is, it takes a verbal or verbal form.

There can hardly be any doubt that knowledge of the basics of oratory is necessary for everyone who participates in public life. The detail of a person whose profession is associated with the constant delivery of speeches, lectures, reports, is simply unthinkable without a thorough knowledge of the principles and rules of oratory.

Public speech can be considered as a kind of work of art that affects both feelings and consciousness at the same time. If it acts only on the ability of logical perception of the evaluation of phenomena, without affecting the sensory sphere of a person, it is not capable of producing a strong impression. The skill of public speech consists in the skillful use of common forms of human thinking: logical and figurative. Art is thinking in images - this law can be applied to oratory as well. The idea of speech, its content reaches consciousness through the emotional sphere. The task of the speaker is to influence the feelings of the listeners. Strong feeling, the experience of a person always affects the mind, leaving indelible impressions. Speech is something more than a mechanically produced series of sounds that expresses fleeting observations and moods that currently occupy the one who speaks. Speech is the whole person. Each utterance, both in fact and in the mind of the perceiver, is an instant disclosure of the entire experience and character, intentions and feelings of a person. Speech is an integral part of character and defines personality in the broadest way. Today, more than ever before, speech is the primary means by which people live together and cooperate locally, nationally, and even internationally. For the world, in the face of any danger that threatens it, the word will be the means by which people will achieve victory if it triumphs.

The word is a means of transmitting information, but it is not always completely transmitted from one person to another.

Thus, the purpose of this work is to consider the speech side of communication, in particular its units

Verbal communication is the most researched variety human communication. In addition, this is the most universal way transmission of thought. A message created using any other sign system can be 'translated' into verbal human language. For example, a red light signal is translated as ‘passage closed’, ‘stop’; a raised finger, covered with the palm of the other hand, as ‘I ask for an extra minute break’ in sports, etc.

The speech side of communication has a complex multi-tiered structure (from the differential feature of the phoneme to the text and intertext) and appears in various stylistic varieties ( various styles and genres, colloquial and literary language, dialects and sociolects, etc.). All speech characteristics and other components of a communicative act contribute to its (successful or unsuccessful) implementation. Speaking with others, we choose from an extensive inventory (in modern linguistics they sometimes say: fields) of possible means of verbal and non-verbal communication those means that seem to us the most suitable for expressing our thoughts in a given situation. This is a socially significant choice. This process is both endless and infinitely diverse.

Poet O.E. Mandelstam wrote: “I forgot the word that I wanted to say: the blind swallow will return to the hall of shadows ...”. How many of these swallows do not reach their goal, and how many cannot leave their nest in the ‘chamber of shadows’ – so many inaccurate statements and unspoken thoughts follow us in life and communication.

The system that provides speech communication is human language. Let us dwell on the most general communicative characteristics of speech. From the point of view of communication theory, speech is included in a single communicative act and exhibits the following properties:

Speech is part of the communicative culture and culture in general,

Speech contributes to the formation of the social role (social identity) of the communicant,

With the help of speech, mutual social recognition of communicants is carried out,

Social meanings are created in speech communication.

In verbal communication, we are once again convinced that words are not just signs for designating objects or classes of objects. Speaking, using words in communication, we create whole systems of ideas, beliefs, myths that are characteristic of a certain community, a certain culture (examples: establishment, maybe, party), this is especially evident when trying to translate statements with these words. Sometimes a foreigner has to read a whole lecture on intercultural correspondences before he begins to correctly understand and use even seemingly similar words and the concepts behind them. Even fully translatable lexemes have different cultural and, therefore, communicative value (bread, money). Within the same culture, one can also see differences in the use of words (unambiguous).

Units of speech communication - units formed in the process verbal communication and organizing this communication. The result of combining in the process of communication language units (i.e., morphemes, words and phrases), which are characterized by the constancy of their structures. General properties. are their production, complex construction and ability to enter into larger formations.

The basic units of language communication are speech acts (or language acts). The word act is used to emphasize the dynamic, procedural side of the phenomenon. If the process is not meant, the term utterance is often used. Speech acts are conventionally qualified as realizations (pronunciations, performances) of sentences, although sometimes a speech act is also called such a far from elementary form as a lecture, sermon, report.

The word speech is quite ambiguous. This is the act of pronouncing an utterance, speaking (i.e. the act of the speaker), and the unity of the acts of the speaker and the writer, and the act of the writer, and the unity of the acts of the writer and the reader, and the totality of the acts of the speaker and the writer, on the one hand, and the acts of the listener and reader, on the other hand. In other words, a speech act can be considered as a unity, on the one hand, of the act of producing an utterance and its transmission in oral or writing and, on the other hand, the act of perceiving and understanding this utterance. We can talk about oral and written speech. The word speech can serve as the name of the form of being of the language, the way (modus) of its existence.

The classification of speech acts is based, first of all, on the communicative intentions of the speaker embedded in them. According to John Searle, these are the so-called illocutionary (non-speech, or rather intra-speech) functions and forces. J. Searle distinguishes:

· constatives, which report on some state of affairs: The lecture is postponed to Monday;

· commissions, in which the speaker takes on this or that promise: I will give you this book;

directives aimed at encouraging the addressee to take some action: Translate this text into English language;

Expressives, through which the speaker expresses gratitude, apology, congratulations, condolences, etc.: Excuse me for the trouble caused to you;

declaratives serving the speaker, who has the appropriate social status, to announce that the status of a person is changing (announcement of a new appointment, marriage, naming, the beginning or end of some ceremony, etc.): I declare meeting closed.

· It is expedient to single out from the directive acts the acts of requesting information (interrogatives or, following the Greek models, erotatives): What family does the Karelian language belong to?

