Pamphlet
Pamphlet
PAMFLET - is a work usually directed against the political system as a whole or its individual parties, against a particular social group, party, government, etc., often through the exposure of their individual representatives. P.'s task is to ridicule, to shame this phenomenon, this person. P., creating the image of the exposed figure, seeks to present him as a certain individuality - he scourges him in his political life, life, individual characteristics, in order to make an even stronger blow to the political line he represents.
This desire to show a certain human figure brings the pamphlet closer to a certain extent to fiction, the work of the pamphleteer - to the work of a writer who creates a "typical character", and, in contrast to the artistic generalization, P. has in mind precisely a specific, specific person, specific facts (i.e., specific facts). e., first of all, eliminates the element of fiction).
Naturally, the P. of a certain class is characterized by those literary and artistic features of the individualization of the character, which are inherent in the artistic and literary style of this class. The negative orientation that characterizes the pamphlet - its setting for denial, exposure, ridicule - makes the pamphlet related to satirical views. fiction: P. is ironic, polemical. Hence, the pamphleteer's artistic manner is further complicated by the peculiarities of artistic and literary satire, various types of irony, hyperbolization, etc.
So. arr. P. is a kind of politically saturated, predominantly journalistic (sometimes philosophical, scientific, etc.) literature, which in some respects is close to artistic and literary satire. At the same time, pamphletery can also take place in fiction, i.e. the introduction into a literary work of a character representing, to one degree or another, a portrait characteristic of the appearance, behavior, etc. of a certain person (for example, the image of Karmazinov in Dostoevsky's Possessed). So. arr. The relationship between literature and fiction is very diverse and is determined by given historical conditions. Hence the question of P. is one of the particular questions of the problem of the relationship between journalism and fiction, their mutual transitions in certain concrete historical conditions (see Journalism).
Classical P. was created by the young bourgeoisie in the process of the struggle of the emerging bourgeois society with feudalism, the medieval church, and scholastic philosophy. One of the first outstanding masters of P. was Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536). His "Praise of Stupidity" (Lob der Torheit, 1509) is directed against princes, priests, scholastics and is a vividly satirical work. Such are the “Letters of dark people” (Epistolae obscurorum virorum, 1515-1517) - a satire pamphlet by Hutten and Reuchlin. Hutten (1488-1523) also owns pamphlets: "Bulla" (Bulla), "Counselors" (Consilia, 1521), "Robbers" (Praedones, 1521).
P. was widely used in the bourgeois revolutions of the 17th and 18th centuries. Although newspapers already existed at this time, their publication was the monopoly of the absolutist government. They were more like court trade bulletins. The political literary struggle made its way through pamphlets and leaflets, with the help of which P. and went out. In the era before the English Revolution, the pamphlets of Milton (1608-1674) against the bishops were extremely popular. The revolutionary petty-bourgeois party of the Levellers (Lilleburn, 1614-1657) flooded the country with fighting battles against the monarchy, the landlords, and big capitalists. Known loud fame Swift (1667-1745) as the author of P. "Letters of a clothmaker" (Drapier Letters, 1724) and "Tale of a Tub" (Tale of a Tub, 1704). They were directed against the reactionary British government. Defoe, who attacked clerical obscurantism in P. "The shortest way with the Dissenters" (The shortest Way with the Dissenters, 1702), paid with a pillory and a prison. P. also enjoyed political reaction in the struggle against the revolutionary movement. Edmond Bork (E. Burk, 1729-1797), the ideologist of the English large landownership, the mortal enemy of the French Revolution, became famous for his bright P. In P. “Letters on a Regicide Peace” (Letters on a Regicide Peace, 1796), he demanded the continuation of the war with France.
The new kind P. is created in the political literature of the French Revolution of the XVIII century. and occupies a large place in it. It received a rich development even in the previous era (for example, P., directed against Mazarin and called "Mazarinade"). They caused the appearance of special ordinances directed against pamphlet journalism. Prohibitions did not hold back this literature. It became a sharp weapon of the "enlighteners" of the 18th century. Voltaire and Diderot wrote under different names P. against the church, the nobility and the monarchy. Sieyès's pamphlet "What is the Third Estate"?..." (Qu'est-ce que le tiers etat?.., 1789) - with the historical words "What is the Third Estate? Nothing. What should it become? Everyone" - immortalized the author more than his entire political activity.
P.'s collection was essentially the first political newspaper born of the Great French Revolution. The newspaper "Revolutions of France and Brabant" (Les Revolutions de France et de Brabant, 1791) by Camille Dumoulin was only a continuation of his P. "Letters from a lantern to Parisians" (Discours de la lanterne aux Parisiens, 1789). Marat's "Friend of the People" (L'ami du peuple, 1789-1792) was also a periodical pamphlet.
The political newspaper was born from P., but in many ways it also replaced it as the main dominant type of journalism. P. as an independent pamphlet, leaflet, etc., occasionally and unexpectedly published, was replaced by a periodical newspaper with articles that in some cases retained a pamphlet character, articles in magazines, etc., representing a new, modified form of P. Having mastered the newspaper and Having made it an instrument of its political struggle against its former adversary, the remnants of feudalism, and against its new enemy, the working class, the bourgeoisie is turning propaganda into an auxiliary weapon of journalism. In the newspaper itself, the pamphlet is differentiated. Programmatic and political argumentation takes the form of "advanced", polemics and satire give rise to the form of a journalistic feuilleton.
