Geography of world engineering. World electronics industry - abstract Lesson: Geography of the world engineering

Description:

The presentation gives a visual representation of the industry of our planet as a whole. The main theme of the lesson is the study of the key moments of the organization of the industry of the world.

First of all, students will be familiar with the definition and general description world production. His general characteristics represented by a graph in which the leading industrialists are indicated. The United States is in first place, followed by Russian Federation. In addition to this schedule, the work includes many other charts and tables. It is also said that there are divisions and types general industry. There are food, light and heavy industries, as well as mining and manufacturing. The slides show the percentage of production units for countries at different stages of development.

The main purpose of this presentation is to teach how to analyze data according to a schedule and draw conclusions about the industry about the economy and welfare of a particular state. A separate scheme presents 3 main groups of industrial sectors: old, new and latest. Each of these groups has several subgroups and its own characteristics. Among the slides there is also a map with the distribution of industries by country.

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Date of creation of the material: December 25, 2012
Slides: 13 slides
Presentation file creation date: December 25, 2012
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World electronics industry

The electronics industry is often referred to as the brainchild of NTR, and indeed it is. At first, it originated in the bowels of electrical engineering (radio engineering), but then it actually separated from it, turning into an independent industry. As a typical new industry, electronics is developing at an accelerated pace and, as a result, in terms of the cost of products, which in 1999 exceeded $1 trillion, and in 2005 $1.5 trillion, it is already far ahead of the oil, automotive, and even chemical industries. coming out on top. At the same time, electronics holds the lead not only in terms of quantity, but also in terms of quality, being perhaps the most science-intensive and innovative branch of modern production, which largely determines the main directions of world scientific and technological development. It also brought to life new forms of organization of production, its territorial structure, the international geographical division of labor, and monopolization. Its similar role is explained by the fact that electronization, complex automation, informatization of our life are primarily associated with the electronic industry, which means a profound revolutionary upheaval both in the industrial and non-industrial spheres of human activity.

The electronics industry is one of the few sectors of the economy that has not actually experienced any serious crisis since its inception. The pace of its development in the advanced countries of the world is usually 5-10 times higher than the average GDP growth rate. Investment in electronics is three to four times more profitable than other industries. In addition, it is developing "in depth" and "in breadth", covering more and more new countries and regions.

In the sectoral structure of electronics, it is customary to distinguish four main groups of industries: 1) the production of electronic means of information processing; 2) production of means of communication; 3) production of household appliances; 4) production of electronic components.

In the production of electronic means of information processing, the leading role belongs to the release of the actual computers, or computers. They began to be produced after the Second World War in the United States, which still remain the leader in the production of many types of computers and their components. This applies to microcomputers, minicomputers, and supercomputers. Back in the mid 1990s. The production of computers in this country exceeded $100 billion in value. Among the hundreds of US computer firms, IBM occupies a special place, providing more than half of all computer products manufactured in the world. Second place is occupied by Japan ($60 billion), which also produces all major types of computers. Japan appeared on the world computer market later, only in the 1970s, but, having made a real technological breakthrough (and overtaking Western Europe), it noticeably approached the United States. In terms of sales of computers, the Japanese company Fujitsu is second only to IBM. In third place ($25 billion) is Western Europe, where computer production is concentrated mainly in the four leading countries of the region. Another major area for the production of electronic means of information processing covers the newly industrialized countries of Asia. However, it is believed that the computers of the "white" assembly are higher in quality than the computers of the "yellow" assembly and are intended for a more affluent and demanding consumer.

In the last two decades, the production of personal computers has been growing at the fastest pace. They appeared in the USA only in 1975, but very quickly spread both in everyday life and in business, contributing, among other things, to the creation of automated jobs. Then the mass production was also organized in Japan, NIS Asia, Western Europe, and China. Now they are annually produced about 100 million pieces.

This group of industries also includes computer software. This is where the US dominance is even more pronounced, especially through the activities of several very large US firms such as Microsoft.

The production of communication technology (telecommunications) is growing as the use of telephone and telex communications, video communications, e-mail, the use of satellite, fiber optic communications, etc. is expanding. Suffice it to say that the number of telephone sets in the world in 2005 reached almost 1.2 billion (400 million in Asia Pacific, 365 million in Europe, 310 million in America, 80 million in Africa, 35 million in South and Southwest Asia). The production of electronic means of communication is concentrated by 3/4 in the ten most developed countries, but in the beginning of the 1990s. China is already leading the mobile phone boom.

The production of consumer electronic equipment provides the production of the most massive and widely available types of products in this industry. It has its roots in radio engineering and began long before the advent of the scientific and technological revolution. And in the future, the production of audio equipment prevailed for some time, but by the beginning of the 1990s. it was already far ahead of the production of video equipment - black and white, and then color televisions, video recorders, camcorders. They now account for 1/2 of all manufactured household electronic goods, while audio equipment - 1/4, and other types - more than 1/5.

