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Legendary cosmonauts of the USSR
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Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin
Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin (1934-1968) - Russian cosmonaut, USSR pilot-cosmonaut (1961), colonel, Hero Soviet Union(1961). Made the world's first space flight spaceship"Vostok" lasting 1 hour 48 minutes.
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German Stepanovich Titov
German Stepanovich Titov (1935-2000) - Soviet cosmonaut, the second Soviet man in space, the second person in the world to make an orbital space flight, the youngest cosmonaut in history and the first person to make a long space flight (1961)
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Andriyan Grigorievich Nikolaev
Adrian Grigorievich Nikolaevich (1929-2004) - Soviet cosmonaut No. 3 (1962). Twice Hero of the Soviet Union. Air Major General. The first astronaut to work in orbit without a space suit. The first cosmonaut who participated in a military experiment in space.
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Pavel Romanovich Popovich
Pavel Romanovich Popovich (1930-2009) - Soviet cosmonaut. Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1962, 1974). Pilot of the Vostok-4 spacecraft; commander of the Soyuz-14 spacecraft, pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR No. 4.
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Valery Fedorovich Bykovsky
Valery Fedorovich Bykovsky (born 1934) - Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, twice Hero of the Soviet Union, who made three flights into space with a total duration of 20 days 17 hours 48 minutes 21 seconds. On the this moment is a cosmonaut who made a space flight earlier than all other living Russian cosmonauts, and the only cosmonaut who flew on the spacecraft "Vostok" or "Voskhod" who made 3 space flights
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Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (born March 6, 1937) - Soviet cosmonaut, the world's first female cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of Socialist Labor of Czechoslovakia, Hero of Socialist Labor of the People's Republic of Belarus, Hero of Labor of Vietnam, Hero of Labor of the MPR, major general, candidate of technical sciences, professor. Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR No. 6, 10th cosmonaut in the world.
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Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov
Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov (1927-1967) - cosmonaut, twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1964), colonel engineer. Commander of the world's first crew of three. He flew twice on the first ships of a new type: Voskhod-1 and Soyuz-1.
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Konstantin Petrovich Feoktistov
Konstantin Petrovich Feoktistov (1926-2009) - Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR, Hero of the Soviet Union, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor. Member of the first crew of three in the history of space exploration. Design engineer for a large number of spacecraft and orbital stations.
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Boris Borisovich Egorov
Boris Borisovich Yegorov (1937-1994) - Soviet cosmonaut (1964), Hero of the Soviet Union, colonel of the medical service, doctor of medical sciences, professor. Specialist doctor.
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Pavel Ivanovich Belyaev (1925-1970) - Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, Hero of the Soviet Union (1965). He was awarded the Orders of Lenin, the Red Star, the gold medal of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. K. E. Tsiolkovsky, foreign orders and medals. A crater on the Moon and a minor planet (2030 Belyaev) are named after Belyaev.
Pavel Ivanovich Belyaev
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Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov
Aleksey Arkhipovich Leonov (born 1934) - Soviet cosmonaut No. 11, the first man to walk in outer space. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1965, 1975). Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1981). Member of the Supreme Council of the United Russia party.
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Georgy Timofeevich Beregovoy
Georgy Timofeevich Beregovoy (1921-1995) - USSR pilot-cosmonaut, twice Hero of the USSR (the only one awarded the first star of the Hero for the Great Patriotic war, and the second - for the flight into space (1968)). Honored Test Pilot of the USSR. Air Lieutenant General. Candidate of Psychological Sciences. Cosmonaut of the USSR No. 12. Beregovoy was born before all the people who have been in orbit. Having made a space flight at the age of 47, Beregovoy for several years was the oldest person to have been in orbit.
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Vladimir Alexandrovich Shatalov
Vladimir Alexandrovich Shatalov (born in 1927) - Soviet cosmonaut No. 13, lieutenant general of aviation. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union. Honored Master of Sports of the USSR. One of the craters reverse side The moon is named after him.
