Kerosene - transparent, slightly oily to the touch, flammable liquid obtained by distillation or rectification of oil.
Depending on the chemical composition and method of processing oil from which kerosene is obtained, its composition includes: saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons - 20-60%, naphthenic 20-50%, bicyclic aromatic 5-25%, unsaturated - up to 2%, sulfur impurities , nitrogenous or oxygen compounds.
Used as jet fuel, combustible component of liquid rocket fuel, fuel for firing glass and porcelain products, for household heating and lighting devices, in metal cutting machines, as a solvent, raw material for the oil refining industry. Kerosene can be used as a substitute for winter and arctic diesel fuel for diesel engines. For multi-fuel engines (based on diesel), it is possible to use pure kerosene and even AI-80 gasoline. It is allowed to add up to 20% of kerosene to summer diesel fuel to reduce the pour point without degrading performance. Also, kerosene is the main fuel for fire shows (fire performances), due to its good absorbency and relatively low combustion temperature. It is also used for washing mechanisms, for removing rust.
The main types of kerosene
Aviation kerosene, or jet fuel, is used in turboprop and turbojet engines aircraft not only fuel, but also a coolant and is used to lubricate parts of fuel systems. Therefore, it must have good anti-wear (characterize the reduction of wear of rubbing surfaces in the presence of fuel) and low-temperature properties, high thermal-oxidative stability and high specific heat of combustion.
Rocket fuel. Kerosene is used in rocket technology as a hydrocarbon fuel and at the same time as the working fluid of hydraulic machines. Paired with liquid oxygen, it is used on the lower stages of many launch vehicles: domestic ones - Soyuz, Molniya, Zenit, Energia; American - series "Delta" and "Atlas". To increase the density, and thus the efficiency of the rocket system, the propellant is often supercooled. In the future, it is planned to replace kerosene with more efficient hydrocarbon fuels - methane, ethane, propane, etc.
technical kerosene used as a raw material for the pyrolytic production of ethylene, propylene and aromatic hydrocarbons, as a fuel mainly for firing glass and porcelain products, as a solvent for washing mechanisms and parts. In Russia, the norms for technical kerosene are set by GOST 18499-73 "Kerosene for technical purposes".
Lighting kerosene. This type of kerosene is mainly used in kerosene or incandescent lamps, and also as a fuel and solvent. The quality of such kerosene in lamps is determined mainly by the height of the smokeless flame. The very quality and composition of kerosene has a significant impact on GNP. Hydrotreating can help improve the quality of kerosene.
The name comes from the English kerosene, from the Greek keros - wax. There is no clear formula for kerosene, since it is not pure Chemical substance, and a mixture of hydrocarbons of both linear and aromatic structures, which, in fact, meet only one condition - they are distilled at a temperature of 150 to 200 degrees. Hence the more accurate name. nave. races. i.e. petroleum solvent. And 150/200 is the temperature range at which the molecules pass from the liquid to the gaseous state, the pattern is similar to the BR-2 solvent, but the molecules are longer, respectively, have a higher distillation temperature.
Kerosene TC-1 is a clear or slightly yellowish liquid with a characteristic odor of aromatic hydrocarbons. The main characteristics of kerosene ts-1: good volatility to ensure the completeness of combustion; high completeness and heat of combustion to determine the flight range; good pumpability and low temperature properties for feeding into the combustion chamber; low tendency to form deposits; good material compatibility and anti-wear and anti-static properties.
Specification for TS-1
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Fractional composition: |
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distillation start temperature, °С, not higher |
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10% distilled at temperature, °C, not higher |
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50% distilled at temperature, °C, not higher |
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90% distilled at temperature, °С, not higher |
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98% distilled at temperature, °С, not higher |
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Kinematic viscosity, mm2/s: |
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at 20 °C, not less |
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at 40 °C, no more |
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Net calorific value, kJ/kg, not less than |
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Height of non-smoking flame, mm, not less than |
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Acidity, mg KOH/100 cm3, no more |
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Iodine number, g of iodine per 100 g of kerosene, not more than |
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Thermal-oxidative stability under static conditions at 150°С, mg per 100 cm3 of kerosene, no more |
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Mass fraction of aromatic hydrocarbons, %, no more |
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The concentration of actual resins, mg per 100 cm3 of kerosene, |
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Mass fraction of total sulfur, %, no more |
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Mass fraction of mercaptan sulfur, %, no more |
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Mass fraction of hydrogen sulfide |
Absence |
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Copper plate test at 100°C for 3 hours. |
Withstands |
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Ash content, %, no more |
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Absence |
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Absence |
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Interaction with water, points, not more than: |
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a) the state of the kerosene interface |
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b) state of separated phases |
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Component ratio: |
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Straight-run component,%, not less than |
Manufacturer: Russia.
Packing: 200 liter barrels, if necessary, packing into canisters.