At the same time, large geographical shifts were taking place in this sub-sector. In 1960, economically developed countries provided a total of 95% of the world production of radios and televisions (including North America - respectively, more than 30 and about 30%, Western and Eastern Europe - 35 and 46% and Japan - 25 and 17%). But already by 1990, the total share of the three named regions had noticeably decreased. This was due to the rapid increase in the production of consumer electronics in the newly industrialized countries of Asia and in China. As a result, the share of Eastern and South-East Asia increased to 70% on radios and up to 60% on TVs. Thus, in 2005, out of the global production of TV sets (165 million units), China produced 80 million, Malaysia - 10 million, the Republic of Korea - 7 million, Japan - 3 million units. But in general, Japan remains the largest producer of consumer electronic equipment, following the model of which, in fact, other countries of the region developed this industry. And the quality of Japanese consumer electronics is still the highest.

A. Morita, the founder of the world-famous Japanese corporation Sony, writes that it was she who first launched a transistor radio receiver into mass production, created the world's first home video recorder, as well as a portable cassette player with headphones. Together with the Dutch concern Philips, Sony has developed and implemented a fundamentally new laser technology for sound recording on CDs. The same company came closer than others to television technology with particularly high image fidelity.

The production of electronic components (transistors, semiconductors) is growing even faster than the production of the most diverse electronic equipment. These rates, due to the corresponding capital investments, predetermined the transition from microcircuits, first to large, and then to ultra-large integrated circuits, which was carried out by reducing the size of their constituent elements. Until the early 1980s. US firms were the main suppliers of chips. They were far ahead of Japanese firms and the European Philips. But then the championship passed to Japanese firms (NEK, Toshiba, Hitachi), although the American Intel remains the world monopolist in the production of microcomputers.

Usually there are four main areas for the location of the electronic industry. First, this is the USA. Although they have lost absolute leadership in the production of electronic products, they have retained both large volumes and the most complex structure of the industry, in which its entire diverse range is represented. In addition, the United States specializes in the production of the most high-tech and expensive products, intended mainly for domestic market and to a much lesser extent for exports. Secondly, this is Japan. In terms of overall output of electronic products, it ranks second after the United States. The structure of the industry here is now dominated by the production of electronic components, computers and expensive consumer electronics, and all these products, in contrast to the United States, are mainly export-oriented. Thirdly, it is Western Europe. The electronic industry has received the greatest development here in the Federal Republic of Germany, in France, in Great Britain, Italy and the Netherlands. Its structure is characterized by the predominance of enterprises producing telecommunications equipment, computers and devices, with a much smaller role played by the production of consumer electronics and electronic components. Fourthly, these are the countries of East and Southeast Asia. They widely used the benefits of their economic and geographical position, the presence labor resources and Japanese experience, turning the electronics industry into the main branch of its international specialization. This predetermined its very high exportability.

Despite the fact that each of the four industry groups of the electronics industry has some peculiarities in its orientation (to qualified labor resources, proximity to centers of science, etc.), it has a very clear tendency to form large areas of their concentration with the task of providing in one place functioning of the entire production chain from idea to finished product. That is why it is on the basis of the electronic industry that many scientific, research parks, technopolises, "silicon valleys" have arisen.

The participation of the electronics industry in world trade is also generally very high, but the size of the export quota of its four main regions varies quite a lot. This quota is highest in the region of East and Southeast Asia, where in some countries it reaches 80-90%. In Japan, the export quota, depending on the type of product, ranges from 35 to 50%. In Western Europe - taking into account intra-regional trade - it is about 40%. And in the US, the export quota is much smaller, it barely exceeds 1/10.

Against this background, the Russian electronics industry looks, unfortunately, very backward. Until 1991, this industry in the Soviet Union and the countries of Eastern Europe developed quite apart from the rest of the world, although it was faced with the task of reaching the level of one of the modern high-tech industries. But with the collapse of the USSR and the CMEA and the rupture of established industrial and scientific ties, and even in the face of aggravated financial and economic difficulties, it fell into decay. For example, the production of televisions in 1990-1995. decreased from 4.7 to 1 million pieces and only by 2005 reached the previous level. world production industrial products by 10 times11 Andrianov V. D. Russia...

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Presentation for the lesson on the topic "Geography of the branches of the world economy" (Aluminum industry)

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"The aluminum industry. Presentation Zaiko D. (10A class) "

aluminum industry

Prepared by Zayko Diana 10 "A"

WHAT IS ALUMINUM

Lightweight, durable, resistant to corrosion and functional - it is this combination of qualities that has made aluminum the main structural material of our time. Aluminum is found in the houses we live in, cars, trains and planes on which we travel distances, mobile phones and computers, on the shelves of refrigerators and in modern interiors. But even 200 years ago, little was known about this metal.

aluminum vs copper

If you replace all the copper wiring in the car with aluminum-zirconium, then its total weight will decrease by 12 kg

Plastic

Amenable to all types of mechanical processing

Comparable in strength to steel

Aluminum reserves

According to the calculations of the International Aluminum Institute (IAI), about 400 million tons of aluminum have accumulated in the world in infrastructure, everyday life, and transport.

Three times lighter than iron

No corrosion

Thin oxide film protects against corrosion

Corundum Bauxites

Rubies, sapphires, emeralds and aquamarine are aluminum minerals. The first two relate to corundum - it is aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3) in crystalline form.