Speech acts can be direct and indirect (indirect). So, an interrogative speech act in certain situations of communication can take on the function of a request (one of the types of directives): Will you give me this book until tomorrow?

Usually, the processes of speech communication proceed in the form of sequences of speech acts. Connected sequences of speech acts are called discourse.

If in this or that communicative episode there is at least a single change of communicative roles, when the listener takes on the role of the speaker, and the speaker becomes the listener (in English literature this phenomenon is called turn taking), then we are dealing with a dialogue. It correlates with each other replicas, or speech moves (moves). The coherence of the dialogue is ensured, among other things, by the fact that a question is followed by an answer, an invitation or an offer of something - consent or refusal, a reproach - an excuse or objection, a compliment or praise - an expression of gratitude, an apology is expected after an insult, etc. .P. A non-speech move can also be included in the speech interaction (for example, instead of verbal agreement, a nod of the head can follow, instead of answering a question, a shrug of the shoulders).

Speech acts as units of speech communication can take the following forms - it can be a conversation, a conversation, an argument, and even a lecture.

Talk It is a verbal exchange of opinions and information. Conversation is often used as a synonym for the word conversation. Conversation, conversation, discussion involve the presence of 2 or more participants who, in a relaxed atmosphere, express their opinions, thoughts on a particular issue. The discussion is conducted on a specific topic and each participant expresses his point of view. Participants in the conversation ask each other questions to find out the point of view of the interlocutor or to clarify incomprehensible points in the discussion. The conversation is especially effective if there is a need to clarify any issue, highlight the problem. An interview is a specially organized conversation on social, scientific topics.

Dispute. The word dispute is used to denote the process of exchanging opposing opinions. A dispute is understood as any clash of opinions, disagreements in points of view on any issue, subject, a struggle in which each side defends its rightness.

In Russian, there are other words for this phenomenon: dispute, discussion, controversy, debate, debate. Quite often they are used as synonyms for the word dispute.

Word dispute came to us from Latin (disputar - reason, disputatio - debate) and originally denoted the public defense of a scientific essay written for a degree. Today, the word dispute is not used in this sense. This word is called a public dispute on a scientific and socially important topic.

discussion(lat. discusso study, consideration analysis) is called such a public dispute, the purpose of which is to clarify and compare different points of view, search, identify the true opinion, find the right solution to the controversial issue. The discussion is considered effective way beliefs, as its participants themselves come to a particular conclusion.

Debate is an exchange of opinions on matters in accordance with more or less defined rules of procedure and with the participation of all or only some of those present at the meeting. In a mass discussion, all members, with the exception of the chairman, are in an equal position. No special speakers are singled out here, and everyone is present not only as listeners. A special issue is discussed in a certain order, usually in accordance with strict or somewhat modified rules and under the chairmanship of an official.

An unformalized meeting devoted to the discussion of a particular issue is usually called a mass rally. The commission meeting is the most frequent type of mass discussion. Most regular business sessions public organizations are held in the same way as discussions of this type. Mass discussions are subject to the rules of parliamentary procedure. But sometimes the procedure is quite simple, informal. However, even in such cases, there is a chairman who ensures that the discussion proceeds normally and only according to the agenda, so that no one takes a privileged position during the discussion and that as many competent participants as possible speak out.

A group discussion consists in discussing issues with a dedicated group in front of an audience. Like any form of discussion in front of an audience, it presents a dispute. The purpose of the group discussion is to present Possible Solution problems or discuss opposing points of view on contentious issues. But usually it does not resolve the dispute and does not persuade the audience to any uniformity of action.

In a group discussion, from 3 to 8 members take part, not counting the chairman. Its version, a dialogue, includes only two participants. Participants must be well prepared, have notes with them with statistical and other necessary data. They should discuss issues at ease. In a lively manner. By asking questions and making brief comments.

Symposium- a series of speeches by a group of people with short speeches on the same topic. As in a group discussion, its goals are usually not to resolve a problem or dispute, but to present different points of view in order to broaden the horizons of the audience and have an impact on it. The number of speakers should not exceed four or five, so as not to drag out the meeting and deprive each group member of the opportunity to develop a point of view on the issue under discussion. In most cases, the symposium adopted the procedure for both types of discussion. At the symposium, comments or questions from the audience are sometimes allowed.

Lecture, representing a single speech followed by questions from the audience and the lecturer's answers to them, is sometimes regarded as a discussion. But it is more appropriate to talk about it in the section on the symposium. The lecture form is often used in the art of speech classes, since it is not bound by a specific form and time.

Controversy is of a different nature. This is evidenced by the etymology of the term. The ancient Greek word polemicos means “warlike, hostile”. Controversy is not just a dispute, but one in which there is a confrontation, confrontation, confrontation of sides, ideas and speeches. Controversy can be defined as a struggle of fundamentally opposite opinions on a particular issue, a public dispute in order to defend, defend one's point of view and refute the opponent's opinion.

controversy differs from discussion and debate precisely in its target orientation. The participants in the discussion and dispute, comparing contradictory judgments, try to come to a consensus, find common decision, establish the truth. The purpose of the controversy is different: it is necessary to defeat the enemy, to defend and approve one's own position.

However, it should be borne in mind that a truly scientific debate is conducted not just for the sake of victory as such. Based on principled positions, polemicists solve socially significant issues, their speeches are directed against everything that hinders effective social development.

Controversy is the art of persuasion. She teaches to reinforce thoughts with convincing and undeniable arguments, scientific arguments.

The word debate is of French origin (debat- dispute, debate). Debate - Russian word recorded in the lexicon of the 17th century.