The main physical properties of kerosene TS-1
fire hazard
Liquids can release vapors that easily form
ignitable at flash point or above mixture.
Discharge of Static Electricity. The product may accumulate static
charge that results in a flammable electrical discharge.
Human danger
Russian producers do not issue a safety data sheet for kerosene, so I have to be guided by imported ones, but we must understand that Russian product has a poorer degree of purification!!
Harmful: May cause lung damage if swallowed.
Repeated exposure may cause dryness and cracking in
Vapors may cause drowsiness and dizziness.
| INHALATION: |
Vapor concentrations above recommended levels may irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, may cause headaches and dizziness, anesthesia and other effects on the central nervous system. |
| SKIN CONTACT: |
Low level of toxicity. Frequent or prolonged contact can defat and dry the skin, followed by irritation and dermatitis. |
| EYE CONTACT: |
Will affect the eyes, but will not damage the eye tissues. |
| GASTROINTESTINAL: |
Small amounts of fluid inhaled through ingestion or vomiting may cause bronchopneumonia or pulmonary edema. minimal toxicity. |
| CHRONIC: |
This product may contain 0.1 to 1% Ethylbenzene. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has evaluated ethylbenzene and classified it as a "possible human carcinogen" (Group 2B), which is based on enough evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals, but insufficient evidence for cancer in unprotected people. |
Keep container closed. Handle containers with care. Open
slowly to control possible internal pressure. Store in
cool, well ventilated place away from incompatible materials.
DO NOT handle, store or open near a flame, source
heat or source of ignition. Protect material from direct sun.
The material will build up a static charge that can cause electrical
flash (ignition source). Use Appropriate Methods
grounding.
DO NOT seal, cut, heat or weld containers. empty
containers may contain product residue. DO NOT reuse
containers without prior special cleaning or processing.
Environmental hazard
This product decomposes rapidly in air.
This substance is expected to be removed at the water treatment plant.
Based on data from a similar ingredient or preparation, or
approximate data.
This product biodegrades at a moderate rate and is "hereditarily" biodegradable according to OECD guidelines.
Hazard to aquatic life
Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause
long-term damage to the aquatic environment.
Danger to humans from Russian sources
There are indications in the literature that the inhalation of gases emitted by kerosene engines caused in workers, in addition to headaches, difficulty in swallowing, speech disorder, and slight paralysis of p. facialis. Kerosene workers often suffer from skin diseases, especially eczema. -In medicine Kerosene. finds application as an external agent in the treatment of scabies, lice on the head, etc. In dignity. In practice, it is used for the purposes of disinfestation, for the extermination of bedbugs (in the form of Malinin’s liquid), fleas (in the form of a soap-kerosene emulsion), fly larvae (pouring manure heaps with kerosene), mosquito larvae (pouring reservoirs with kerosene), etc.
For occupational health issues, see Oil. N. Ignatov. Literature data on the toxicity of kerosene are scarce and contradictory. Some consider Kerosene to be completely harmless. Levin (Lewin), on the basis of his observations, believes that kerosene preparations cause painful phenomena only if they are taken in large quantities, and all symptoms pass quickly. According to "17" 18 Levin, especially those components of Kerosene that boil at t ° 250-270 ° have an irritating effect on the mucous membranes (in general, normal industrial kerosene has a distillation temperature of 150-200 degrees C) and therefore those bad grades of it, which are rich in these hydrocarbons. In general, it is believed that ordinary commercial kerosene, well purified by distillation from poisonous, volatile, easily flammable constituents, is not poisonous and, at most, can cause nausea. According to Hoffmann, cases of poisoning are also explained by the presence of volatile hydrocarbons in poorly purified Kerosene, in particular petroleum ethers (kerosene, naphtha, etc.). Russian kerosene, containing more aromatic substances, is more toxic than American; Baku is more poisonous than Caucasian.
In court.-med. In practice, Kerosene poisoning occurred either as an accident, or in attempts to commit suicide, murder, and also when using kerosene. in to lay down. purposes. Sometimes kerosene. was introduced peros and per vaginam to expel the fetus. In court.-med. relation, it is also ordered to note that the external use of kerosene. in the form of compresses and lotions, it first causes irritation, and again - inflammation with a long-lasting reddish-brown color of the affected areas, and there have been cases of deliberate use of kerosene, in the form of subcutaneous injections for the production of artifacts (artificial phlegmon, inflammation, etc.). Lethal dose of kerosene. peros for humans has not been precisely established; some believe that it is estimated at approximately 7.7 g per 1 kg of weight.
According to modern reference books - It is very dangerous to lubricate the tonsils and throat with kerosene, as this can lead to a sharp spasm and swelling of the larynx, suffocation. Once in the stomach, kerosene often causes not only a burn of the mucous membrane, but, absorbed into the blood, serious damage to the nervous tissue and parenchymal organs (liver, kidneys). In my childhood with angina, they regularly smeared my throat with it, and I did not feel any consequences.
