The capital of Thailand: Bangkok, thousand inhabitants. Big cities: Chiang Mai (700 thousand inhabitants); Chiang Rai (150 thousand inhabitants)
Approximately 90% of all annual precipitation in Thailand is due to southwestern monsoon. It is very difficult to determine the duration of the rainy season, it begins in May, the same month there is a maximum of precipitation. The rainy season lasts a little less than half a year, the average annual rainfall in the country is 1600 mm
Thailand is rich water resources full-flowing rivers flow along its territory and borders, on which several large reservoirs have been built. The total annual precipitation for all river basins is 800 billion m³, 75% of which evaporates and seeps into aquifers, and the remaining 25% (200 billion m³) flows into rivers, lakes and reservoirs
The river network of Thailand is dense. Rivers are characterized by sharp changes in water content throughout the year and high floods during the monsoon rainy season. Of particular importance in the life of the country is the Menam Chao Phraya River, the longest and most abundant river in Thailand. Its length is km. Together with its tributaries, it irrigates those areas where rice is grown.
The soils in the river valleys are alluvial and meadow, while the floodplains of the central plain are the most fertile. In the Chao Phraya Delta, dense clay soils with low water permeability retain moisture well on bunded rice fields. Outside the valleys in the central part, brown soils predominate, and in the lowlands of the peninsular part, red and yellow soils.
Large animals living in Thailand: elephant (domesticated), Malay bear, rare black-backed tapir, wild boar. Elephant-Malay bear black-backed tapir wild boar Predators and felids: tiger, rare clouded leopard, panther, fishing cat, jungle cat, Bengal cat, mongoose. tiger clouded leopard panther cat angler jungle cat bengal cat mongoose new Various monkeys white-armed gibbon, short-tailed macaque, rhesus monkey, crested monkeys, white-armed gibbon short-tailed rhesus macaque crested monkeys Rodents are represented by squirrels.
Birds are represented by forest-dwelling pheasants, peacocks, parrots, wild chickens, hornbills, myna. In swampy areas live heron, stork, ibis, Siamese red-throated crane. Among predatory species are eagles, falcons, kites. There are many insects, including termites, over 500 species of butterflies, and bats.
Thailand is famous for its folk art crafts. They are found throughout the largest centers of crafts in Bangkok and Chiang Mai. Thailand is one of Asia's largest producers of silk and cotton products, furniture and carved wood products.
Thailand is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of rice: annually the country supplies the world market with up to 9 million tons of rice of various varieties. Other popular crops are cassava, corn, sweet potatoes, pineapples, coconuts, bananas. The country receives large incomes from the export of the "king of fruits" durian
The country has a well-developed textile and food industry. In Thailand, textiles and clothing are produced, and agricultural products are processed. It produces drinks, tobacco, cement, jewelry and electrical appliances. The country produces computers and components, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics, automobiles and automotive parts.
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KINGDOM OF THAILAND state South-East Asia, located in the southwestern part of the Indochina peninsula and in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula. Until 1939 it was called Siam; the word "thai" (ไทย) means "freedom". The name justifies itself: Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia that has retained its independence, while all neighboring countries were colonies of France or Great Britain.
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CLIMATE air temperature - the closer you are to the equator, the smaller the temperature difference. So in the coolest months from +20 to +27, the night air temperature can drop to zero in the mountains in the north, while during the day it reaches +25. The highest temperature is observed in April and May - then it is above +35 (normal), but it can also be up to +40 in the shade.
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POPULATION The population of Thailand is mainly composed of ethnic Thais (~80%) and Laotians. There is also a large community of ethnic Chinese (~10%), Other ethnic groups are represented by Malays, Hmong, Khmers, as well as Vietnamese, who have settled in eastern Thailand since the Vietnam War.
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RELIGION 94.6% of the people of Thailand practice Buddhism. 4.6% are Muslims - mostly Malays living in the south of the country.
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ARCHITECTURE Thai architecture, represented mainly by monasteries, intricately combines Indian and Chinese elements. They, like sculpture, differ in style according to the period of construction and local traditions. The most striking example of the original architectural creativity of the Thais is the complex of temples and the Grand Royal Palace in Bangkok.