In modern times, P. is becoming to a greater extent a weapon of the left-wing radical petty bourgeoisie and the growing proletariat. Revolutions in the first half of the 19th century they create in France such pamphleteers as Paul Louis Courier (1772-1825), de Cormenin (1788-1868), Rochefort (1830-1913), in Germany - Berne ("Menzel the French-eater" - "Menzel der Franzosenfresser", 1836) , Heine (1797-1856). In England, P. is spreading in various political campaigns. Numerous pamphlets were published in connection with the Poor Law (1828–1834), the Corn Laws (1841–1848), the Crimean War, and the uprisings in India and Ireland. He was strangled by tsarist censorship, which exempted from preview and permission only books with more than 20 printed sheets. The pamphleteer was Radishchev, who published his Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow. Combat journalism was supposed to be masked in tsarist Russia by literary critical articles. "Letter to Gogol" - a bright political P. - Belinsky broke through the censorship-critical barrier. P. in its essence was Chaadaev's "philosophical writing".
Polemical and satirical journalism has gone completely into the periodical press - into the journals of the revolutionary bourgeois democracy.
The Russian P. was sentenced to an emigre existence. Brilliant examples of the pamphlet style are given by Herzen.
P. is a sharp literary weapon and the revolutionary proletariat. The young Engels chose P. for a philosophical war against reactionary idealism, clearing the way for militant dialectical materialism. One of Engels' philosophical pamphlets is called "Schelling - Philosopher in Christ, or the Transformation of Worldly Wisdom into Divine Wisdom" (Schelling der Philosoph in Christo..., 1842). In parodying the theological style, Engels uses here the classical P. of the Renaissance, directed against Catholic scholasticism. Marx and Engels' brilliant and pamphlet-like work The Holy Family, or the Critique of Critical Criticism (Die heilige Familie..., 1845) is directed against the "Left Hegelians". Of Marx's later pamphlets, The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (Der 18-te Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte, 1852) can be called an example of an artistic political word. It suffices to compare this pamphlet by Marx with Hugo's pamphlet "Little Napoleon" (Napoleon le Petit, 1852) to understand the new thing that proletarian socialism has introduced into pamphlet literature. Marx's characterization of the Bonapartist dictatorship of capital is based on a deep analysis of class relations. For the petty-bourgeois radical it amounts to a superficial polemic against the dictator. Strong words replace social analysis.
Combining deep class analysis with a brilliant polemical form yields V. I. Lenin's pamphlet "The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky." The nature of P. are some of the literary speeches of M. Gorky against the reactionary capitalist press; his pamphlets are such works as "The City of the Yellow Devil", "The Russian Tsar", "Beautiful France". Excellent examples of politically sharp, artistically executed pamphlets are given by K. Radek's book Pamphlets and Portraits (I and II vols.).
So. arr. Each class, at one stage or another of its development, creates its own P., saturating it with such content and giving it such a form as the conditions of the class struggle suggest to it. Hence - the concrete historical class quality of P. as one of the means ideological struggle class. Bibliography:
Davies M., Icon libellorum or a critical History of Pamphlets, L., 1715; Oldys W., History of tne Origin of Pamphlets, in Morgan J., Phoenix Britannicus, L., 1732; Blakey R., History of political Literature from the earliest Times, 2 vv., L., 1855; Waugh A., The Pamphlet Library, 4 vv., L., 1897-1898; Hunt R. N. C., Some Pamphlets of the Revolt of the Netherlands against Spain, English Historical Review, 1929, July; Aimeras H., d', Les pamphlets sous la regence de Marie de Medicis, "Revue politique et litteraire", 1930, I/III.
Literary encyclopedia. - In 11 tons; M .: publishing house of the Communist Academy, Soviet Encyclopedia, Fiction. Edited by V. M. Friche, A. V. Lunacharsky. 1929-1939 .
Pamphlet
(English pamphlet), a journalistic genre, a work containing a sharp and caustic denunciation of phenomena and persons. Unlike libel, the pamphlet does not contain slanderous attacks on the opponent. A pamphlet is a satirical genre, which often contains irony and sarcasm. In ancient literature, among the pamphlets can be attributed to the "Philippika" directed against Philip of Macedon. Demosthenes(4th century BC). The pamphlet was widely used in the works of the authors of the period of the High Renaissance("Ship of Fools" (1494) S. Brant and "Praise of Stupidity" (1509) Erasmus of Rotterdam) and in English literature Enlightenment, where it becomes the central genre (“The Tale of the Barrel” (1704), “The Clothmaker’s Letters” (1724), “A Modest Proposal” (1729) by J. Swift).
Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Under the editorship of prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 .
Pamphlet
PAMPHLET- (from palme-feuillet - a leaf held in the hand) - a small literary work of a journalistic and most often personal nature. The subject of P. is an attack on one or another political or social system, on one or another of their representatives. P. is designed not for selected readers, but for the broad masses, therefore the presentation in it is short and concise, the mood is combative and hot, there is more appeal to common sense and feelings. reader than actual, objective material. P. played a huge role in the history of mankind. Suffice it to recall that such works as “Epistolae obscurorum virorum” by Erasmus of Rotterdam, “Lettres provinciales” by Pascal, that Petrarch, Giusti and Leopardi in Italy, Hutten, Melanchthon, Luther in Germany, Milton, Swift, Daniel Defoe in England, in France - Rabelais, Mirabeau, Voltaire, Paul-Louis-Courier and others (see Publicism).