Application of Kerosene
Of all petroleum solvents, it is most widely used in the paint and varnish industry. It is used as a solvent for fatty alkyds, some rubbers (butyl rubber, cyclorubber), polybutyl methacrylate, epoxy esters, in the preparation of organodispersions, in the dilution of oil varnishes.
24.05.2018
Kerosene is a transparent substance with an oily structure, transparent or light, yellowish in color. The substance is obtained by separating multicomponent components by distillation or by direct distillation of oil. The combustible mixture of liquid hydrocarbons has a boiling point from +150°C to +250°C. Due to the properties of the oil product and its characteristics, it is possible to service cars and aircraft, as well as lighting devices and much more.
The name kerosene comes from the ancient Greek "Κηρός", which means wax
The history of the distribution of kerosene in Russia
The formula of kerosene, its density, flammability and other characteristics made it possible to replace lighting gas and all kinds of fats. It began to be actively used in the 19th century. This led to an increase in demand for oil, and the kerosene industry influenced the improvement of mining methods and an increase in the consumption of black gold.
The demand for kerosene increased dramatically with the advent of kerosene stoves and kerosene stoves, which were used everywhere for cooking
At the beginning of the twentieth century, agricultural machinery with carburetor and diesel engines began to be filled with kerosene. But this caused some difficulties.
The octane number of kerosene is below 40 units, and the volatility is worse than that of gasoline, so starting a cold engine was very difficult. In this regard, the machines were equipped with an additional small gas tank.
The mass of kerosene consumed by vehicles as fuel was high, and soon it was replaced by gasoline and diesel fuel.
The popularity of kerosene resumed in the middle of the twentieth century, with the development of the aviation and rocket industries.
Method for obtaining kerosene
Regardless of how oil is processed (direct distillation or rectification), the substance is first filtered from water, inorganic impurities, etc. When the liquid is brought to certain temperatures, various fractions boil and stand out:
- Up to 250°C - naphtha and gasoline.
- From 250°C to 315°C - kerosene-gas oil.
- From 300°C to 350°C - oil (solar).
According to GOST 12.1.007-76, the hazard class of kerosene is 4, which should be taken into account during its production, transportation and use. The liquid is highly flammable, and its vapors, when interacting with air, form explosive mixtures.
Kerosene, if it comes into contact with eyes and skin, may cause irritation.
The composition of kerosene
The composition of kerosene largely depends on the chemical components and methods of processing oil products. In addition to impurities of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur compounds, it contains hydrocarbons:
Kerosene RO and other characteristics may vary. At +20°C the figures are as follows:
- Density from 0.78 to.85 g/cm³.
- Viscosity from 1.2 to 4.5 mm²/s.
The flash point is from +28 to +72°C, while the self-ignition temperature can reach +400°C. , like other indicators, change with a gradation of thermal indicators and other conditions.
The average density of kerosene is 0.800 kg/m 3
What is kerosene used for?
As one of the most common petroleum products, kerosene has found application in various fields. Raw materials may be suitable for creating:
- Jet fuels.
- rocket fuel additives.
- Fuel for firing equipment.
- Refueling household appliances.
- Inexpensive solvents.
- Alternatives to winter and arctic diesel.
Both in the past and in the present, quality is widely applicable. It can be found in production in workshops, home workshops, etc. It is worth remembering that precautions must be taken during operation.
The main indicators of lighting brand kerosene
Kerosene (GOST 18499-73) was developed for technical purposes - it is used to clean and lubricate mechanisms, remove rust, etc. Different types of substances are suitable for impregnating leather, conducting fire shows and a large number of other tasks.
In folk medicine, it is permissible to treat various diseases with kerosene. Most often it is used to remove lice. In various doses, with certain impurities and methods of application, it is recommended for the prevention of diseases:
- Gastrointestinal tract.
- nervous system.
- Of cardio-vascular system.
- Lungs, etc.
Kerosene has become the basis for rubbing, lotions and other procedures in traditional medicine.
The main types of kerosene
Kerosene can be categorized by fraction content and application. There are four main groups:
1. Technical
Suitable for the production of propylenes, ethylenes and other hydrocarbons. Very often, the substance acts as a solvent for washing complex parts of various shapes and sizes. Also, raw materials can be used as fuel for workshop equipment.
According to the provisions of GOST, in technical kerosenes, the content of aromatic hydrocarbons is not more than seven percent.
2. Rocket
The specific heat of combustion of kerosene contributes to the formation of reverse thrust in the amount necessary for the functioning of rocket vehicles. It contains a small number of impurities, due to which the raw material is considered the purest. Among the features are:
- The minimum content of sulfur formations.
- Excellent anti-wear characteristics.
- chemical stability.
- Resistance to thermal oxidation.
Rocket kerosene compares favorably with long-term storage in closed containers, the period reaches ten years
3. Aviation
Can be used for lubrication and refueling of flight equipment. In addition, it serves as a refrigerant in heat exchangers. The substance has high anti-wear and low-temperature properties.