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MUSIC In the ceremonial, court and religious life of the Thais, music has always occupied an important place. The traditional orchestra consists of gongs, bells, strings, xylophones. For Europeans, Thai music sounds quite unusual. It still accompanies important public ceremonies and classical theater performances today.
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Culture: Culture of Thailand In Thailand, any head is sacred or supreme in the truest sense of the word, it does not depend on what it is intended for. In accordance with the Thai religion, there is a spirit in the head that protects the life of a person. Therefore, touching someone else's head or stirring up their hair indicates that you wanted to offend the person. In no case should a person be hooked with a foot or an indecent part of the body. For the people of Thailand, a calm tone is considered normal. In no case do not need friendly pats on the shoulder, but the peculiarities of raising your voice: this behavior will cause the Thais to feel uncomfortable and humiliated. In the event that something does not suit you, you need to restrain your ardor and explain everything quietly and peacefully in a calm state. Don't try to speak loudly - you won't be heard! The language in Thailand has something in common with singing, or rather with the chirping of birds. Make an effort to sing along with them in the same tones, it will be an amazing success in the company and servants. Shoes are scrupulous in this country: they must be removed before entering the temple, and into the house. Even in the case when they invite you to visit and tactfully offer "you can not take off your shoes" anyway, it's better to take off your shoes. Sitting with legs crossed (as is customary in India or Asia) in some villages - according to Thai customs, it does not make sense even for a man. it will be considered an insult to others. People in Thailand are always smiling. Restrained behavior does not interfere with the cheerfulness of the people of the country. In all other understandings, Thais are balanced and normally relate to some of the shortcomings of people, in any case, very kindly. They are extremely hospitable, joyfully meet foreigners, especially if trips to Thailand make the country rich.
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Political development: According to the constitution adopted on October 11, 1997, Thailand is a constitutional monarchy. The head of state is the king. He is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the country. The current king is Bhumibol Adulyadej. Under the king, there is a Privy Council, consisting of 14 people. The highest legislative body is the bicameral National Assembly (Parliament), consisting of the Senate (268 people), appointed by the king, and the House of Representatives (357 people), directly elected by the population of the country for 4 years. executive power belongs to the government headed by the prime minister. The current Prime Minister of Thailand is Thaksin Chinwat. Political parties: Democratic Party (headed by Chan Likphau), Liberal Democratic Party (Seri Tam), Thailand National Party (Chat Haik) and others. democracy as a form of government (despite differences in the understanding of the word "democracy", for example, in socialist North Vietnam and South Vietnam, monarchical Laos and "Buddhist-socialist" Burma), in Thailand, never a colony, no less nationalist rule was established in the form of a rigid military dictatorship. Moreover, throughout the entire post-war history until the end of the seventies, regular attempts to transition to democracy invariably ended in another military coup, of which there were 17 in the post-war period.
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The constitution was adopted and repealed, then adopted again, often in an amended form. The constitution was adopted and repealed, then adopted again, often in an amended form. By the end of the 1970s, however, the political reality in Southeast Asia had changed radically. In neighboring countries, by this time, the word "democracy" had practically lost its original appeal, and the socialist united Vietnam, socialist Laos and Cambodia entered the scene, adopting the term "dictatorship of the proletariat", the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma, completely controlled by local armed forces. In another part of Southeast Asia - Malaysia and Indonesia, in the Catholic Philippines, the situation with democracy was no better. By the 1990s, a purely military government already existed in Burma, democracy was built in Cambodia with the help of a contingent of UN troops, Vietnam and Laos, following China, were looking for ways to combine the capitalist market with a socialist form of government, and in the south of the region, proclaimed democratic ideals were silently sacrificed to intense economic development. Thailand, having gone through the fire and water of internal political struggle, already in the eighties, during the premiership of Chatchai Chunghovan, turned out to be closer than all its neighbors to the realization of the dream of a really functioning democracy. The greatest shifts took place in Thai society in the nineties. Despite the fact that the military coup of 1991 nevertheless "wormed its way into the history of even the last ten years", however, it also took place under anti-corruption slogans, as a result of which the crystal clear and wise Anand Panyarachun became the prime minister, and a year later with little power returned to the hands of the people.
