History of the exploration of Antarctica - James Cook. The first attempts to discover Antarctica - F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev. Discovery of the mainland of Antarctica - Roald Amundsen. Conquest of the South Pole - Robert Skkot. He was the second to reach the South Pole. - International Geographic Year. 20 countries explore Antarctica.

3657 m m. Relief of Antarctica. The average height of the earth's land is 860 m. The average height of Antarctica is 2040 m m.

The "Land of the cruel sun" of December is the polar day. For six months, Antarctica receives a large amount of solar heat. 2. Antarctica is located in the Antarctic belt, where dry and transparent air dominates all year round, which freely passes the sun's rays. 3. Antarctica is a high continent, the sun's rays travel a shorter distance.

Features of the nature of Antarctica. "The Continent behind the Clouds" "The Land of Frosts and the Cruel Sun" The Land of Blizzards" "The Continent of Ice Deserts" "The Refrigerator of the Planet" The average height of the continent is 2040 m. M. Vinson m. East - Pole of cold t = -89.2 0С M. Denison - Pole of winds 99% of the territory of the mainland Occupied by a glacier.

Discovery of Antarctica In January 1773, James Cook crossed the Antarctic Circle and although he saw only antarctic ice, and never made it to the continent, he said: "Someone must have the fortitude and perseverance to sail even further south than I did, and I do not envy his future fame, but I take the liberty of declaring that the world will not receive no benefit from it."

Modern research Antarctica

• Modern Antarctica does not belong to any country in the world; only research work scientists from many countries.
• Russian scientists are conducting research at the Mirny and Vostok stations, named after the expedition of Bellingshausen and Lazarev.

The harsh climate is made up of three factors : 1. geographical position 2. very thick ice cover 2000-5000 m 3. 90% sun rays reflected on the surface

O R G a n and h e With to and th m and R

Despite the very harsh climate, there is life in Antarctica.

• Bacteria found in the most extreme places, trapped under 400 meters of ice without oxygen;
• Lichens, mosses and low grasses grow on the coasts in the rocks;
• The animal world is mainly connected with the seas.

Some interesting facts about Antarctica

Lake Vostok in Antarctica was discovered in 1994 by radar analysis of the icy continent. Buried 4 km below the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, it is the oldest and cleanest lake on Earth, completely isolated from the world for at least 500,000 years. It covers an area of ​​about 14 thousand km2 and has a depth of at least 100 m.

Antarctica

Geographical position

Discovery and study

Imagine a world...

• in which there are only two colors: white color of snow and blue - ice and sky
• in which there are no people, no birds and animals
• in which almost cosmic cold, combined with a lack of oxygen
• in which there are no sounds other than the whistle of the wind

This is Antarctica

Antarctic

The southern polar region is called Antarctica. It includes the mainland with adjacent islands and the southern parts of the oceans washing it.

Antarctica from the Greek "anti" - against and "arktos" - northern, i.e. lying opposite the north polar region.

The area of ​​Antarctica is 14.4 million km

There are four poles in Antarctica:

• Geographic Southern
• magnetic
• pole of cold
• pole of the winds

Cape Sifre

63°S sh. 58°W d

The long and narrow Antarctic Peninsula stretches towards South America, the northern tip of which, Cape Sifre -

the northernmost point of Antarctica.

Coastline

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Indian Ocean

The coastline is slightly indented, it is constantly changing. The edge of the Antarctic glacier is melting, being destroyed by waves, and icebergs are breaking off. As a result, the outlines of the mainland are constantly changing.

Peninsula

Weddell Sea

Lazareva

Amundsen

Bellingshausen

Antarctic

Even in ancient times, people believed that in the southern polar region lies a large, unexplored land. Brave sailors set off on their journey to the South Pole. In search of a mysterious land, they discovered many islands, but no one managed to see the mysterious mainland.

In Search of the Southern Continent

Discovery of Antarctica

To the south pole

Modern study of the mainland

Status of Antarctica

"...we knew what we were going for and we don't regret anything!"

(From the diary of R. Scott)

James Cook

In 1773-1774, the English captain James Cook tried to reach the southern mainland. He reached 71° S. sh., where he collided with impenetrable ice. "The land to the south will never be explored." With this statement, he pushed back the study of Antarctica by almost 50 years.

Discovery of Antarctica

On January 27, 1820, an entry was made in the ship's journal of the Russian expedition that a new land was discovered, called Antarctica.