There is no single classification of disputes, although attempts are being made to systematize them. The main factors affecting the nature of the dispute and its features include the purpose of the dispute, social significance the subject of the dispute, the number of participants, the form of the dispute. According to the purpose, the following types of dispute are distinguished: a dispute over the truth, to convince someone, to win, a dispute for the sake of a dispute. The dispute can serve as a means to search for the truth, to test any thought, idea, to substantiate it. To find the right decision polemicists compare a variety of points of view on a particular problem. They defend a thought from attack in order to find out what objections there might be to that thought, or, on the contrary, they attack a position expressed by the opponent in order to find out what arguments there are in his favor. In such a dispute, arguments are carefully selected and analyzed, the positions and views of the opposite side are carefully evaluated. Of course, such a dispute is possible only between competent people who know the problem and are interested in solving it. In addition to the undoubted benefit, the dispute for the sake of truth acquires the character of a special beauty, it can bring real pleasure and satisfaction to the participants in the dispute. As a result of such mental struggle, a person feels uplifted and better. And even if you have to retreat, give up positions, abandon the protected thought, then the unpleasant feeling of defeat recedes into the background.

In conclusion, it must be emphasized once again that language is not just a closed system of signs, but a system of rules for human communicative behavior in a certain culture and society.

Language communication has a number of names: speech communication, verbal communication, speech communication, verbal communication, speech activity, speech.

Units of verbal communication are units that are formed in the process of verbal communication and organize this communication. The result of combining in the process of communication language units (i.e., morphemes, words and phrases), which are characterized by the constancy of their structures. Common properties are their production, complex construction and the ability to enter into larger formations.

The basic units of language communication are speech acts (or language acts). The word act is used to emphasize the dynamic, procedural side of the phenomenon.

Sometimes speech activity and speech are distinguished. In the first case, speech acts are meant, and in the second, the totality of statements of texts. There are attempts to call speech only oral utterances exchanged in speech communication, and speech to oppose texts as forms of written fixation of speech, functioning in text communication, and under the name of discourse to combine both.

Speech acts as units of speech communication can take the following forms - it can be a conversation, a conversation, an argument, and even a lecture.

Verbal, sign systems have always been, and, apparently, will be the main means of human communication. “The word is life itself,” said T. Mann. The fundamental condition for successful interaction is the ability of people to “find mutual language” - precisely the language, and not a gesture or posture.

“The word,” writes psychologist A. R. Luria, “is both a means of contact and an instrument of complex mental activity. Practice testifies to the growing knowledge of speech communications in the context of the complication of industrial contacts between people, in the process of relationships between managers and subordinates, the individual and the team. For the correct presentation of thoughts with the help of the word, it is necessary to carefully monitor the harmonious combination in the word of the functions of communication and generalization, communication and thinking.

1. Berezin F.M., Golovin B.N. General linguistics. - M.: INFRA-M, 1999

2. Kodukhov V.I. General linguistics. M.: Russian language, - 1994

3. Komlev N.G. Word in speech: aspects of language. - M.: Delo, 2000

4. Rozhdestvensky Yu.V. Lectures on general linguistics. - M.: Logos, 1998

5. Sapir E. Selected works on linguistics and cultural studies. - M.: Knowledge, 1999

Berezin F. M., Golovin B. N. General linguistics. - M.: INFRA-M, 1999 - p. 56.

Komlev N. G. Word in speech: aspects of language. - M.: Delo, 2000. - from 9.

Sapir E. Selected Works on Linguistics and Cultural Studies. - M.: Knowledge, 1999. - 23.

Kodukhov V. I. General linguistics. M .: Russian language, - 1994. - from 45.

Rozhdestvensky Yu. V. Lectures on General Linguistics. - M.: Logos, 1998. - p. 78.

Talk It is a verbal exchange of opinions and information. Conversation is often used as a synonym for the word conversation. Conversation, conversation, discussion involve the presence of 2 or more participants who, in a relaxed atmosphere, express their opinions, thoughts on a particular issue. The discussion is conducted on a specific topic and each participant expresses his point of view. Participants in the conversation ask each other questions to find out the point of view of the interlocutor or to clarify incomprehensible points in the discussion. Conversation it is especially effective if there is a need to clarify a question, to highlight a problem. Interview- a specially organized conversation on social, scientific topics.

Dispute. The word dispute is used to denote the process of exchanging opposing opinions. A dispute is understood as any clash of opinions, disagreements in points of view on any issue, subject, a struggle in which each side defends its rightness.

In Russian, there are other words for this phenomenon: dispute, discussion, controversy, debate, debate. Quite often they are used as synonyms for the word dispute.

discussion(lat. discusso study, consideration analysis) is called such a public dispute, the purpose of which is to clarify and compare different points of view, search, identify the true opinion, find the right solution to the controversial issue. The discussion is considered an effective way of persuasion, as its participants themselves come to a particular conclusion.

An informal meeting devoted to the discussion of some particular issue is usually called mass rally. Commission meeting- the most frequent type of mass discussion. Regular business sessions of most public organizations are held in the same way as discussions of this type. Mass discussions are subject to the rules of parliamentary procedure. But sometimes the procedure is quite simple, informal. However, even in such cases, there is a chairman who ensures that the discussion proceeds normally and only according to the agenda, so that no one takes a privileged position during the discussion and that as many competent participants as possible speak out.

Group discussion consists in discussing issues with a dedicated group in front of an audience. Like any form of discussion in front of an audience, it presents a dispute. The purpose of a group discussion is to present a possible solution to a problem or to discuss opposing points of view on controversial issues. But usually it does not resolve the dispute and does not persuade the audience to any uniformity of action. In a group discussion, from 3 to 8 members take part, not counting the chairman. Its version, a dialogue, includes only two participants. Participants must be well prepared, have notes with them with statistical and other necessary data. They should discuss issues at ease. In a lively manner. By asking questions and making brief comments.