Literary encyclopedia: Dictionary of literary terms: In 2 volumes / Edited by N. Brodsky, A. Lavretsky, E. Lunin, V. Lvov-Rogachevsky, M. Rozanov, V. Cheshikhin-Vetrinsky. - M.; L.: Publishing house L. D. Frenkel, 1925
Synonyms:
See what "Pamphlet" is in other dictionaries:
pamphleteer- pamphleteer... Dictionary of the use of the letter Yo
- (fr. pamphlet). A satirical and caustic pamphlet that offends a person. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. PAMFLET English. and fr. pamphlet. A brochure that is offensive to someone's personality. Explanation... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
- (English pamphlet), a topical publicistic work, the purpose and pathos of which is a specific civil, mainly socio-political, denunciation (M. Twain's United Lynching States; A dozen knives in the back of A.T.'s revolution ... ... Modern Encyclopedia
Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Cm … Synonym dictionary
- (English pamphlet) a topical journalistic work, the purpose and pathos of which is a specific civil, mainly socio-political, denunciation. Publicism is often combined with artistic satire. Pamphletery can ... ... Political science. Dictionary.
Dictionary of Efremova
Pamphlet
m.
Artistic and journalistic work of a satirical - often
polemical - character, directed against some sl. political or
public event or individual.
Ozhegov's dictionary
PAMFL E T, a, m. Topical sharp, usually a small essay of a diatribe, political nature.
| adj. pamphlet, oh, oh.
Culturology. Dictionary-reference
Pamphlet
(English ramphlet) is a topical satirical work, the purpose of which is a specific civil, mainly socio-political denunciation. Publicity is often combined with artistic merit.
Dictionary Ushakov
Pamphlet
pamphlet t, pamphlet, husband. (French pamphlet). Work (article, pamphlet etc.) topical nature, directed against any person, social or political phenomenon etc.
encyclopedic Dictionary
Pamphlet
(English pamphlet), a topical journalistic work, the purpose and pathos of which is a specific civil, mainly socio-political, denunciation. Publicism is often combined with artistic satire. Pamphletery can penetrate into various artistic genres (pamphlet novel; pamphlet play).
Dictionary of linguistic terms
Pamphlet
(English pamphlet) One of the genres of journalistic style, actively absorbing elements of artistic style: mixed genres appear at the junction of styles, for example: novel-P .;
a topical journalistic work ridiculing in a sharp, accusatory form a well-known person in society or a phenomenon of public life.
Political Science: Dictionary-Reference
Pamphlet
(English pamphlet)
a topical journalistic work, the purpose and pathos of which is a specific civil, mainly socio-political, denunciation. Publicism is often combined with artistic satire. Pamphletery can penetrate into various artistic genres (pamphlet novel; pamphlet play).
Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism
Pamphlet
(English pamphlet) is a topical, predominantly journalistic work, the purpose and pathos of which is a concrete, civic, socio-political denunciation.
Rb: genera and genres of literature
Genus: journalistic genres
est: satirical
Ass: feuilleton
Persian: Erasmus of Rotterdam, A. Radishchev, D. Swift, A. Herzen, Voltaire, M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mark Twain, M. Gorky, A. France, I. Ehrenburg, O. Henry
* "The pamphlet castigates the vices of modern political, social, cultural life, directly names its specific, most often influential representatives. Irony and sarcasm are used as the main visual means in the pamphlet" (AS Suleymanov). *
Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
Pamphlet
(English, from palme-feuillet - a leaf held in the hand) - a term of not quite definite content, usually denoting a small literary work of a journalistic and most often defiantly personal nature. The subject of P. is an attack on the political or social system, in its characteristic phenomena or in the person of its outstanding, well-known representatives. In contrast to satire, P. rarely touches on the general state of morals and does not use artistic generalizations; the object of his criticism is certain, real facts and people; the abstract morality of satire is replaced in P. by a sharply expressed practical view of the political life of the country. In view of the fact that P. is not designed for selected readers, but for the masses, the presentation in it is publicly available, hot and concise. Without assuming in the reader any preliminary reflections and information about this issue, the pamphleteer turns only to simple common sense. However, he does not count on the calm, objective reasoning of the public; its goal is a public sensation, anxiety, awakening of discontent. A work primarily combative, created in a minute and for the purposes of political struggle, P. is most often alien to considerations of impartiality and moderation, does not consider it necessary to spare the enemy and follows the rule: in war, all means are good. But P. differs sharply from libel (see) both in its main goal and in that it concerns not the personal life of a famous person, but the public side of his activity. Brevity is such a characteristic, albeit external, feature of P. that a work larger than a brochure no longer bears the name P. The small size of P. is also indicated by its German name Flugschrift, that is, a flying leaf. P. occupies a prominent and unique place in the political history of the West; the most prominent representatives of militant literature dedicated their pen to him. Their number would increase significantly if the authors of many remarkable P. became known, hiding, for obvious reasons, under anonymous names and pseudonyms. P.'s literature received powerful development in the Renaissance, when the so-called. invectives were the best weapon in the hands of humanists, being also the prototype of the new journalism. Suffice it to name such examples of P. of this time as Erasmus of Rotterdam's "Praise of Stupidity" and Pascal's "Epistolae obscurorum virorum" later - "Lettres provinciales". P. was resorted to by such representatives of new trends as Petrarch, Poggio and Walla in Italy, Wimpfeling, Pirckheimer, Hutten, Melanchthon, and Luther himself in Germany. In England, the literature of P. develops especially in the turbulent era of the XVII-XVIII centuries, when they were written by Milton, Swift, Daniel Defoe, Bork and the anonymous author of the famous Junius Letters. The entire political history of France finds a vivid expression in the richest literature of P., from Rabelais, Scaliger, Etienne Dolet in the Renaissance, the "Menippe satire" (see), during the league, "mazarinade" during the Fronde, to the "king of the pamphleteers" Voltaire and publicists of the revolution - Sieyes, Camille Desmoulins, Mirabeau. Restoration found its pamphleteer in the person of the political classic P. Paul-Louis Courrier (in Russian "Works", published by Panteleev St. Petersburg, 1897), Louis Philippe's monarchy - in the person of de Cormenin, the second empire and the third republic - in the person of Rochefort. According to the history of the French P. see Leber, "Les Pamphlets de François I à Louis XIV" (L., 1834). The classical country of P. is Germany, where, mainly as a result of the censorship oppression that has long weighed on time-based printing, the issues of the day have long been discussed in separate flyers and pamphlets (Bern and Young Germany). In Italian. P. Giusti and Leopardi are remarkable in modern literature. In Russia, in the absence of political life, there is almost no pamphlet literature. The pamphlet form is generally not popular with us, and writers of any influence rarely resort to it, preferring to preach their ideas through journal articles. Some samples of underground items of the 18th century. see Art. P. P. Lyzhina, "Two P. from the time of Anna Ioannovna" ("Izv. II department. Imperial Academician of Sciences", 1858, VII).