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Boris Valentinovich Volynov
Boris Valentinovich Volynov (born 1934) - Russian cosmonaut, USSR pilot-cosmonaut (1969), colonel, twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1969, 1976).
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Alexey Stanislavovich Eliseev
Alexei Stanislavovich Eliseev, (born in 1934) Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR, Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (01/22/1969, 10/22/1969), Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR (01/22/1969), Hero of the NRB, Hero of the GDR, Doctor of Technical Sciences
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Evgeny Vasilievich Khrunov
Evgeny Vasilyevich Khrunov (1933-2000) - USSR Pilot-Cosmonaut No. 16, Air Force Colonel, Hero of the Soviet Union (1969). On January 15, 1969, together with Boris Volynov and Alexei Eliseev, he went into orbit on the Soyuz-5 spacecraft. Khrunov was the second among the Soviet cosmonauts who visited outer space.
Slide 18
Georgy Stepanovich Shonin
Georgy Stepanovich Shonin (1935-1997) - Soviet cosmonaut No. 17. Hero of the Soviet Union (1969). Air Lieutenant General. Honorary citizen of the cities of Vologda, Gagarin, Kaluga; Balta, Odessa, Rovenki; Karaganda; brichport
Presentation based on Internet presentation. About the first cosmonauts-dogs. Added something about Gagarin and astronautics. There is a crossword puzzle at the end.
Crossword
Horizontally:
- What is the name of the place in Kazakhstan - the "town of cosmonauts", from where spaceships take off? (Baikonur)
- Natural satellite of the Earth. (Moon)
- A person who observes the starry sky, photographs it, studies the life of stars and planets. (Astronomer)
Vertically:
- The nickname of one of the experimental dogs that flew into space. (Squirrel)
- The first astronaut in the world. (Yuri Gagarin)
- This is a small body of the solar system, the name of which can be translated as "shaggy star".(Comet)
- What is the name of the spacecraft on which the first astronaut flew?("East")
- "Red Planet", the fourth from the sun. (Mars)
View document content
"Presentation. Cosmonautics Day. The first astronauts.
TO THE STARS!
Morning space age
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky
- Founder of astronautics and rocket science
- He substantiated the possibility of using a rocket for flights into outer space, to other planets of the solar system.
Friedrich Arturovich Zander (1887 - 1933)
- Soviet scientist and inventor in the field of the theory of interplanetary flights, jet engines.
Yuri Vasilyevich Kondratyuk (1897 - 1942)
- He proposed, when flying to other planets, to put the ship into orbit of his artificial satellite
- To land a person on another planet and return to the ship, use a small landing ship
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev
- Missile system designer
- General Designer
The first artificial earth satellite
"COSMONAUTS"
Medical scientists with their pets
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev
Flight suit
Space suits for astronaut dogs
suits
ejection cabin
space cabin
The second Soviet artificial satellite with a dog on board went into space on November 3, 1957 from the Baikonur cosmodrome.
Space dog living quarters
Biocosmonaut Laika before space flight
Star
Monument to the Star in Izhevsk
18 days left before the launch of a man in space
More dogs were not destined to rise into space
- April 1961 Soviet cosmonaut
Yu.A. Gagarin on a spaceship "East" launched from the spaceport "Baikonur" and for the first time in the world made an orbital flight around the planet Earth.
Gagarin Yury Alekseevich
(9.03.1934 - 27.03.1968)
Baikonur Cosmodrome - the first and largest cosmodrome in the world, located on the territory of Kazakhstan
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
solar system
Sun
Lunokhod- a transport device, controlled automatically or by astronauts, capable of moving on the Moon and intended for lunar exploration.
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A S T R O N O M
S T O K
A R S
MOON
BA YK O N U R
CHRISTMAS TREE
ABOUT MET A
The first astronauts Prepared by the teacher primary school MOU "Secondary School No. 61", Saratov Inusilova Tatyana Konstantinovna
October 4, 1957 - the beginning of the space age Thanks to the work of scientists S.P. Koroleva and M.V. Keldysh, for the first time in the history of the world, the first artificial satellite of the Earth was in orbit.