Lecture, representing a single speech followed by questions from the audience and the lecturer's answers to them, is sometimes considered as a discussion. But it is more appropriate to talk about it in the section on the symposium. The lecture form is often used in the art of speech classes, since it is not bound by a specific form and time.

The controversy is of a different nature.. This is evidenced by the etymology of the term. The ancient Greek word polemicos means “warlike, hostile”. controversy- this is not just a dispute, but one in which there is a confrontation, confrontation, confrontation of sides, ideas and speeches. Controversy can be defined as a struggle of fundamentally opposite opinions on a particular issue, a public dispute in order to defend, defend one's point of view and refute the opponent's opinion.

Controversy differs from discussion and debate precisely in its target orientation. The participants in the discussion and dispute, comparing contradictory judgments, try to come to a common opinion, find a common solution, establish the truth. The purpose of the controversy is different: it is necessary to defeat the enemy, to defend and approve one's own position.

controversy is the science of persuasion. She teaches to reinforce thoughts with convincing and undeniable arguments, scientific arguments.

The word debate is of French origin (debat- dispute, debate). Debate is a Russian word recorded in the lexicon of the 17th century.

SUMMARY PLAN:

1. Conversation, conversation, interview

2. Dispute, discussion, debate, debate, dispute

3. Dispute classification:

a) by purpose

b) by the number of participants;

c) according to the form of waging a struggle of opinions.

III. The role of verbal communications.

IV. Application:

Business game "Politboy"

Topic exercise.

Genuine eloquence does not need
not in the ringing of bells,
to call the people
nor the police to keep order

emerson

I. Speech as a means of communication.

Public speech can be considered as a kind of work of art that affects both feelings and consciousness at the same time. If it acts only on the ability of logical perception of the evaluation of phenomena, without affecting the sensory sphere of a person, it is not capable of producing a strong impression. The skill of public speech consists in the skillful use of common forms of human thinking: logical and figurative. Art is thinking in images - this law can be applied to oratory as well. The idea of speech, its content reaches consciousness through the emotional sphere. The task of the speaker is to influence the feelings of the listeners. A strong feeling, a person's experience always affects the mind, leaving indelible impressions. Speech is something more than a mechanically produced series of sounds that expresses fleeting observations and moods that currently occupy the one who speaks. Speech is the whole person. Each utterance, both in fact and in the mind of the perceiver, is an instant disclosure of the entire experience and character, intentions and feelings of a person. Speech is an integral part of character and defines personality in the broadest way. Today, more than ever before, speech is the primary means by which people live together and cooperate locally, nationally, and even internationally. For the world, in the face of any danger that threatens it, the word will be the means by which people will achieve victory if it triumphs.

The word is a means of transmitting information, but it is not always completely transmitted from one person to another.

When information is transmitted, its meaning is partially distorted, and its meaning is partially lost. This process was jokingly illustrated by A. Mol in the example of transmitting instructions along the chain of captain - adjutant - sergeant - corporal - ordinary soldiers:

Captain - adjutant: “As you know, tomorrow there will be a solar eclipse, this does not happen every day. Gather the personnel at 5 o'clock on the parade ground, in marching clothes. They will be able to observe this phenomenon, and I will give them the necessary explanations. If it rains, there will be nothing to observe, in that case, leave the people in the barracks.”

Adjutant to sergeant: “By order of the captain tomorrow morning there will be a solar eclipse in marching clothes. Capital on the parade ground will give the necessary explanations, and this does not happen every day. If it rains, there will be nothing to observe, then the apparition will take place in the barracks.”

Sergeant to corporal: “By order of the captain tomorrow morning at 5 o’clock there will be an eclipse on the parade ground of people in marching clothes. The captain will give the necessary explanations about this phenomenon if it rains, which does not happen every day.”

Corporal - to the soldiers: “Tomorrow at 5 o'clock, the sun on the parade ground will produce an eclipse of the captain in the barracks. If it rains, then this rare event will take place in hiking clothes, and this does not happen every day.”

It can be seen that the very process of verbal formulation of thoughts and their understanding inevitably generates a deformation of the meaning of the message. And yet people understand each other. Understanding is constantly being adjusted, since communication is not just the transfer of information (knowledge, factual information, instructions, orders, business messages), but the exchange of information that involves feedback.

A statement without focusing on the interlocutor has the form monologue. The amount of information loss in a monologue message can reach 50%, and in some cases even 80% of the volume of the original information. Monologue in communication brings up people with a sedentary psyche, low creative potential. Research shows that the most effective form of communication is dialogue.

Dialog implies fluency in speech, sensitivity to non-verbal signals, the ability to distinguish sincere answers from evasive ones. At the heart of the dialogue is the ability to ask questions to yourself and others. Instead of giving peremptory monologues, it is much more effective to turn your ideas into questions, test them in conversation with colleagues, and see if they are supported or not. The very fact of the question demonstrates the desire to participate in communication, ensures its further flow and deepening.

A culture of behavior in any communication is inconceivable without observing the rules of verbal etiquette associated with the forms and manners of speech, vocabulary, that is, with the entire style of speech adopted in people's communication.

1. In a conversation, one must be able to answer any question.

2. In verbal communication of people Business Etiquette involves the use of various psychological techniques. One of them is the “stroking formula”. These are verbal turns of the type: “Good luck to you!”, “I wish you success!”, “No fluff, no feather!”, brought with any shades.

3. In the speech etiquette of business people, compliments are of great importance - pleasant words expressing approval, a positive assessment activities.

The transfer of information can take a different form - it can be a conversation, a conversation, a quarrel, and even a lecture. Thus, the types of verbal communications are very diverse. The choice of one or another means depends on the purpose of the statement, the number of participants.