The dielectric constant of kerosene is 1.8-2.1(ε). This indicator demonstrates how many times the force of interaction of two electric charges in an ordinary medium is less than in a vacuum.
Aviation kerosene is divided into five grades - RT, TS-1, T-1, T-1C, T-2
4. Lighting
The combustion temperature of kerosene for lighting is from +35°С to +75°С. High-quality raw materials are characterized by combustion without soot and soot, while providing sufficient light intensity. Also, this subspecies of petroleum products can become an alternative to inexpensive solvents.
The more paraffinic hydrocarbons in lighting kerosene, the higher the quality of the substance
What different brands can be found in more detail on the website of TC "AMOX". Call, the company's specialists will talk about oil products and help you choose the best type of fuel, in accordance with your requirements!
1. Property and composition
2. History of kerosene
3. Receipt kerosene
4. Application kerosene
Aviation kerosene
- Rocket fuel
- technical kerosene
Lighting kerosene
5. Treatment with kerosene
Medicinal properties and contraindications of kerosene
Purification of household kerosene
First aid for kerosene poisoning
6 Antique Kerosene
Kerosene- these are mixtures of hydrocarbons (from C12 to C15), boiling away in the temperature range of 150-250 ° C, transparent, slightly oily to the touch, combustible liquid obtained by distillation or rectification of black gold.
Property and composition
Density 0.78–0.85 g/cm³ (at 20°C), viscosity 1.2–4.5 mm2/s (at 20°C), flash point 28–72°C, calorific value approx. 43 MJ/kg.
Depending on the chemical composition and method of oil refining from which kerosene is obtained, its composition includes:
saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons - 20-60%
naphthenic 20-50%
bicyclic aromatic 5-25%
unlimited - up to 2%
impurities of sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen compounds.
Boiling point: 150-300°C
Melting point: -20°C
Relative density (water = 1): 0.8
Solubility in water: insoluble
Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.5
Flash point: 37-65°C
Auto ignition temperature: 220°C
Explosive limits, vol% in air: 0.7-5
History of kerosene
For a long time, people have been looking for a convenient and simple source of light, heat, and later fuel. In ancient times, this source was simple straw and firewood, later people began to extract and use peat. In addition to the material itself, improvised means for lighting appeared in human life, such as candles, a torch, and a lamp. Those times are long gone and the progress of mankind has significantly gone in development from those "gloomy" times. One of the first scientific and technical breakthroughs in the fuel field was kerosene. Where did the word "kerosene" come from? According to the Russian encyclopedia, which was published in St. Petersburg, the word "kerosene" came from the name trading house"Cage and Son" ("Kerr and son"), which is consonant with the word "kerosene". Quite different intelligence at the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Its authors believe that the word "kerosene" came from the Greek word keros, which translates as wax. One of the first who argued that under the influence of a certain temperature on oil a clear liquid appears was a doctor from St. Petersburg I. Ya. Lerkh. He made his statement while in Baku between 1732 and 1735.
Only in 1745 did the first signs of kerosene production appear. Then the head of this grandiose project was F. Pryad, and the action itself took place at the Ukhta field black gold. Although the production existed, there was little benefit from it. Kerosene was not yet popular in the world, and there was no particular use for it.
The next step in development fuel industry, in particular kerosene, has become an oil refinery. it invention belongs to the Russians. They were far ahead of other countries in the world in terms of oil refining. In those days in Europe they used it as a material for coating wheels. Scientists did not consider oil as more useful and profitable. And in the North Caucasus, a distillation of black black gold has already been established white liquid, which was more convenient for lighting. According to history, this merit belongs to the Dubinin brothers. It was they who led the production of kerosene from black gold in the North Caucasus. Archives from the Caucasus Administration mention that the peasant Vasily Dubinin and his brothers found a way to purify raw black gold. In the same archive there is a drawing and explanations for the invention. In 1823, the brothers built the world's first oil refinery in the city of Mozdok. This was the first production of kerosene in significant volumes. By that time, kerosene had won the respect of the purchaser and was in great demand. Despite a good start, kerosene production was suspended. The reason for this was the royal one, which extinguished many projects and developments of scientific inventors of those times. Kerosene was more fortunate than other inventions and discoveries. He proved himself well, so in 1830 he began new stage development and production of kerosene. For the first time, kerosene was obtained in the laboratory. AT industrial scale kerosene began to be produced much later. This was due to the appearance in human life of kerosene lamps, which were convenient and quite safe to use. AT Russian Federation the first signs of an index of industrial production of kerosene were noticed only in 1859. A plant was built in Surkhany, which was headed by V. A. Kokorev.