pamphlet - brochure, booklet) - a kind of artistic and journalistic work, usually directed against the political system as a whole or its individual parties, against a particular social group, party, government, etc., often through exposing their individual representatives.
Specificity
This desire to show a certain human figure brings the pamphlet closer to a certain extent to fiction, the work of the pamphleteer to the work of a writer who creates a “typical character”, and, unlike an artistic generalization, the pamphlet has in mind precisely a specific, specific person, specific facts (that is, before eliminates the element of fiction).
Naturally, a pamphlet of a certain class is characterized by those literary and artistic features of character individualization that are inherent in the artistic and literary style of this class. The negative orientation that characterizes the pamphlet - its setting for denial, exposure, ridicule - makes the pamphlet related to satirical types of fiction: the pamphlet is ironic, polemical. Hence, the pamphleteer's artistic manner is further complicated by the peculiarities of artistic and literary satire, various types of irony, hyperbolization, etc.
Thus, the pamphlet is a type of politically saturated, predominantly journalistic (sometimes philosophical, scientific, etc.) literature, which in some respects is close to artistic and literary satire. At the same time, pamphletery can also take place in fiction, i.e. the introduction into a literary work of a character representing, to one degree or another, a portrait characteristic of the appearance, behavior, etc. of a certain person (for example, the image of Karmazinov in Dostoevsky's Possessed). Thus, the relationship between the pamphlet and fiction is very diverse and is determined by the given historical conditions. Hence the question of the pamphlet is one of the particular questions of the problem of the relationship between journalism and fiction, their mutual transitions in certain concrete historical conditions (see "Publicism").
Story
The word "Pamphlet" appeared in the 14th century and originally meant an unbound pamphlet without a cover. As a genre of journalistic literature, the pamphlet developed in the era of the Reformation. However, the features inherent in the pamphlet as a genre - tendentiousness, topicality, polemical orientation - are formed in antiquity in accusatory speeches, the so-called. diatribes and invectives.
Diatribe(from Greek rubbing, destruction, strife, conversation) - a genre of ancient literature created by cynic philosophers in the 3rd century. BC e. - a conversation on philosophical, mainly moral topics, including a devastating polemic with an imaginary enemy, with sharp attacks of a personal nature. The diatribe genre subsequently formed the basis of Christian preaching. The work of the Cynics, who denied the basic foundations and habitual values of the ancient community, had a pronounced satirical bias. A kind of satire was created by the cynic Menippus from Godara (2nd half of the 3rd century BC). His philosophical and satirical dialogues were framed by a fantastic narrative (flight to heaven, descent into the underworld), which made it possible to witty and caustic ridicule of various philosophical schools and human weaknesses. The works of Menippus have not been preserved, but references to them and imitations are numerous. Menippean satire was created by Roman writers - Mark Terentius Varro (116-27 BC), the motives of the works of Menippus are palpable in the work of Petronius, Seneca the Younger and especially Lucian (120-190). Literary satire also gave a pamphlet-journalistic branch.
In Rome, the accusatory-journalistic principle is manifested in invective(from lat. invehere - rush, attack) - vilification of a person or group of persons. The literary forms of invective are diverse: epigrams, polemical articles and speeches. Political controversy in invective takes on the character of slandering a specific person. Such is the work of Sallust's "Invective against Mark Tullius Cicero" (54 BC). The invective is trying to destroy Cicero morally as a man and a family man, as a politician and a corrupt defender in court. “The most worthless person, a petitioner who fawns before enemies, and tends to offend friends, standing on one side, then on the other, not remaining faithful to anyone, the most insignificant senator, hired defender in court, a person who does not have a single undefiled part of the body: language deceitful, raking hands, bottomless throat, fugitive's legs; what you can’t name out of modesty is seriously dishonored.” The invective usually reveals the depravity of the whole family, the impiety of the ancestors, and Sallust mocks Cicero as a "new man" and a stranger in Rome. Cicero responded to Sallust with an equally harsh and insulting invective.