F.F. Bellingshausen

M.P. Lazarev

In 1819, after a long and thorough preparation, the southern polar expedition set off from Kronstadt on a long voyage, consisting of two sloops of war - Vostok and Mirny. First commanded

F. F. Bellingshausen, the second - M. P. Lazarev. The crew of the ships consisted of experienced, seasoned sailors.

Bellingshausen and Lazarev not only gave the Southern Land a name, but also circumnavigated it, proving that it was a separate continent, and not a continuation of already known lands. In total, the voyage lasted 750 days.

The perseverance of the navigators helped to achieve excellent results: 28 islands were discovered in the southern seas and the previously unknown coast of the mainland.

The most dramatic episode of the "race for the pole" is the rivalry between Robert Scott and Roald Amundsen in 1911-1912. They reached the pole almost simultaneously.

To the south pole

Roald Amundsen

Robert Scott

Better equipped and choosing a more convenient route, Amundsen's party reached the Pole on December 14, 1911.

On the way back, the expedition fell into a multi-day snowstorm and died, not having reached only 20 km to the next warehouse with food and fuel.

Antarctic scientific stations

The study of Antarctica began in the middle of the 20th century. On the Continent different countries established numerous permanent bases, all year round leading research. In total, there are about 45 year-round scientific stations.

Man in Antarctica

Due to the harshness of the climate, there is no permanent population in Antarctica. However, scientific stations are located there. The temporary population of Antarctica ranges from 4,000 people in summer (about 150 Russians) to 1,000 people in winter (about 100 Russians).

According to the Antarctic Convention:

• Antarctica does not belong to any state.
• Only scientific activities are allowed.
• The deployment of military installations, as well as the entry of warships and armed vessels south of 60 degrees south latitude, are prohibited.
• In the 1980s, Antarctica was declared a nuclear-free zone.
• Currently, 28 states and dozens of observer countries are parties to the treaty.

status of Antarctica.

Questions on the topic “GP. Discovery and study of Antarctica»

The polar region around the South Pole.

In which hemisphere is Antarctica located?

Name the extreme points of Antarctica.

Who discovered Antarctica?

Who reached the South Pole first?

Antarctic.

In three hemispheres: Western, Eastern and Southern.

Antarctica has only the extreme northern point - Cape Sifre.

Russian sailors F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev in 1820.

Roald Amundsen in 1911

Related tests

"GP. Discovery and study of Antarctica»

• By area, the mainland occupies:

• First to reach the South Pole:

V. Atlantic D. Indian

• Antarctica was discovered:

• By area, the mainland occupies:

A. Second place B. Fourth place

C. Fifth place D. Sixth place

• First to reach the South Pole:

A. R. Amundsen B. R. Scott W. R. Peri G. D. Cook

• The ocean that does not wash the shores of Antarctica:

A. Pacific B. Arctic

V. Atlantic D. Indian

• Antarctica was discovered:

A. 1774 B. 1820 C. 1895 D. 1911

• Antarctica belongs to the state:

A. USA B. Russia C. Norway D. None

Assignments on the topic “GP. Discovery and study of Antarctica»

Task 1. Using the text of the textbook, fill in the table "History of the discovery and exploration of Antarctica"

Stativo Tatyana Sergeevna

GOU "Special (correctional) general education

school number 3 VIII species, Ulan-Ude

Lesson summary + presentation on the topic "Modern research of Antarctica" (grade 8 of the correctional school VIII species)

Tasks:

- educational: to continue the formation of students' ideas and knowledge about Antarctica; to show that every expedition to Antarctica is a meeting with the unknown.

- correctional-developing: develop memory, the ability to systematize the studied material, learn to make an independent choice from the proposed options, assessing your level of knowledge, develop interest in the subject;

- educational: to cultivate a sense of patriotism, responsibility for what is happening in the world.

Lesson type: combined

Equipment: physical map of the hemispheres, globe, contour maps, atlas, multimedia projector, presentation.

During the classes

I . Organizing time

II . Actualization of students' knowledge

Geographic Lotto (Annex 1)

III . Learning new material

There is no permanent population in Antarctica, it does not belong to any state. People come here only to take part in its study. Serious study of Antarctica began in the 50sXXcentury. Thanks to the cooperation of scientists, many secrets of Antarctica have been discovered. The first Russian stations were Mirny, Pionerskaya, Vostok-1.

1959 The Antarctic Treaty was signedarticle 1 The treaty stipulates that Antarctica must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. It is forbidden to build military bases, conduct military maneuvers, and test any kind of weapons there.

Article 5 , included at the initiative of the USSR, prohibiting nuclear explosions in this area for both military and peaceful purposes, as well as the disposal of radioactive waste.