Bauxites were discovered by geologist Pierre Berthier in 1821.

About 90% of the world's bauxite reserves are concentrated in the countries of the tropical and subtropical zones - in Guinea, Australia, Vietnam, Brazil, India and Jamaica.

aluminum industry

This is a branch of non-ferrous metallurgy, which combines a huge complex of enterprises for the production of aluminum. Aluminum products from all branches of non-ferrous metallurgy rank first in terms of production and consumption in the world.

Structure of the aluminum industry

Extraction of aluminum ores;
Production of alumina (alumina) from ores or concentrates;
Production of electrodes and anode paste;
Production of fluoride salts (cryolite, aluminum and sodium fluorides);
Smelting of metallic aluminum;
Obtaining semi-finished products from aluminum.

The main natural raw material for the production of alumina for the purpose of subsequent production of aluminum from it is bauxite. The production of one ton of metallic aluminum requires approximately 1930 kg of alumina, 50 kg of fluoride salts, 550 kg of carbon electrodes (anode mass or baked anodes) and up to 18,000 kWh of electricity. The aluminum industry is the most important condition for its development is the availability of powerful sources of cheap electricity.

Bauxite-bearing areas (7 places):

Western and Central Africa (main deposits in Guinea);
South America: Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana;
Caribbean: Jamaica;
Oceania and southern Asia: Australia, India;
China;
Mediterranean: Greece and Turkey;
Ural (Russia).

According to the US Geological Survey, the world's bauxite resources are estimated at 55 - 75 billion tons, which are distributed between individual regions as follows: Africa - 32%, Oceania - 23%, South America and the Caribbean - 21%, Asia - 18%, other regions - 6%.

Aluminum production

Russian aluminum industry

1. large industry of Russian non-ferrous metallurgy .

2. 2nd place among the countries of the world,

3. its share in world production is 8.7% (according to data for 2012).

4. The volume of aluminum production in 2012 amounted to 4.02 million tons.

Aluminum plants are guided by powerful sources of cheap electricity, most often these are large hydroelectric power plants.

The world's largest aluminum smelter, Bratsk, is located near the Bratsk hydroelectric power station.

The Krasnoyarsk aluminum smelter is located next to the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station and consumes about 70% of the total amount of electricity produced by the station.

Energy supply aluminum smelters in Sayanogorsk, Volgograd, Shelekhov, Volkhov, Novokuznetsk, respectively, the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, the Volzhskaya HPP, the Irkutsk HPP, the Volkhovskaya HPP and a group of thermal power plants operating on Kuzbass thermal coal are operated.

Large companies

"Komi Aluminum" in the area of Ukhta(Komi Republic).

In the Murmansk region, SUAL plans to build the second stage Kandalaksha aluminum plant, with an estimated capacity of 230 thousand tons of primary aluminum and its alloys per year.
The possibility of building alumina plant and in the Arkhangelsk region. on the basis of the Severo-Onezhskoye field (RUSAL project). The projected capacity of this enterprise is 1-1.5 million tons per year.

Russian Aluminum JSC (RUSAL) is one of the three largest global aluminum companies. It accounts for more than 80% of Russian and about 10% of world production of primary aluminum.

RUSAL owns the largest and most modern metallurgical enterprises in the industry: Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk and Novokuznetsk aluminum smelters, alumina refineries in Nikolaev (Ukraine) and Achinsk, metalworking enterprises in Samara, Belaya Kalitva, Dmitrov.

The Siberian-Ural Aluminum Holding (SUAL) produces 90% of Russian bauxites, 60% of alumina, and 20% of primary aluminum. This structure includes the remaining 7 out of 11 aluminum smelters in the country

History and more

http://aluminiumleader.ru/

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Slides captions:

Project on the surrounding world "electronics industry"

The purpose of the project 1. Learn what the electronics industry is. 2. What does the electronics industry produce. 3. Why do we need the electronics industry.

Plan 1. What is the electronics industry. 2 . Why is the electronics industry necessary? 3. Products of the electronic industry. 4. Why do we need the electronics industry.

What is the electronics industry The electronics industry is the industry for the production of electronic components and products from them.

Why the electronics industry is needed The country needs a rapid exchange of information, reliable production management. To meet such stringent requirements of the time, man is helped by the electronic systems and devices - from a calculator to a heavy-duty computer, from machine tools with program management to fully automated technological complexes, from the ignition system in a car to an autopilot, from a cellular radiotelephone to satellite communication systems.

Products of the electronic industry Products of the electronic industry are widely used in domestic, industrial and military applications. Components are supplied to manufacturers of equipment used in computers, telecommunications, military and aerospace, home appliances, instrumentation, medical and transportation equipment.

Why the electronic industry is needed The electronic industry is important not only for the country and humanity as a whole, but also for each person individually. This is convenience and comfort, and most importantly self-development. To date, the government of our vast country has made big step in this industry.

The goal of the project has been achieved. I learned that the electronic industry is a very important and necessary area of development and achievement of all mankind.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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