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King Rama IX of Thailand from the Chakri dynasty. He was born in 1927, ascended the throne in 1946, and has since experienced 20 prime ministers, 16 constitutions and 18 coup attempts. King Bhumibol Adulyadej is the longest-reigning monarch in the world. And the richest King in Thailand is not only the head of state and supreme commander of the armed forces, but also the patron of all religions. Despite the fact that according to the constitution, the god-like king does not have real power, this does not prevent him from being the most powerful bearer of it. Some facts: The current king of Thailand is Rama IX. The king's wife is the daughter of the Thai ambassador to France, the king met her during his stay in Paris. Rama IX rules the country for more years than any other living monarch in the world, in addition, his reign (1946+) is the longest in Thai history. Thailand's system of succession to the throne allows women to rule; if the only son of the current king, after the death of the latter, renounces the throne, then his sister will rule the country. (Now, by the way, this is coming). The most respected kings of Thailand in its entire history are Rama V Chulalongkorn and the current Rama 9. The Thai state had the greatest military power during the reign of Ramkhamhaeng, in the 13th century. The man who has ruled the country longer than any monarch in the world and who has earned the immense loyalty of his people, seemed very far from the throne at the time of his birth in 1927 in Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA). By the way, he is the only Thai in the country who has dual citizenship - American and Thai. At that time, King Pratchathipok ruled the country, and several of his sons came first in the order of succession to the throne. Also alive were his father, Prince Mahidon Songla, who studied medicine at Harvard University, and his older brother, Prince Ananda Mahidon. It seemed that the future King Bhumi Pong Adulyadej would have a more or less ordinary life in relative obscurity, although no doubt strictly guided by his father, who wanted to use his education and social status to improve the social welfare of the Siamese people. The Lord, however, judged otherwise. Prince Mahidon died in 1929, followed by the abdication of King Prajathipok in 1935. The young king Ananda Mahidon spent the first 11 years of his reign mainly in Switzerland with his mother, sister and younger brother, where he continued his education until he was called to his homeland due to the outbreak of World War II. In 1946, he died, and Prince Bhumibol Adulyadej, then 19 years old, unexpectedly became the ninth king of the Chakri dynasty. Subsequently, he returned to Lucerne to continue his education, studying political science, according to his new role. Two years later, during a visit to Fontainebleau, he met the young and beautiful Mom Rachawong Sirikit Kittiyakar, daughter of the Thai Ambassador to France, HH Prince Nakkatrmongkla Kittiyakar.
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Thailand is the world-famous seaside resorts of Pattaya, Phuket and Koh Samui, a unique opportunity to visit the "City of Angels" Bangkok and experience the hospitality of the "Land of Smiles". Local time in Thailand differs from Greenwich Mean Time by 7 hours ahead, and from Moscow time by 4 hours ahead in winter, in summer time- 3 hours ahead.
The territory of the Kingdom of Thailand stretches for 1500 km from north to south and almost 800 km from west to east. In its geographical outline, Thailand resembles the head of an elephant. The "head" occupies the southern part of the Indochinese Peninsula, and the "trunk" performs a strip of land (less than 13 km wide) on the Malay Peninsula. They border on Thailand: Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia and Myanmar (Burma). In the north of Thailand, the spurs of the Himalayas covered with forests stretch. Their highest peak is Doi Inthanon (2595 m). In the east, surrounded by mountain ranges, the Korat mountain plateau stretches. In the west of the country, the Socrates mountain range is covered with impenetrable forests and serves as a kind of barrier between the central regions and Myanmar (Burma). The ridge also covers the northern part of the Malay Peninsula, which led to the mountainous terrain of southern Thailand. The southern coast of the country, with countless bays and beaches, is washed by the waves of the Andaman Sea and the Indian Ocean in the west and the South China with the Gulf of Thailand in the east.