Article 11 proclaims the freedom of scientific research, which allows any country to organize scientific stations and conduct scientific observations.

Now our Russian climbers are conquering the peaks of the mountains of Antarctica. In 2003, the peak was conquered, named after Chkalov (pilot), as it looked like an airplane wing.

The study of Antarctica continues.

IV . Anchoring

1. Viewing the Presentation.

2. Fill in the table using the text of the textbook on p. 98 - 100.

Question	Answer
Why is Antarctica called a neutral territory?
What was the name of our first polar expedition?
Why are most polar stations located on the coast?
What are scientists doing in Antarctica?
What are the scientific stations operating in Antarctica called?
How do scientists protect themselves from the cold?
Why is there no permanent population in Antarctica?

V . Summary of the lesson.

An expedition to Antarctica is a meeting with the unknown, which requires great heroism from people, giving all their strength, abilities, knowledge, and even own life. The mainland was the last to be discovered, intensive research was carried out mainly in the second half ofXXcentury. People first saw the coast of Antarctica on January 28, 1820. Since then, 189 years have passed. However, over the years, Antarctica has not become closer and friendlier. And today, navigation in its coastal waters is fraught with great difficulties and risks, and the implementation of research work requires enormous exertion of physical and spiritual strength from the personnel of scientific stations.

VI . Student assessment. Homework (pp. 98 - 100).

Attachment 1

Geographic Lotto

What is the name of the point located in the center of Antarctica?	When was Antarctica discovered?
What plants can be found in Antarctica?	Huge blocks of ice floating in the ocean
The highest and coldest continent	What are the three oceans that border Antarctica?
English navigator who sought to discover Antarctica	South polar region with Antarctica and adjacent islands
Who first discovered the South Pole?	Clumsy bird, inhabitant of Antarctica
The largest animal on the planet	In what year did the Norwegian Amundsen reach the South Pole?
Name the Russian navigators who discovered Antarctica	A peninsula located on the coldest continent of our planet
What were the names of the ships of the Russian expedition that discovered Antarctica?	Small plant and animal organisms that are rich in the waters of Antarctica

South Pole	1820
Mosses, lichens, algae	Iceberg
Antarctica	Quiet, Indian, Atlantic
James Cook	Antarctic
Roald Amundsen	Penguin
Blue whale	1911
F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev	Antarctic
Vostok and Mirny	Plankton

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Presentation on the topic: Exploration of Antarctica

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The work was done by a student of grade 8 - B ZOGG 27 Grabovskaya Victoria Sergeevna Scientific supervisors: teacher of geography the highest category, teacher-methodologist Elena Vladimirovna Gorokhova, head of the circle "Applied Mathematics", teacher of the highest category, senior teacher Chechenkina Olga Viktorovna ІІІ scientific-practical school conference "Friends of Pythagoras" Direction: ecology and space, remote monitoring of the Earth 5klass.net

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Atlantis is an island that has sunk into eternity. Since the time of the ancient Greeks, this riddle haunts lovers of secrets. The eternal question is already two and a half thousand years old. The first to write about Atlantis was the great ancient Greek philosopher Plato, on whose writings today's researchers and seekers of the sunken island are based. Atlantis is the subject of the most fantastic hypotheses. One of the hypotheses claims that Antarctica is the lost Atlantis. It is based on artifacts that have no explanation, maps (Piri Reis, etc.), which were created on the basis of dozens of ancient maps attributed to civilizations with developed navigation that existed 6-15 thousand years ago.

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According to the hypothesis, Antarctica was shifted to the south pole as a result of a lithospheric shift. And before that, it was closer to the equator and was not covered with ice. Another version is connected not with the movement of the continents, but with the displacement of the earth's axis, until which Antarctica was not at the south pole, had a warm climate, rich flora and fauna, was inhabited by people and built up with cities.

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New Swabia On the eve of World War II, Nazi Germany became interested in the ice continent. The Nazis' interest in Antarctica was fueled by their belief that they believed it to be Atlantis, frozen over after the catastrophe. And they considered it the birthplace of their ancestors! In December 1938, the aircraft carrier Swabia set off for the shores of the sixth continent. About 11,000 photographs were taken from seaplanes. Vast areas of the continent were mapped for the first time.

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Pennants were dropped from the sides of the planes, indicating that from now on this land is part of the Third Reich under the name "New Swabia". Here, the Germans discovered a whole system of interconnected giant underground cavities filled with warm air. Admiral Karl Doenitz, in his report to the Fuhrer, called this underworld "an earthly paradise." Since 1940, on the personal instructions of Hitler, the construction of two top-secret underground bases began on Queen Maud Land.