The 19th century was the era of kerosene. Secondary distillation products of black gold, such as, were not in demand and had limited applications. Petrol in particular, it was used for medical purposes and as a household solvent. It even came to pass that petrol poured into pits or reservoirs, since its reserves significantly exceeded the needs, and it made no sense to store the excess. Kerosene was the leader among the substances used for lighting. Gradually, the situation changed, and around 1911 he took over the leading position from kerosene. And it is still much more popular and necessary than kerosene. The reason for such a sharp change in the leadership of petroleum products was invention and the spread of the internal combustion engine. Kerosene did not go down in history, and since 1950 it has again become a popular product. All over the world, active creation and development of jet and turboprop aviation began, in which kerosene was used, already referred to as aviation kerosene. It turned out that it was kerosene that became the optimal and most relevant fuel for aviation. Nowadays, kerosene is usually used as a fuel for various household appliances and jet fuel.
Deep hydrogenation kerosene (dearomatized) is used as a solvent in solution polymerization in the production of PVC. For use in washing machines, additives are added to kerosene that contain salts of Mg and Cr. The mixture of kerosene and additive prevents the accumulation of static electricity charges.
The use of kerosene is very diverse and extensive. In the early years of its existence, kerosene was used only as a material for lighting. Despite the enormous progress since those times, kerosene is still used today for lighting purposes in lighting and incandescent lamps. Metal cutting, household heaters, lacquer thinner, leather impregnation - these are all where kerosene is also used.
If kerosene is considered as a fuel, its main qualities are the height of a non-smoky flame (VPN). Kerosene is also characterized by flash and cloud points, which is very important for air flights at altitude, where the air temperature is very low, which means that kerosene as a fuel should not turn into crystals. This indicator ensures the safety of using kerosene in difficult temperature conditions. Another important property of kerosene is a small amount of sulfur, which ensures environmental standards when used near a person.
Kerosene today, however, like hundreds of years ago, is widely used both in human life and in industry and technology. Few people know its history, its stages of development and improvement. But kerosene is very important raw material.
Receiving kerosene
Kerosene is obtained by distillation or rectification of black gold.
In the process of primary processing, crude oil is purified from formation water, impurities of inorganic substances, etc. Then the refined oil is subjected to direct distillation for modern installations. At the first stage, the distillation is carried out under atmospheric pressure conditions. When black gold is heated to 250 degrees C, hydrocarbons related to gasoline and naphtha fractions boil away. Within temperatures of 250? 315 degrees C, kerosene-gas oil fractions are released, and at 300? 350 deg.C? oil (solar) fraction. The rest is called oil.
Rectification (from the late Latin rectificatio - straightening, correction), one of the methods for separating liquid mixtures, based on the different distribution of the components of the mixture between the liquid and vapor phases. Steam and liquid flows in process rectification, moving countercurrent, repeatedly contact each other in special devices(distillation columns). Part of the steam (or liquid) leaving the apparatus returns back after condensation (for steam) or evaporation (for liquid). Such a countercurrent movement of the contacting flows is accompanied by processes heat transfer and mass transfer, which at each stage of contact proceed (in the limit) to a state of equilibrium; in this case, the ascending steam flows are continuously enriched in more volatile components, and the flowing liquid is enriched in less volatile ones. With the cost of the same amount of heat as in distillation, rectification allows you to achieve greater extraction and enrichment for the desired component or group of components.
Apparatus used for rectification - distillation columns - consist of the column itself, where countercurrent contact of vapor and liquid is carried out, and devices in which the liquid evaporates and vapor condenses - a cube and a reflux condenser. The column is a vertically standing hollow cylinder, inside of which the so-called. plates (contact devices of various designs) or figured lumpy material is placed - a nozzle. The cube and reflux condenser are usually shell-and-tube heat exchangers (tube furnaces and rotary evaporators are also used).
Distinguish between continuous and periodic rectification. In the first case, the mixture to be separated is continuously fed into the distillation column, and two or more fractions enriched in some components and depleted in others are continuously withdrawn from the column. A complete column consists of 2 sections - strengthening and exhaustive. The initial mixture (usually at the boiling point) is fed into the column, where it is mixed with the so-called. extracted liquid and flows down the contact devices (trays or nozzles) of the exhaustive section countercurrent to the rising steam flow. Having reached the bottom of the column, the liquid flow, enriched with heavy volatile components, is fed into the cube of the column. Here, the liquid is partially vaporized by heating with a suitable heat transfer medium, and the vapor is again supplied to the exhaust section. The steam coming out of this section (the so-called stripper) enters the strengthening section. After passing it, the vapor enriched with volatile components enters the reflux condenser, where it is usually completely condensed with a suitable refrigerant. The resulting liquid is divided into 2 streams: and phlegm. Distillate is a product flow, and the phlegm is supplied to the irrigation of the strengthening section, through the contact devices of which it flows. Part of the liquid is removed from the cube of the column in the form of a so-called. VAT residue (also product flow).