The invective pamphlet is a common form of political struggle in Rome. In 61 BC. e. after the acquittal of Publius Clodius in court on charges of blasphemy, Cicero issued an invective against Clodius, in 55 - an invective against the former consul Lucius Calpurnius Piso. After the suicide of Mark Porcius Cato in Utica, Cicero and Mark Brutus published pamphlets in 45 g under the title "Cato" glorifying his merits. Caesar and his supporter Aulus Hirtius responded to them with pamphlets called Antikaton.
The classic pamphlet was created by the young bourgeoisie in the process of the struggle of the emerging bourgeois society with feudalism, the medieval church and scholastic philosophy. One of the first outstanding masters of the pamphlet was Erasmus of Rotterdam (-). His "Praise of Stupidity" ( Lob der Torheit, ) is directed against princes, priests, scholastics and is a brightly satirical work. Such are the "Letters of dark people" ( Epistolae obscurorum virorum, -) - satire pamphlet Hutten and Reuchlin. Hutten (-) also owns the Bulla pamphlets ( Bulla), "Advisors" ( Consilia, ), "Robbers" ( Praedones, ).
The pamphlet was widely used in the bourgeois revolutions of the 17th and 18th centuries. Although newspapers already existed at this time, their publication was the monopoly of the absolutist government. They were more like court trade bulletins. The political literary struggle made its way through pamphlets and leaflets, with the help of which the pamphlets were published. In the era preceding the English Revolution, Milton's pamphlets (-) against the bishops were extremely popular. The revolutionary petty-bourgeois party of the Levellers (Lilleburn, -) flooded the country with militant pamphlets against the monarchy, the landowners and big capitalists. The loud glory of Swift (-) is known as the author of the pamphlets "Letters of the Clothmaker" ( Draper Letters, ) and "The Tale of the Barrel" ( Tale of a Tub, ). They were directed against the reactionary British government. Defoe, who smashed clerical obscurantism in the pamphlet "The shortest way to deal with dissidents" ( The shortest Way with the Dissenters, ), paid with pillory and prison. The pamphlet was also used by political reaction in the struggle against the revolutionary movement. Edmund Burke, the ideologist of the English large landownership, the mortal enemy of the French Revolution, became famous for his bright pamphlets. In the pamphlet "Letters on a regicide world" ( Letters on a Regicide Peace, ) he demanded the continuation of the war with France.
A new type of pamphlet is created in the political literature of the French Revolution of the 18th century and occupies a large place in it. He received a rich development in the previous era (for example, pamphlets directed against Mazarin and called "Mazarinade"). They caused the appearance of special ordinances directed against pamphlet journalism. Prohibitions did not delay this literature. It became a sharp weapon of the "enlighteners" of the 18th century. Voltaire and Diderot wrote under different names pamphlets against the church, the nobility and the monarchy. Sieyes's pamphlet "What is the third estate"? ... "( Qu'est-ce que le tiers état?.., ) - with the historical words “what is the third estate? Nothing. What should it become? Everyone” - immortalized the author more than all his political activities.
The collection of pamphlets were essentially the first political newspapers born of the Great French Revolution. Newspaper "Revolutions of France and Brabant" ( Les Revolutions de France et de Brabant, ) Camille Desmoulins was only a continuation of his pamphlet "Letters of a Lantern to Parisians" ( Discours de la lanterne aux Parisiens, ). The "Friend of the People" was also a periodic pamphlet ( L'ami du peuple, -) Marat.
The political newspaper was born from the pamphlet, but in many respects it also replaced it as the main dominant type of journalism. The pamphlet as an independent pamphlet, leaflet, etc., appearing occasionally and unexpectedly, was replaced by a periodical newspaper with articles that in some cases retained a pamphlet character, articles in magazines, etc., representing a new, modified type of pamphlet. Having taken possession of the newspaper and made it an instrument of their political struggle against their former enemy, the remnants of feudalism, and against their new enemy, the working class, the bourgeoisie turns the pamphlet into an auxiliary weapon of journalism. In the newspaper itself, the pamphlet is differentiated. Programmatic and political argumentation takes the form of "advanced", polemics and satire give rise to the form of a journalistic feuilleton.
Over time, the pamphlet becomes more of a weapon for the left-wing radical petty bourgeoisie and the growing proletariat. The revolutions of the first half of the 19th century created in France such pamphleteers as Paul Louis Courrier (-), Cormenin (-), Rochefort (-), in Germany - Berne ("Menzel the French-eater" - "Menzel der Franzosenfresser", ), Heine ( -). In England, the pamphlet is distributed in various political campaigns. Many brochures are published in connection with the Poor Law (1828-1834), the Corn Laws (1841-1848), the Crimean War, uprisings in India and Ireland, etc.
Polemical and satirical journalism has gone completely into the periodical press - into the journals of the revolutionary bourgeois democracy. The Russian pamphlet was condemned to an emigrant existence. Brilliant examples of pamphlet style are given by Herzen.