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Myth or real events? Early 1947. Another expedition of the American polar explorer Richard Byrd approached the shores of Antarctica. It was fully funded by the US Navy. The admiral is subordinate to a powerful naval grouping: an aircraft carrier, 12 surface ships, a submarine, more than two dozen aircraft and helicopters, about 5 thousand personnel ... At the end of January 1947, aerial reconnaissance of the Antarctic continent began in the area of ​​Queen Maud Land. Suddenly, the expedition, designed for half a year, is interrupted after two months. The destroyer, half of the carrier-based aircraft, dozens of sailors and officers were lost. After returning to Washington, Admiral Byrd reported on the attack on the expedition by strange flying saucers that emerged from under the water, moving at great speed. What's this? Myth or real events? Is this a UFO of the Third Reich?.. It remains a mystery.

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Exploration of Antarctica Exploration of Antarctica officially began in the 1950s. At the XXXI Consultative Meeting it was decided to explore and map the waters of the Antarctic with the participation of Ukrainian scientists. The National Antarctic Center cooperates with 8 countries, including the UK, France, USA, Spain, Russian Federation and etc.

slide number 10

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Directions scientific research Ukrainian polar explorers Integrated monitoring of the Antarctic. Determining the role and place of Antarctica in global climate change. Geological and geographical studies of rocks in the western region of Antarctica. Study of microbial cenoses, krill populations. Creation of an electronic atlas of the sixth continent. Research station "Academician Vernadsky"

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Country of a Thousand Lakes Under the ice shell that bound Antarctica millions of years ago, an unknown world lurks. Under the mass of snow and ice lies a mountainous country with numerous mountain lake basins. There are hundreds of them, big and small. From one lake to another, either wide or shallow rivers flow. And it's all under the ice!

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Under-ice rivers In 2006, a group of British researchers, studying satellite observations, discovered roaring streams under the ice. Scientists drew attention to one of the lakes. In sixteen months, his level dropped by three meters. At the same time, in two other lakes, which lay almost three hundred kilometers away, water increased by one and two meters, respectively. It was estimated that in just over a year, about two trillion liters of water swept along the channel connecting these lakes. What if huge quantities fresh water accumulated in the hidden lakes of Antarctica will flow into the ocean? The salinity of the water in the vicinity of the sixth continent will change, which can unbalance the entire system of sea currents.

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Penetration into the subglacial world On February 5, 2012, Russian scientists penetrated into the subglacial lake. How the blooming world of Antarctica turned into an icy desert.

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Volcanoes of Antarctica Under the ice sheet of Antarctica there are volcanoes that may someday wake up. A large amount of volcanic ash was found in an ice core taken by British researchers. According to scientists in the vicinity of the Hudson Mountains about 300 BC new era the largest eruption of an Antarctic volcano in the last 10,000 years.

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The glacier is creeping away In the central part of the continent, the ice bulk is displaced by several meters per year, and closer to the coast it accelerates, rolling over 20-50 meters per year. If there are lakes in the way of the glacier, it creeps even faster. Over the past decades, the Pine Island Glacier has moved faster. Here it is heated from below by jets of warm air accumulated over a volcano located under layers of ice. In March 2008, a giant iceberg with an area of ​​570 km² broke off. scientific world. The more it dumps into the sea, the higher the sea level gets.

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Polar explorers developed effective ways water treatment, industrial waste disposal. Geophysicists are monitoring solar activity, have developed methods for identifying minerals using space satellites. In the field of medicine, the adaptation of the human body to extreme conditions. Among the many scientific achievements of the Ukrainian expedition is the discovery of microorganisms with strong antibiotic activity. Thanks to them further study it is hoped that new effective antifungal medications will be created. Marine biology investigates the patterns of existence of marine krill populations.

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Conclusions Two hundred and fifty million years ago it was quite warm in Antarctica. It was part of the vast continent, Gondwana. 100 - 65 million years ago fertile soils The Antarctic continent, separated from Gondwana, grew endless coniferous forests. 17 million years ago, the land isthmus connecting Antarctica with South America. Since then, the sixth continent has been washed by icy waters, and its diverse landscapes have disappeared under the ice. Antarctica is a continent that keeps many mysteries and mysteries under its ice cover that we have to unravel. These studies will allow you to learn not only about the past of the continent. Study of ice cover, influence global warming on the nature of Antarctica makes it possible to predict possible changes in this ecosystem and in general on our planet.

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