With periodic rectification, the initial liquid mixture is simultaneously loaded into the cube of the column, the capacity of which corresponds to the desired performance. Vapors from the cube enter the column and rise to the reflux condenser, where they condense. In the initial period all condensate is returned to the column, which corresponds to the so-called. full irrigation regime. Then the condensate is divided into phlegm and distillate. As the distillate is withdrawn (either at a constant reflux ratio, or with its change), first the volatile components are removed from the column, then the medium volatile ones, etc. The desired fraction (or fractions) is taken into the appropriate collection. The operation continues until complete processing of the initially loaded mixture.
The use of kerosene
Kerosene is used as a jet fuel, a combustible component of liquid rocket fuel, a fuel for firing glass and porcelain products, for household heating and lighting devices, and in cutting machines. metals, as a solvent (e.g. for applying pesticides), raw material for oil refinery industry.
Aviation kerosene
Aviation kerosene, or aviation kerosene, is used in aircraft engines not only as fuel, but also refrigerant and is used to lubricate parts of fuel systems. Therefore, it must have good anti-wear (characterize a decrease in wear of rubbing surfaces in the presence of fuel) and low-temperature properties, high thermal-oxidative stability and high specific heat of combustion.
Aviation kerosene TS-1 (GOST 10227-86) is obtained from the middle distillate fraction of black gold by direct distillation of black gold, or in a mixture with a hydrotreated or demercaptanized component. To bring the fuel to the requirements of the standard for the composition of the total or mercaptan sulfur either hydrotreating or demercaptanization is used.
Main performance characteristics (kerosene TS-1 aviation): good volatility to ensure complete combustion; high completeness and heat of combustion to determine the flight range; good pumpability and low temperature properties for feeding into the combustion chamber; low tendency to form deposits; good material compatibility and anti-wear and anti-static properties.
Scope: aviation kerosene TS-1 is intended for use in subsonic aircraft.
Specifications (kerosene TS-1 aviation):
Density at 20°С — not less than 780 kg/m3.
The distillation start temperature is 150°C.
10% is distilled off at a temperature not higher than 165°C.
50% is distilled off at a temperature not higher than 195°C.
90% is distilled off at a temperature not higher than 230°С
98% is distilled off at a temperature not higher than 250°С
Kinematic viscosity: at 20°C, not less than 1.3 (1.3) mm2/s (cSt).
Kinematic viscosity: at -40°C, not more than 8 mm2/s (cSt).
Low calorific value - not less than 43120 kJ / kg.
The height of the non-smoky flame is at least 25 mm.
Acidity, mg KOH per 100 cm3 of fuel, not more than 0.7.
Iodine number, g of iodine per 100 g of fuel, not more than 2.5.
Flash point, determined in a closed crucible - not lower than 28 ° С
The temperature of the beginning of crystallization is not higher than -50°С
Thermal-oxidative stability under static conditions at 150°С, concentration of sediments per 100 cm3 of fuel, no more than 18.
Mass fraction of aromatic hydrocarbons - no more than 22%.
Mass fraction of the total sulfur- no more than 0.2%.
Mass fraction of mercaptan sulfur - no more than 0.003%
Copper strip test at 100°C, 3 hours pass.
Ash content - no more than 0.003%.
Rocket fuel
Kerosene is used in rocket technology as a hydrocarbon fuel and at the same time as the working fluid of hydraulic machines. The use of kerosene in rocket engines was proposed by Tsiolkovsky in 1914. Paired with liquid oxygen, it is used on the lower stages of many launch vehicles: domestic ones - Soyuz, Molniya, Zenit, Energiya; American - series "Delta" and "Atlas". In the future, it is planned to replace kerosene with more efficient hydrocarbon fuels - methane, ethane, propane, etc.
technical kerosene
Technical kerosene is used as a raw material for the pyrolytic production of ethylene, propylene and aromatic hydrocarbons, as a fuel mainly in the firing of glass and porcelain products, as a solvent when washing mechanisms and parts. Kerosene, dearomatized by deep hydrogenation (contains no more than 7% aromatic hydrocarbons), is a solvent in the production of PVC by polymerization in solution. In kerosene used in washing machines to prevent the accumulation of static charges electricity add additives containing salts of magnesium and chromium. AT Russian Federation norms for technical kerosene are set by GOST 18499-73 "kerosene for technical purposes"
Lighting kerosene
Lighting kerosene is mainly used in kerosene and incandescent lamps and, in addition, as a fuel in cutting machines. metals and in household heating appliances, as a solvent in the production of films and varnishes, when impregnating leather and washing parts in electrical and mechanical workshops. In the case of use for its main purpose, the quality of this kerosene is determined mainly by the height of the non-smoking flame (GNP), as well as the flash and cloud points (the temperature of precipitation of solid hydrocarbon crystals from kerosene; characterizes its performance at a relatively low ambient temperature), the minimum content of S (kerosene should burn without releasing products harmful to humans) and color.