II. Types of verbal communications

In my essay, I would like to say just a few words about such types of verbal communications as conversation, conversation, interview and dwell in detail on such types as disputes, and less common ones - discussions, polemics, debates.

Talk It is a verbal exchange of opinions and information. Conversation is often used as a synonym for the word conversation. Conversation, conversation, discussion involve the presence of 2 or more participants who, in a relaxed atmosphere, express their opinions, thoughts on a particular issue. Discussion is conducted on a specific topic and each participant expresses his point of view. Participants in the conversation ask each other questions to find out the point of view of the interlocutor or to clarify incomprehensible points in the discussion. Conversation it is especially effective if there is a need to clarify a question, to highlight a problem. Interview - a specially organized conversation on social, scientific topics.

In Russian, there are other words for this phenomenon: dispute. discussion, controversy, debate, debate. Quite often they are used as synonyms for the word dispute.

Word dispute came to us from Latin (disputar - reason, disputatio - debate) and originally denoted the public defense of a scientific essay written for a degree. Today, the word dispute is not used in this sense. This word is called a public dispute on a scientific and socially important topic.

discussion (lat. discusso study, consideration analysis) is called such a public dispute, the purpose of which is to clarify and compare different points of view, search, identify the true opinion, find the right solution to the controversial issue. The discussion is considered an effective way of persuasion, as its participants themselves come to a particular conclusion.

An informal meeting devoted to the discussion of some particular issue is usually called mass rally. Commission meeting is the most frequent type of mass discussion. Regular business sessions of most public organizations are held in the same way as discussions of this type. Mass discussions are subject to the rules of parliamentary procedure. But sometimes the procedure is quite simple, informal. However, even in such cases, there is a chairman who ensures that the discussion proceeds normally and only according to the agenda, so that no one takes a privileged position during the discussion and that as many competent participants as possible speak out.

Group discussion consists in discussing issues with a dedicated group in front of an audience. Like any form of discussion in front of an audience, it presents a dispute. The purpose of a group discussion is to present a possible solution to a problem or to discuss opposing points of view on controversial issues. But usually it does not resolve the dispute and does not persuade the audience to any uniformity of action.

Symposium- a series of speeches by a group of people with short speeches on the same topic. As in a group discussion, its goals are usually not to resolve a problem or dispute, but to present different points of view in order to broaden the horizons of the audience and have an impact on it. The number of speakers should not exceed four or five, so as not to drag out the meeting and deprive each group member of the opportunity to develop a point of view on the issue under discussion. In most cases, the symposium adopted the procedure for both types of discussion. At the symposium, comments or questions from the audience are sometimes allowed.

Lecture, representing a single speech followed by questions from the audience and the lecturer's answers to them, is sometimes regarded as a discussion. But it is more appropriate to talk about it in the section on the symposium. The lecture form is often used in the art of speech classes, since it is not bound by a specific form and time.

Another character is controversy. This is evidenced by the etymology of the term. The ancient Greek word polemicos means “warlike, hostile”. Controversy is not just a dispute, but one in which there is a confrontation, confrontation, confrontation of sides, ideas and speeches. Controversy can be defined as a struggle of fundamentally opposite opinions on a particular issue, a public dispute in order to defend, defend one's point of view and refute the opponent's opinion.

Controversy is the art of persuasion. She teaches to reinforce thoughts with convincing and undeniable arguments, scientific arguments.

Word debate French origin (debat- dispute, debate). Debate is a Russian word recorded in the lexicon of the 17th century.

The role of verbal communications

There is no single classification of disputes, although attempts are being made to systematize them. The main factors influencing the nature of the dispute and its features include the purpose of the dispute, the social significance of the subject of the dispute, the number of participants, the form of the dispute. According to the purpose, the following types of dispute: arguing over truth, to convince someone, to win, arguing for the sake of arguing. The dispute can serve as a means to search for the truth, to test any thought, idea, to substantiate it. To find the right solution, polemicists compare a variety of points of view on a particular problem. They defend a thought from attack in order to find out what objections there might be to that thought, or, on the contrary, they attack a position expressed by the opponent in order to find out what arguments there are in his favor. In such a dispute, arguments are carefully selected and analyzed, the positions and views of the opposite side are carefully evaluated. Of course, such a dispute is possible only between competent people who know the problem and are interested in solving it. In addition to the undoubted benefit, the dispute for the sake of truth acquires the character of a special beauty, it can bring real pleasure and satisfaction to the participants in the dispute. As a result of such mental struggle, a person feels uplifted and better. And even if you have to retreat, give up positions, abandon the protected thought, then the unpleasant feeling of defeat recedes into the background.

The task of the dispute may not be to verify the truth, but to convince the opponent. This highlights two important points. The arguing convinces the opponent of what he himself is deeply convinced of. But sometimes he also assures because it is “necessary” on duty, due to some circumstances. He himself does not at all believe in the truth of what he defends, or in the falsity of what he attacks.

The purpose of the dispute is not research, not persuasion, but victory. Moreover, polemicists seek it for various reasons. Some believe that they are defending a just cause, protecting public interests. They are convinced that they are right and remain on principled positions to the end. Others need victory for self-affirmation. Therefore, success in a dispute, high appreciation of others, recognition of their intellectual abilities, oratorical data are very important to them. Others just love to win. They want to win more efficiently. They are not shy about methods and means to win.

Quite often there is an argument for the sake of an argument. This is a kind of "art for art's sake". For such disputants, it makes no difference what to argue about, with whom to argue, why argue. It is important for them to shine with eloquence. If you deny any position, they will definitely begin to defend it. Such polemicists can be found among young people.