The young Engels chose pamphlets for a philosophical war against reactionary idealism, clearing the way for militant dialectical materialism. One of Engels' philosophical pamphlets is titled "Schelling - a Philosopher in Christ, or the Transformation of Worldly Wisdom into Divine Wisdom" ( Schelling der Philosoph in Christo…, ). In a parody of theological style, Engels uses here a classic Renaissance pamphlet directed against Catholic scholasticism. The brilliant and pamphlet-like work of Marx and Engels, The Holy Family, or the Critique of Critical Criticism, is directed against the "Left Hegelians" ( Die heilige Familie…, ). From Marx's later pamphlets "The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte" ( Der 18-te Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte, ) can be called an example of an artistic political word. It suffices to compare this pamphlet by Marx with Hugo's pamphlet "Little Napoleon" (Napoléon le Petit, 1852) to understand the new thing that proletarian socialism has introduced into pamphlet literature. Marx's characterization of the Bonapartist dictatorship of capital is based on a deep analysis of class relations. For the petty-bourgeois radical it amounts to a superficial polemic against the dictator. Strong words replace social analysis.
pamphlet
pamphletPamphlet Pamphlet (from "brochure, booklet") - a kind of artistic and journalistic work, a type of political literature, a pamphlet or an article of sharply accusatory content. It has similarities with libel, but differs from it in that it concerns not the personal life, but the social activities of the exposed person.
Wikipedia
pamphletm. Artistic and journalistic work of a satirical - often polemical - nature, directed against any political or social phenomenon or individual.
Big modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language
pamphlet(English pamphlet) a small accusatory polemical essay on a socio-political topic.
New dictionary of foreign words
pamphletm. Artistic and journalistic work of a satirical - often polemical - nature, directed against some kind of l. political or social phenomenon or individual.
New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova
pamphlethusband. , English strongly attacking something, or defending that article, printed in a separate booklet, notebook. Pamphleteer, writer.
Dictionary Dahl
pamphlet[English] pamphlet] a small accusatory polemical essay on a socio-political topic.
Dictionary of foreign expressions
pamphletpamphlet, -a
Dictionary of the Russian language Lopatin
pamphlettopical sharp, usually a small essay of a diatribe, political nature
Dictionary of the Russian language Ozhegov
pamphlet(English pamphlet), a topical journalistic work, the purpose and pathos of which is a specific civil, mainly socio-political, denunciation. Publicism is often combined with artistic satire. Pamphletery can penetrate into various artistic genres (pamphlet novel; pamphlet play).
Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB
pamphletpamphlet m. Artistic and journalistic work of a satirical - often polemical - nature, directed against some kind of. political or social phenomenon or individual.
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
pamphletpamphlet, m. (French pamphlet). A work (article, pamphlet, etc.) of a topical nature, directed against some. person, social or political phenomenon, etc.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Ushakov
pamphlet- (from the English pamphlet - a leaflet that is held in hand) - a work of an acutely satirical, accusatory nature, in a sharp form ridiculing certain phenomena of social life, political and public figures. For example: Erasmus of Rotterdam "Eulogy of Stupidity"; J. Swift "Battle of the Books", "The Tale of the Barrel", "Gulliver's Travels"; A. Solzhenitsyn "A calf butted with an oak", etc.
Dictionary of literary terms
pamphlet(English pamphlet), a journalistic work, the immediate goal and pathos of which is a concrete, civil, predominantly socio-political denunciation; usually small in size. As a genre of journalism, P. - an "epigrammatic work" (F. Engels) - is nakedly tendentious and intended to directly influence public opinion; his style is distinguished by catchy aphorism, oratorical intonations, imagery of characteristics, expression (he has both irony, condensed to sarcasm, and pathos). Deliberately insulting, caricaturely distorting P. is usually called a libel. P. as such appeared at the time of the Late Renaissance, in the era of the Reformation (although journalistic works close to P. were created in the era of antiquity, for example, Lucian's "Liar ..."); the pamphlets of M. Luther, Erasmus of Rotterdam, T. Murner had a wide resonance. As the political orientation of religious conflicts intensified, P. was saturated with social content; such are the numerous examples of P. from the time of the English Revolution of the 17th century. (J. Milton, J. Lilburn, J. Winstanley), and later - pamphlets by D. Defoe and J. Swift. During the Enlightenment, P. (primarily with Voltaire) became a strong political weapon of the Encyclopedists, and then the leaders of the Great French Revolution (the famous P. "What is the Third Estate" Sieyes). Among the numerous examples of P. 19-20 centuries. can be called "Pamphlet about pamphlets" (
1824) P. L. Courier, Menzel the French-eater (
1837) L. Berne, "Modern pamphlets" (
1850) T. Carlyle, "Napoleon the Small" (
1852) V. Hugo, "I accuse" (
1898) E. Zola, anti-fascist pamphlets by G. Mann and E. E. Kish, "Leftist chic" (
1971) by T. Wolf and others. In Russia, the authors of P. were A. N. Radishchev (separate chapters of Journey from St.
1790), V. G. Belinsky ("Letter to N. V. Gogol",
1847), A. I. Herzen, D. I. Pisarev, populists, L. N. Tolstoy (“I can’t be silent”). Examples of P., denouncing opponents of socialist ideology, were created by K. Marx (“Mr. Vogt”), V. I. Lenin (“In Memory of Count Heyden”), P. Lafargue, A. V. Lunacharsky and M. Gorky. pamphletery advocates feature those sharply satirical, revealing works of art that expose and bring to the fore the ideological and political attitudes of the author, directly subordinating the entire figurative structure of the work to the parodic and accusatory task (in such cases, the designations "novel-P.", "play-P.", "P.-essay", etc.). Such are many utopian (starting with "Utopia" by T. More) and anti-utopian novels (including "Gulliver's Travels" by J. Swift, "Brave New World" by O. L. Huxley), "Pompadours and Pompadours" by M. E. Saltykov -Shchedrin, "The Career of Arturo Ui" by B. Brecht, "Trust D.E." I. G. Erenburg, essays by V. V. Mayakovsky "My discovery of America" and his poems about "Soviet pompadours", the novel "It's impossible for us" (
1935) S. Lewis. Lit.: Ozmitel E., Soviet satire. Seminary, M.-L., 1964; Burlak L., Publicistic novel, Saratov, 1970; Waugh, A., The pamphlet library, v. 1-4, L., 1897-98. V. A. Kalashnikov.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB
pamphletpamphlet e t, -a
Complete spelling dictionary of the Russian language
pamphletartistic and journalistic work of an acutely satirical nature, created for the purpose of socio-political denunciation of someone, something
Wiktionary
Examples of 'pamphlet' in a sentence
It is a fusion of pamphlet and musical about America's young generation, a pamphlet that demands an end to the Vietnam War, a pamphlet that sings about marijuana as the only remedy for twentieth-century cruelty, from the Moloch of capitalist reality, a pamphlet about finding purity - through dirt.