GNP determines the ability of kerosene to burn in a standard wick lamp (wick diameter 6 mm) with an even white flame without soot and soot; the numerical values of this indicator are included (in mm) in the designations of kerosene grades. The fractional and chemical composition kerosene. To prevent charring of the wick and clogging of its pores with resins, naphthenic acids, etc. (as a result of which the supply of kerosene through the wick and the light intensity are reduced), high-quality kerosene should contain the maximum amount of light fractions. Therefore, in the composition of lighting kerosene, an increased content of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons and a reduced aromatic hydrocarbon are preferable, which leads to a decrease in soot and soot and an increase in GNP. Hydrotreating also contributes to the increase in the latter and the improvement of other operational properties of kerosene.
Kerosene treatment
Medicinal properties and contraindications of kerosene
Oil, which was called "earth oil", has long been used to treat many skin diseases. And after the invention of kerosene (in 1823), the distillation products of black gold were widely used among the people for both external and internal acid digestion.
Today, kerosene is used to treat:
nervous diseases;
bruises, dislocations and sprains;
ENT diseases (tonsillitis, sinusitis, rhinitis);
respiratory diseases;
tuberculosis;
skin diseases (eczema, psoriasis, lichen, warts, etc.);
blood diseases;
headaches;
diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
chronic diseases of the genitourinary sphere;
diseases of the cardiovascular system;
joint pain;
oncopathology.
Kerosene is contraindicated, first of all, in the treatment of children. In addition, the use of kerosene is not recommended for those in whom it causes irritation of the skin and mucous membranes, as well as allergic reactions.
Purification of household kerosene
Far from any kerosene is suitable for medicinal purposes. To do this, you need to take clarified kerosene, which must first be cleaned. What is the best way to do this?
Method one
Pour 1 liter of kerosene and 1 liter of boiling water into a three-liter jar. bank close with a plastic lid and, putting on gloves so as not to burn your hands, shake it several times and let it stand for several minutes. Then pump out the water with a hose. Dirt accumulates in the separating layer of the liquid. tilted bank, together with a part of kerosene, drain it into a separate bowl for subsequent cleaning.
Method two
To make kerosene suitable for treatment, you need to take ordinary kerosene, pour it into a half-liter bottle, add 3 tablespoons of Extra salt there, and then strain it through cotton and bandage into another bottle so that it is completely filled. Salt will remain at the bottom. In no case should the salt be mixed.
But that's not all. To prepare exceptionally pure kerosene, you will need to additionally build something like a water bath. To do this, some kind of support is placed in a deep pan, and the pan is filled with cold water. A glass jar filled with pre-cleaned kerosene is placed in a saucepan on a stand. After that, the pan is put on a slow fire. Do not close the bottle and pot with a lid.
From the moment of boiling water, kerosene is kept in a water bath for 1.5 hours. Then the glass jar is taken out of the water, trying not to shake the remaining at the bottom table salt. The resulting liquid should be poured into a dark glass container.
The unpleasant specific smell of kerosene can be eliminated by filtering it additionally through activated carbon.
By the way, in no case should you replace kerosene with gasoline, since it has a much higher toxicity.
First aid for kerosene poisoning
The methods of using kerosene for medicinal purposes given on our website suggest that its single dose does not exceed one tablespoon. At the same time, it is known that the lethal amount of kerosene is about half a liter. That is, even if kerosene self-treatment does not have the expected effect from it, then, at least, it will not cause tangible harm to health either.
However, first of all, I want to warn that this information is in no way medical recommendations and the data given here is nothing more than a collection of “folk” recipes for self-healing with the help of kerosene and its preparations that I have not personally verified.
Below is a method for providing emergency care with kerosene poisoning.
In case of inhalation of kerosene vapors - remove the victim from the room saturated with kerosene vapors. Provide fresh air supply.
When swallowing kerosene, do a gastric lavage through a tube, or give the victim to drink more liquid and cause a gag reflex. Give to drink 200 ml of vaseline oil or an aqueous suspension of activated charcoal.
Take the victim to the nearest medical facility.
antique kerosene
I'm not sure that anyone from Borisov buys kerosene today. Meanwhile, for many decades this oil product, like bread, salt and matches, was a product of prime necessity and everyday demand. In tsarist times, shops under the sign "Nobel" were engaged in the trade of kerosene in the city. Then this product could be bought at any hardware store, where there was always a barrel with a primitive pump, with which kerosene was pumped into a wide tank and from there poured into a container with a measured liter buyer(usually it was a 5-liter tin can with a narrow neck).
Kerosene shop
In the post-war period, several typical brick stores were built in Borisov for sales kerosene. I remember such a store on Matrosova Lane. There, I had to buy this flammable liquid more than once, sometimes standing for several hours in a long queue. There were periods when kerosene turned into such that it had to be looked for outside the city in rural stores (I myself repeatedly went to Loshnitsa, located 18 km from the city, with a 10-liter canister).