The above classification of the types of disputes by purpose is conditional. In life, it is not always possible to clearly distinguish between them.

The nature of the dispute is also determined by the social significance of the problem under discussion. subject of dispute there are questions that reflect the common interests of mankind. These, in particular, include the problems of ecology, the survival of mankind, and the preservation of peace on Earth. In the process of a dispute, national interests, the interests of certain social strata of society may be affected. Often you have to defend group interests, for example: people of a certain profession, teams individual enterprises, institutions. In a dispute, family and personal interests of the polemicists are protected.

The specifics of the dispute is affected by the number of persons participating in the discussion problematic issues. On this basis, three main groups can be distinguished: argument-monologue(a person argues with himself, this is the so-called internal dispute), dispute-dialogue(two people arguing) spore polylogue(maintained by several or many persons). In turn, a dispute-polylogue can be massive (all those present participate in the dispute) and group (the disputed issue is resolved by a selected group of persons in the presence of all participants).

Arguments can take place with or without listeners. The presence of listeners, even if they do not express their attitude to the dispute, affects the arguing. Victory with listeners brings greater satisfaction, flatters pride, and defeat becomes more annoying and unpleasant. Therefore, the participants in the dispute in front of the listeners must take into account those present, their reaction, carefully select the necessary arguments, more often show stubbornness in opinions, sometimes excessive vehemence.

In public life, one often has to meet with a dispute for listeners. The dispute is conducted in order to draw attention to the problem, to make a certain impression on the listeners, to influence in the necessary way.

The form of the struggle of opinions leaves its mark on the dispute process. Disputes may be oral and written. The oral form involves direct communication of specific individuals with each other, the written form - mediated communication. Oral disputes, as a rule, are limited in time and closed in space. Written forms are longer in time.

In an oral dispute, especially if it is conducted in front of listeners, external and psychological aspects play an important role. Of great importance is the manner of confidently holding on, speed of reaction, liveliness of thinking, wit. A timid, shy person usually loses compared to an overconfident opponent. Therefore, a written dispute is more suitable for clarifying the truth than an oral one.

The disputes are divided into organized and unorganized (natural). Organized disputes are planned, prepared, conducted under the guidance of specialists. The polemicists have the opportunity to get acquainted with the subject of the dispute in advance, determine their position, select the necessary arguments, and think over the answers to possible objections of the opponents.

Disorganized, spontaneous disputes tend to be less productive. In such disputes, the speeches of the participants are not sufficiently reasoned, sometimes random arguments are given, not quite mature statements are heard.

So, in my essay, I examined the types of verbal communications, their goals and content, methods of implementation. Verbal, sign systems have always been, and most likely will be the main means of human communication. “The word is life itself,” said T. Mann. The fundamental condition for successful interaction is the ability of people to "find a common language" - namely the language, and not a gesture or posture.

So, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, speaking about the beauty and value of the word, warned young speakers: “... all young souls enjoy the flamboyance of expression and strive for it madly, as if possessed by a god. It is they who need from the very beginning solid and reasonable supervision and guidance, if they only want not to pronounce every word that gets into the tongue, and not to combine the first words that come across at random, but to use the selection of pure and genuine words and contribute to their beauty. , connecting them majestically and at the same time pleasantly ... a word thrown at random, haphazardly, destroys a useful thought along with it.

Application BUSINESS GAME "POLIBOY".

Politboy involves a clash of people with opposing ideological views and attitudes, i.e. in fact, it is a controversy. The task of the political battle is to push the parties in the dispute, standing on fundamentally different positions.

The purpose of the game is to develop the skills and abilities of polemics, to assist in mastering the culture of the dispute and improving polemical skills.

The business game is played in four stages. It is attended by teachers and students of one or two classes. At different stages of the game, they perform certain roles: organizer, leader, participant in the political battle, specialist in the topic, specialist in logic, specialist in the culture of the dispute, specialist in the culture of speech, critic.

First stage is organizational. The consultation tells about the purpose and purpose of the game, about the order of its conduct, the tasks of the participants in the game, about the methodology for preparing for a political fight. A group of organizers is selected, its leader is selected. Members business game determine the topic of the upcoming debate. For discussion, it is recommended to take the most relevant and acute problems of our time that are of interest to those present. Participants of the political battle are divided into two groups, representing different social and positions. The situation of communication is modeled.

On the second stage preparations are being made for the political battle. The organizers solve all methodological issues, appoint a leader, “specialists”, think over the design of the audience. Participants of the business game study the topic of the upcoming political battle, get acquainted with the relevant literature, and consult with experts on all issues. Within the framework of the chosen topic, groups develop questions that they intend to ask their “opponents”, prepare options for possible answers to them, and select arguments and counterarguments.

On the third stage a political fight is held on a chosen topic. Leads politboy head appointed by the organizers. He represents both groups, speaks about the purpose of this meeting, offers to take an active part in the work. Each group briefly introduces itself. Participants of the political battle, regardless of their "positions", discuss the proposed problems.

Fourth stage - final. At this stage, a discussion of the conducted political battle is organized, the activities of all participants in the business game are critically analyzed. The word “specialists” is consistently given.

The statements of the “specialists” are summarized by the “critic”. He gives qualitative analysis participants' performances. A critic needs such qualities as objectivity, adherence to principles, a critical mind, quickness and sharpness of reaction, and the ability to generalize.

Then the leader and everyone who wants to take part in the discussion is invited to express their opinion. In conclusion, the results of all stages of the business game are summed up.

The business game "Politboy" is of great interest to the participants. It helps to understand the complex problems of modern life, contributes to a deeper assimilation of the material, the formation and consolidation of beliefs, and is an effective means of developing an active life position.