At first, these caryatids were a witty and malicious architectural pamphlet on defeated enemies; then, because of its success, this pamphlet was repeated on similar occasions.
Only "Ramo's Nephew" - a pamphlet on a man that Diderot did not dare to publish, a book that deliberately exposes human ulcers, can be compared with this oral pamphlet, free from any side considerations, where words branded that the mind had not yet completely condemned, where everything was built only from ruins, everything was denied and at the same time admired what is recognized by skepticism: the omnipotence, omniscience and all-goodness of money.
Sovremennik became hostile to Turgenev; his editorial board was already hatching articles that were the precursor to such pamphlets as the notorious pamphlet of Mr.
No: the mail brings to me a variety of voices from my homeland about the “Trans-Atlantic”, and I find out that this is “a pamphlet on the phraseology of “God’s chosen people” or “a satire on pre-war Poland” ... There was even one here who dubbed it ... a pamphlet for sanitation.
and subsequently reproduced in many editions of Drelincourt's Book of Death, the work so authoritatively recommended in the pamphlet referred to; however, the story that Defoe allegedly wrote the pamphlet on commission to help sell the book was refuted by Lee in his Life and Rediscovered Writings of Daniel Defoe.
And the pamphlet of Shalimov, and almost the pamphlet of Varshavsky ... And also in the collection of works by Gore, Zhuravleva, Gurevich, Strugatsky - then the "names" guaranteed high-quality reading. The next two collections were published under "personal" names, but they also kept the serial.
And if his goal was simply to write a pamphlet directed against certain individuals, then why did this pamphlet suddenly become so widely known and finally gained immortality?
The pamphlet spread quickly, expressing the hidden feelings of the middle class ... This pamphlet helped Henry IV as much as the victories he won ”(l.
Immediately he publishes his own novels "Stempenyu" and "Iosele the Nightingale", as well as the pamphlet "The Trial of Shomer", which thundered at one time, where the writer fought the tabloid literature, which imposed unrealizable illusions on the masses and planted bad taste.
Quotes with the word pamphlet
The death penalty. - Cobden's pamphlet. - Events of the English Bank (January 28, 1853). - K. Marx and F. Engels. Works. Ed. 2nd. T. 8, p. 531.
Karl Marx
Additional Information.
The meaning of the word Pamphlet according to Efremova:
Pamphlet - Artistic and journalistic work of a satirical - often polemical - nature, directed against some kind of. political or social phenomenon or individual.
The meaning of the word Pamphlet according to Ozhegov:
Pamphlet - A topical, sharp, usually small essay of a diatribe, political nature
Pamphlet in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
Pamphlet - (English pamphlet) - a topical journalistic work, the purpose and pathos of which is a specific civil, predominantly socio-political, denunciation. Publicism is often combined with artistic satire. Pamphletery can penetrate into various artistic genres (pamphlet novel; pamphlet play).
The meaning of the word Pamphlet according to Ushakov's dictionary:
PAMPHLET, pamphlet, m. (French pamphlet). A work (article, pamphlet, etc.) of a topical nature, directed against some. person, social or political phenomenon, etc.
The meaning of the word pamphlet according to Dahl's dictionary:
Pamphlet
m. eng. strongly attacking something, or defending that article, printed in a separate booklet, notebook. Pamphleteer, writer.