Today, probably, not everyone knows why kerosene was needed in the house. I think that not everyone has seen the legendary kerosene-powered brass kerosene stove, Swedish of the 19th century, which has become a necessary heating device in almost every urban family.
Working with a primus stove required a certain skill and foresight. In the kerosene tank, using a pump, it was necessary to create the necessary pressure, which pushed the fuel into the burner through a narrow jet. The jet was often clogged, and it had to be cleaned with special needles, which were always commercially available. The primus flame could be adjusted with a tap. The food on the primus was cooked very quickly, and the fuel in the tank was enough for up to two hours of work. With a long work For reasons of fire safety, it was recommended to cover the primus tank with a wet rag.
Other heating devices of that time included a kerosene stove, which, unlike a stove, worked silently and on the principles of a kerosene lamp, that is, on wicks, of which there were two or three in each device. The flame adjustment was aimed at preventing soot. To observe the flame in the kerosene, a special window was provided.
Absolutely silently, like a kerosene stove, kerosene gas worked - an innovation adopted from the Germans and spread in the USSR after the war. This device also had a wick, but thanks to a special gas-forming chamber-burner, its purpose was auxiliary, since the source of combustion was not liquid kerosene, but its gaseous state. Due to their efficiency, convenience and simplicity, kerosene gases replaced both stoves and kerosene stoves, but at the same time they often became a source of fires.
Of course, electric stoves were also used, but they were not so economical, since the cost of kerosene was much cheaper than electricity.
Demand began to fall on kerosene in the late 50s of the twentieth century, when liquefied gas(came to Borisov in 1978).
The era of kerosene today remains only in the memory of the older generation. Before his eyes, the path to microwave ovens and ovens with software. And all these stoves, kerosene stoves, kerosene gas turned into unnecessary utensils, suitable only as museum exhibits. Yes, and kerosene as household product fit to classify as antiques.
Sources
http://ru.wikipedia.org Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
http://www.eurodisel.ru/ Eurodiesel
http://fuel.ctnet.ru/ All about petroleum products
http://www.dalneft.ru DalAvtoGaz
http://www.nmedik.ru/ Folk medicine
Encyclopedia of the investor. 2013 .
Synonyms:As a product of oil distillation, it can have different operational and chemical-physical characteristics, which depend on the processing option and the composition of the oil used. The composition of the product may include the following hydrocarbons in different percentages: aliphatic saturated (from 20 to 60 percent), naphthenic (from 20 to fifty), bicyclic (from 5 to 25), unsaturated. In addition, kerosenes may contain compounds based on sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen. Changing the composition changes the characteristics, which is reflected in the ego physical properties, which determine the possibilities of using this oil product to solve certain problems. Thus, it is possible to make a classification of types of kerosene according to the field of its application.
Already from the name of this type of kerosene it becomes clear that it is used in aviation as a fuel for jet and turboprop engines. But besides this, aviation kerosene serves two more functions. It serves:
- refrigerant for aircraft;
- lubricant for fuel system components.
The main requirements for aviation fuel can be formulated as follows:
- high antiwear and lubricating characteristics;
- low temperature qualities;
- resistance to thermal oxidation;
- high heat of combustion.
As a rule, distillates are used as aviation fuel, including gas oil, naphtha and kerosene fractions themselves, as well as gasoline distillates with a boiling point limit of 60°C to 220°C.
The domestic industry produces the following types of aviation kerosene:
- TC1 (a product of direct oil distillation with a fraction from 150 to 250 degrees). To reduce the percentage of sulfur, the oil product, if necessary, is subjected to hydrotreatment. To preserve the lubricating properties that sulfur compounds provide, refined kerosenes are mixed with straight distillation products. This type of kerosene has found application as a fuel material for subsonic military and civil aviation.
- T6 (obtained by deep hydrogenation of direct distillation fractions) does not apply to mass products and is mainly used for refueling supersonic aircraft of the Air Force.
- Т8В (hydrotreatment product from fractions with boiling point from 165 to 280 degrees). Used for supersonic military aircraft.
- RT (produced by hydrotreating kerosene fractions boiling off at temperatures from 135 to 280 degrees) is, along with TC1, a mass-produced product. To improve anti-wear properties, special additives are added to such fuel. This type of kerosene fully complies with international quality standards and can last up to ten years.
- T1 (obtained as a result of the distillation of low-sulfur grades of oil from fractions that boil away at temperature regime from 130 to 280 degrees). Such a product, despite the low sulfur content, has excellent lubricating characteristics, which are provided by the presence of naphthenic acids. But, at the same time, this type of kerosene is characterized by low temperature stability and contributes to the formation of deposits on engine elements. This type kerosene is produced in limited quantities of the first grade.
- T2 (a product of direct distillation of fractions with a boiling point from 60 to 280 degrees) includes gasoline fractions up to 2/5, therefore it has a low density. The use of such kerosene limits the altitude of flights. Most often, this type of kerosene is used as a backup fuel.
technical kerosene