TOPIC EXERCISE

Oh my end! About you,

Cradle of freedom

I sing a song

Land of my fathers

Wanderers proud shelter,

From the tops of their hills

Went news.

Home country! You

Edge of honor and dreams

My love!

I love your forests

And rocks and streams

And a heart of love

Trembles again.

Let in the singing of the winds

And the rustle of sheets

The song of freedom sounds.

Let him echo that song

Both dead and alive

And mighty mountains

That song keeps.

And Liberty is the creator,

To Thee, Lord Father,

Prayer flies:

Above the golden homeland

Holy Liberty Light

An undying star

Light up and protect!

Samuel F. Smith.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE:

Voiskunsky A. E. “I speak, we speak”, M, Enlightenment, 1989
Nochevnik M.N. “Human communication”, M., Enlightenment, 1986
Pavlova L. G. “Dispute, discussion, controversy”, M, Enlightenment, 1991
Soper P. “Fundamentals of the art of speech”, M, 1995
Social psychology and ethics business communication. Lavrinenko V. N. M., 1995

Symposium pre-program:

May 18, 2018 will be held Balint group and supervisory group

10:00-10:30 registration

10:30-14:00 Balint group and supervision group

10:30 – 12:00 Balint group

12:30 – 14:00 supervising group

After lunch excursion to the Moscow Kremlin, Red Square and GUM

19:00 Bolshoi Theatre:

Rhine Gold

Prologue (pre-evening) of the tetralogy "Ring of the Nibelungen" in four scenes

Performance by the Sofia Opera and Ballet Theater (Bulgaria)

Symposium program:

Saturday, 05/19/2018

9:00 Registration of participants

10:00 — 10:30 Grand opening Ph.D. N.N. Klepikov, Chairman of the Board of IPP G. Hamann

Greetings: MIP rector L.I. Surat, Chairman of the Board of IPP G. Hamann, Ph.D. N.N. Klepikov, honorary professor of MIP, Ph.D. Ya.L. Obukhov-Kozarovitsky, Moscow, E.N. Motherland, Kyiv

Leading: PhD in Biology N.N. Klepikov

A. Ph.D. Ya.L. Obukhov-Kozarovitsky, Moscow: Wolfgang Lösch and Imaginative Body Psychotherapy (ImKP) 10:30-10:50

B. k.biol.n. N.N. Klepikov, Moscow: Oncology, Psychoanalysis and Imaginative Body Psychotherapy (ImKP) 10:50-11:10

C.E.N. Rodina, Kyiv: Presentation of the book "Healing images" and Creative album for psychosomatic self-regulation 11:10-11:30

D. O. Kadyrova, Moscow: Presentation of the book by T. Erstling "Treat cancer with the help of internal images" in Russian 11:30-11:40

Break 11:40-12:00

E. IPP Chairman of the Board G. Hamann, Potsdam: “ImKP and psychotherapeutic work with drawing. The symbolic meaning of the picture” Report 40 min + discussion 10 min 12:00-12:50

F. N.D. Leus, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory: ImKP and features of working with children with meningoencephalitis 12:50-13:10

G.S.N. Kulchaya, Moscow: What happens if lymphocytes are sent to school? Working with stem cells in multiple sclerosis 13:10-13:30

H. Group of patients with multiple sclerosis 13:30-14:00

Lunch break 14:00-15:00

I. Ph.D. BUT. Karafa-Korbut, Moscow: "The role of autoaggression in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases" report 20 min + discussion 10 min 15:00-15:30

J. C. Krug, Dortmund: Catatym-imaginative psychotherapy for patients with bipolar affective disorder 15:30-16:00

K. M. Schlage, Potsdam: ImKP in the treatment of Parkinson's disease 16:00-16:30

L. B. Holz, Potsdam: The role of relaxation in ImKP 16:30-17:00

M. G. Hamann, B. Holz, M. Schlage, Potsdam: Memoirs of the creator of ImKP Wolfgang Lösche 17:00-17:30

N. Discussion 17:30-18:00

19:00 Musical theater. K.S. Stanislavsky and V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Don Giovanni, Price from 600 to 2000 rubles.

Sunday, 05/20/2018

Moscow Institute of Psychoanalysis, Moscow, Kutuzovsky prospect, 34, building 14

Seminar by Beate Holz, Potsdam: Concentrative Relaxation (KoE) in ImKP and Trauma Psychotherapy 9:00-15:00

15:00-16:00 Dinner

16:00-19:00 Plenary session

Presenter: Ekaterina Nikolaevna Rodina, Kyiv, Ukraine

A.A.I. Popova, Volgograd: ImKP Experience in Integrative Psychotherapy of Sexual Trauma 16:00-16:20

B.M.M. Zel'dovich, Volgograd: Application of ImKP in work with a professional athlete. case from practice 16:20-16:40

C.L.A. Dovlad, Kyiv: Psychocardiology: body image 16:40-17:00

D. Sebastian Gasde, Physiotherapist, Berlin: Space for self-determination – the patient's awareness of his health (competence). 17:00-17:30

E. Discussion 17:30-17:50

Break 17:50-18:00

F.M.M. Reshetova, Moscow: Difficulties of working with cancer patients and ways to overcome them at ImKP 18:00-18:20

G.M.N. Maslov, Rostov-on-Don: Comparative analysis efficiency factors of ImKP and trauma psychotherapy. The value of deep relaxation as mandatory condition healing process. 18:20-18:40

I. T.A. Tonkachev, Zelenokumsk, Stavropol Territory: ImKP in work with diseases internal organs, practical use. 18:40-19:00

J. Discussion and end of the symposium 19:00-19:30

There is an opportunity to participate in the webinar.

The cost of full-time participation in the Symposium and online participation: 7000 rubles.