The meaning of the word pamphlet according to the dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron:
Pamphlet(English, from palme-feuillet - a leaf held in the hand) - a term of not quite definite content, usually denoting a small literary work of a journalistic and most often defiantly personal nature. The subject of P. is an attack on the political or social system, in its characteristic phenomena or in the person of its outstanding, well-known representatives. In contrast to satire, P. rarely touches on the general state of morals and does not use artistic generalizations; the object of his criticism is certain, real facts and people; the abstract morality of satire is replaced in P. by a sharply expressed practical view of the political life of the country. In view of the fact that P. is not designed for selected readers, but for the masses, the presentation in it is publicly available, hot and concise. Without assuming in the reader any preliminary reflections and information about this issue, the pamphleteer turns only to simple common sense. However, he does not count on the calm, objective reasoning of the public; its goal is a public sensation, anxiety, awakening of discontent. A work primarily combative, created in a minute and for the purposes of political struggle, P. is most often alien to considerations of impartiality and moderation, does not consider it necessary to spare the enemy and follows the rule: in war, all means are good. But P. differs sharply from libel (see) both in its main goal and in that it concerns not the personal life of a famous person, but the public side of his activity. Brevity is such a characteristic, albeit external, feature of P. that a work larger than a brochure no longer bears the name P. The small size of P. is also indicated by its German name Flugschrift, that is, a flying leaf. P. occupies a prominent and unique place in the political history of the West; the most prominent representatives of militant literature dedicated their pen to him. Their number would increase significantly if the authors of many remarkable P. became known, hiding, for obvious reasons, under anonymous names and pseudonyms. P.'s literature received powerful development in the Renaissance, when the so-called. invectives were the best weapon in the hands of humanists, being also the prototype of the new journalism. Suffice it to name such examples of P. of this time as Erasmus of Rotterdam's "Praise of Stupidity" and Pascal's "Epistolae obscurorum virorum" later - "Lettres provinciales". P. was resorted to by such representatives of new trends as Petrarch, Poggio and Walla in Italy, Wimpfeling, Pirckheimer, Hutten, Melanchthon, and Luther himself in Germany. In England, the literature of P. develops especially in the turbulent era of the XVII-XVIII centuries, when they were written by Milton, Swift, Daniel Defoe, Bork and the anonymous author of the famous Junius Letters. The entire political history of France finds a vivid expression in the richest literature of P., from Rabelais, Scaliger, Etienne Dolet in the Renaissance, the "Menippe satire" (see), during the league, "mazarinade" during the Fronde, to the "king of the pamphleteers" Voltaire and publicists of the revolution - Sieyes, Camille Desmoulins, Mirabeau. Restoration found its pamphleteer in the person of the political classic P. Paul-Louis Courrier (in Russian "Works", published by Panteleev St. Petersburg, 1897), Louis Philippe's monarchy - in the person of de Cormenin, the second empire and the third republic - in the person of Rochefort. According to the history of the French P. see Leber, "Les Pamphlets de François I à Louis XIV" (L., 1834). The classical country of P. is Germany, where, mainly as a result of the censorship oppression that has long weighed on time-based printing, the issues of the day have long been discussed in separate flyers and pamphlets (Bern and Young Germany). In Italian. P. Giusti and Leopardi are remarkable in modern literature. In Russia, in the absence of political life, there is almost no pamphlet literature. The pamphlet form is generally not popular with us, and writers of any influence rarely resort to it, preferring to preach their ideas through journal articles. Some samples of underground items of the 18th century. see Art. P. P. Lyzhina, "Two P. from the time of Anna Ioannovna" ("Izv. II department. Imperial Academician of Sciences", 1858, VII). Ar. Mr.
Definition of the word "Pamphlet" by TSB:
Pamphlet(English pamphlet)
a journalistic work, the immediate goal and pathos of which is a concrete, civil, predominantly socio-political denunciation; usually small in size. As a genre of journalism, P. is an “epigrammatic work”
(F. Engels) - nakedly biased and intended to directly influence public opinion; his style is distinguished by catchy aphorism, oratorical intonations, figurativeness of characteristics, expression (he has both Irony, condensed to Sarcasm, and pathos). Deliberately insulting, caricaturely distorting P. is usually called a libel.
P. as such appeared at the time of the Late Renaissance, in the era of the Reformation (although journalistic works close to P. were created in the era of antiquity, for example, “The Liar ...” by Lucian); the pamphlets of M. Luther, Erasmus of Rotterdam, T. Murner had a wide resonance. As the political orientation of religious conflicts intensified, P. was saturated with social content; such are the numerous examples of P. from the time of the English Revolution of the 17th century. (J. Milton, J. Lilburn, J. Winstanley), and later - pamphlets by D. Defoe and J. Swift. During the Enlightenment, P. (primarily with Voltaire) became a powerful political weapon of the encyclopedists, and then the leaders of the Great French Revolution (the famous P. “What is the Third Estate” by Sieyes).
Among the numerous examples of P. 19-20 centuries. can be called "A Pamphlet on Pamphlets" (1824) by P. L. Courier, "Menzel the French-Eater" (1837) by L. Berne, "Modern Pamphlets" (1850) by T. Carlyle,
“Napoleon the Small” (1852) by V. Hugo, “I Accuse” (1898) by E. Zola, anti-fascist pamphlets by G. Mann and E. E. Kish, “Leftist Chic” (1971) by T. Wolf and others.
In Russia, the authors of poetry were A.N. D. I. Pisarev, populists, L. N. Tolstoy (“I can’t be silent”).
Examples of P., denouncing the opponents of socialist ideology, were created by K. Marx (“Mr. Vogt”), V. I. Lenin (“In Memory of Count Heyden”), P. Lafargue, A. V. Lunacharsky and M. Gorky.
Pamphletery is a characteristic feature of those sharply satirical, exposing works of art that expose and highlight the ideological and political attitudes of the author, directly subordinating the entire figurative structure of the work to the parodic and accusatory task (in such cases, the designations "novel-P.", "play- P.", "P.-essay", etc.).
Such are many utopian (starting with "Utopia" by T. More) and dystopian novels (including "Gulliver's Travels" by J. Swift, "Brave New World" by O. L. Huxley),
“Pompadours and Pompadourses” by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, “Arturo Ui’s Career” by B. Brecht, “D. E. Trust” I. G. Erenburg, essays by V. V. Mayakovsky “My discovery of America” and his poems about “Soviet pompadours”,
the novel It's Impossible with Us (1935) by S. Lewis.
Lit .: Ozmitel E., Soviet satire. Seminary, M.-L., 1964; Burlak L., Publicistic novel, Saratov, 1970; Waugh, A., The pamphlet library, v. 1-4, L., 1897-98.
V. A. Kalashnikov.