Throughout its long history, Thailand has easily welcomed migrants, many of whom were writers, artists, sculptors and architects. Their craftsmanship helped enrich the local culture. About 70 million people live here. The population of Thailand is homogeneous, more than 90% of the population is literate, Buddhism prevails among religions. The current population of Thailand belongs to various ethnic groups. These are mainly Thais, Mons, Khmers, Laotians, Chinese, Malays, Persians and Indians themselves. As a result of this mixing, there are no Thais in Thailand with the typical Thai physique and face. Here you can meet tall and short, chubby, dark-skinned and fair-haired Thais. 80% of the Thai population is associated with agriculture. AT countryside many ancient traditions, religious rites and holidays are preserved. POPULATION
More than 90% of Thais practice Theravadian Buddhism - the southern direction. In addition to the traditional morality that provides social cohesion and offers spiritual support, Buddhism has promoted the active development of arts and crafts. The multi-tiered temples of Thailand are works of high artistic skill. There is hardly a Thai family in which a family member - a man - would not study the teachings of the Buddha in a monastery. According to ancient tradition, every male Buddhist over twenty years of age, at least once in his life, is ordained to the priesthood for a period of five days to three months. This usually happens during the rainy season, when all the monks refrain from traveling and stay in their monasteries. Thais traditionally support the idea of freedom of conscience and religion, thanks to which Muslims, Christians, Hindus and Sikhs can freely practice their faith. religion
For the average tourist, written and spoken Thai seem incomprehensible. However, English is widely spoken. In Bangkok, for example, it is the main business. English and other European languages are spoken by most of the hotel staff, the main travel agencies, shops and restaurants. LANGUAGE
The climate in Thailand is tropical and there are three distinct weather periods (seasons). The rainy season - lasts from May to October, throughout the country dominated by southeast monsoons, bringing heavy rains. Dry winter - lasts from November to February, when the weather is mild, and the daytime temperature is not much lower than the annual average. In the north, the temperature can drop to 0 C at night, and in Bangkok and the central part of the country it is about 16 C. In the south of the country, the temperature is much higher. The hot season is from March to May. At this time, strong heat and high humidity are set, and there is practically no precipitation.
In the eastern part of the country, its own special microclimate was formed (due to the violation of the natural environment - deforestation). It is characterized by uniform rainfall throughout the year. In September, there is a sharp increase in showers. The ideal place to stay in Thailand is winter. There is practically no rain at this time, and they do not interfere with hiking and a wonderful beach holiday. In the hot season, it is most preferable to relax on the islands, where the sea protects vacationers from the scorching heat. Conclusion: geographical position Thailand favorable, the total area of 514 thousand square meters. km, there is access to the seas.
Respecting the past, Thais enjoy modern life to the fullest. And the greatest of all pleasures and pastimes is the ability to eat deliciously. Thai cuisine is a marvelous find for gourmets, it is characterized by richness and all kinds of spices and offers a huge selection of different dishes. Seafood is an integral part of Thai cuisine: fish, crab, lobster, shrimp, etc.
Tin plays the main role among the mineral resources of the country. The total possible reserves of tin ore are estimated at 1.5 million tons, and reliable - at 500 thousand tons. The ore is very different high quality. In terms of reserves, production and export of tin, Thailand ranks third in the world after Malaysia and Bolivia and second in Asia. an export-oriented industrial sector was created, primarily for the production of labor-intensive goods such as textiles, clothing, shoes, wood and wicker furniture, later - plastic goods, electrical appliances, the next stage - the assembly of electronics, cars, etc. late 1990s began to develop a high-tech sector for the production of parts for computers, parts for the automotive industry.
Thailand is an agro-industrial country with a pronounced export orientation. Main crop: rice export goods were rice, rubber, tin. In addition to rice, the export of which Thailand ranks first in the world (in 2000, its exports amounted to 6.14 million tons), exports are tapioca, canned fruits, frozen seafood, poultry, palm oil, rubber, flowers (orchids ). Thailand occupies a leading position in the export of agricultural products.