Cost for members of the MOO SRS KIP: 6300 rub.

Cost for members of UOO IRSGP: 3500 rub. (or 50 euros, money can be transferred by E.N. Rodina)

Refugees from ORDLO participate in person in the symposium free of charge.

Speakers participate for free.

The cost of participation in the Symposium includes participation in the supervision and the Balint group on May 18, 2018, as well as in the workshop on May 20, 2018.

Language communication has a number of names: speech communication, verbal communication, speech communication, verbal communication, speech activity, speech.

Units of verbal communication are units that are formed in the process of verbal communication and organize this communication. The result of combining in the process of communication language units (i.e., morphemes, words and phrases), which are characterized by the constancy of their structures Komlev NG Word in speech: aspects of language. - M .: Delo, 2000. - p. 9 .. Their common properties are their productivity, complex construction and the ability to enter into larger formations.

The word speech is quite ambiguous. This is the act of pronouncing an utterance, speaking (i.e. the act of the speaker), and the unity of the acts of the speaker and the writer, and the act of the writer, and the unity of the acts of the writer and the reader, and the totality of the acts of the speaker and the writer, on the one hand, and the acts of the listener and reader, on the other hand. In other words, a speech act can be considered as a unity, on the one hand, of the act of producing an utterance and its transmission in oral or written form, and, on the other hand, of the act of perception and understanding of this utterance. We can talk about oral and written speech. The word speech can serve as the name of the form of being of a language, the mode (modus) of its existence Sepir E. Selected works on linguistics and cultural studies. - M.: Knowledge, 1999. - 23 ..

Sometimes speech activity and speech are distinguished. In the first case, speech acts are meant, and in the second, the totality of statements of texts. There are attempts to call speech only oral utterances that are exchanged in speech communication, and speech to oppose texts as forms of written fixation of speech that function in text communication, and under the name discourse to combine both.

· constatives, which report on some state of affairs: The lecture is postponed to Monday;
· commissions, in which the speaker takes on this or that promise: I will give you this book;
· directives aimed at encouraging the addressee to take some action: Translate this text into English;
Expressives, through which the speaker expresses gratitude, apology, congratulations, condolences, etc.: Excuse me for the trouble caused to you;
declaratives serving the speaker, who has the appropriate social status, to announce that the status of a person is changing (announcement of a new appointment, marriage, naming, the beginning or end of some ceremony, etc.): I declare meeting closed.
· It is expedient to single out from the directive acts the acts of requesting information (interrogatives or, following the Greek models, erotatives): What family does the Karelian language belong to?

Usually, the processes of speech communication proceed in the form of sequences of speech acts. Connected sequences of speech acts are called discourse.

Speech acts as units of speech communication can take the following forms - it can be a conversation, a conversation, a dispute, and even a lecture by Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky. Lectures on General Linguistics. - M.: Logos, 1998. - from 78 .. speech communication

In Russian, there are other words for this phenomenon: dispute, discussion, controversy, debate, debate. Quite often they are used as synonyms for the word dispute.

discussion(lat. discusso study, consideration analysis) is called such a public dispute, the purpose of which is to clarify and compare different points of view, search, identify the true opinion, find the right solution to the controversial issue. The discussion is considered an effective way of persuasion, as its participants themselves come to a particular conclusion.

An unformalized meeting devoted to the discussion of a particular issue is usually called a mass rally. The commission meeting is the most frequent type of mass discussion. Regular business sessions of most public organizations are held in the same way as discussions of this type. Mass discussions are subject to the rules of parliamentary procedure. But sometimes the procedure is quite simple, informal. However, even in such cases, there is a chairman who ensures that the discussion proceeds normally and only according to the agenda, so that no one takes a privileged position during the discussion and that as many competent participants as possible speak out.

A group discussion consists in discussing issues with a dedicated group in front of an audience. Like any form of discussion in front of an audience, it presents a dispute. The purpose of a group discussion is to present a possible solution to a problem or to discuss opposing points of view on controversial issues. But usually it does not resolve the dispute and does not persuade the audience to any uniformity of action.

controversy differs from discussion and debate precisely in its target orientation. The participants in the discussion and dispute, comparing contradictory judgments, try to come to a common opinion, find a common solution, establish the truth. The purpose of the controversy is different: it is necessary to defeat the enemy, to defend and approve one's own position.

Controversy is the art of persuasion. She teaches to reinforce thoughts with convincing and undeniable arguments, scientific arguments.

The word debate is of French origin (debat- dispute, debate). Debate is a Russian word recorded in the lexicon of the 17th century.

There is no single classification of disputes, although attempts are being made to systematize them. The main factors influencing the nature of the dispute and its features include the purpose of the dispute, the social significance of the subject of the dispute, the number of participants, the form of the dispute. According to the purpose, the following types of dispute are distinguished: a dispute over the truth, to convince someone, to win, a dispute for the sake of a dispute. The dispute can serve as a means to search for the truth, to test any thought, idea, to substantiate it. To find the right solution, polemicists compare a variety of points of view on a particular problem. They defend a thought from attack in order to find out what objections there might be to that thought, or, on the contrary, they attack a position expressed by the opponent in order to find out what arguments there are in his favor. In such a dispute, arguments are carefully selected and analyzed, the positions and views of the opposite side are carefully evaluated. Of course, such a dispute is possible only between competent people who know the problem and are interested in solving it. In addition to the undoubted benefit, the dispute for the sake of truth acquires the character of a special beauty, it can bring real pleasure and satisfaction to the participants in the dispute. As a result of such mental struggle, a person feels uplifted and better. And even if you have to retreat, give up positions, abandon the protected thought, then the unpleasant feeling of defeat recedes into the background.