Prior to man's spacewalk (1961), animal flights were designed to test whether future astronauts could survive the flight, and if so, how the flight might affect their health.
Monkeys Scientists have launched macaques into orbit many times. Animals were supplied with various sensors with the help of which the changes occurring in the animal body were recorded.
Mice. Rats. Experiments were carried out to launch rats into space. Even if everything goes well, the rat loses up to a quarter of its weight. However, after landing on a special diet, the rat is on the mend.
Central Asian steppe tortoises How overloads during the return and the radiation situation on the lunar path will affect living organisms. On the advice of scientists from the Academy of Sciences, it was decided to send Central Asian steppe tortoises into space for a “biological indication” of the route: they do not need a large supply of oxygen, they can eat nothing for a week and a half and stay in a lethargic sleep for a long time.
Quails In March 1990, for the first time on a spacecraft, quail cubs were hatched. The quails could not adapt to the lack of gravity and flew helplessly around the cockpit, unable to cling to the cage. The lack of support prevented the quail cubs from learning to feed on their own and they died, but not all of them, three of the quails survived the flight and returned safely to Earth.
Black and white cat Feliks A real cat-astronaut Feliсette France launched a rocket with a cat on board into near-Earth space. Twelve animals took part in the preparation for this flight, the main candidate for the flight was Felix the cat. He underwent intensive training and was approved to fly. However, shortly before the launch, the cat escaped and was urgently replaced by Felicette.
The famous dog Laika The clever and courageous dog Laika passed the “final exams” better than others.
After the successful flight of animals into space, the road to the stars became open for man. After 8 months, on the same spaceship on which the dogs Belka and Strelka flew, a man also went into space. On April 12, 1961, at 6:07 a.m., the Vostok launch vehicle was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome.For the first time in the world, a spacecraft with a man on board broke into the expanses of the Universe.
The first human spacewalk During the flight of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft on the second orbit around the Earth, A.A. Leonov in a special suit with an autonomous life support system for the first time in the world went out of the ship into outer space.
The first flight of a woman into space A woman in space! For the first time in the world, Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova was in Earth orbit. "The Seagull" - this is the call sign of Tereshkova - flew in space for about 70 hours.
How do astronauts prepare for flights? For training astronauts use a simulator - a centrifuge.
When training is carried out under water, the station, together with the platform, the cosmonauts and divers being prepared, is lowered under water, into the hydro pool.
Work in the hydro pool.
For more than 30 years, all astronauts have been training in the so-called "flying laboratory" while preparing for a flight, for weightlessness. This is the main simulator for practicing skills of work in the absence of attraction to the Earth.
How do astronauts live in a rocket? In space there is no air to breathe, there is no water, and even more so there is no food. All this is loaded into the spacecraft on the ground and then consumed in flight. There is nothing in space but emptiness and sunlight. It is light that powers the spacecraft through solar panels.
On the ship, all objects, including animals, are in a state of weightlessness. On earth, all objects have weight, they are attracted to the earth's surface. This is not the case in space. Inside the spacecraft, all items are fixed on special holders. Otherwise, they would all fly.
What do astronauts eat? Astronauts eat food that is stored in canned form. Before use, canned food and tubes are heated, and packages with the first and second courses are diluted with water.
How do astronauts sleep? They have special niches equipped with straps along the walls.
Astronaut clothing - space suit. Astronauts wear it when launching and descending a rocket when they go out into outer space.
During the launch and descent of the rocket, the astronauts lie down in a special "Lodge".
Monument to the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. City of Engels
Many are sure that the legendary dogs Belka and Strelka were the first living creatures from the Earth to fly into space. Those who have a better memory will remember that the mongrel Laika flew into space in front of them. But in fact, both of them will turn out to be wrong ...... The names of the first dogs who gave their lives in the name of science were kept in deep secrecy during the years of the birth of Soviet cosmonautics. As were classified and the names of the people who conducted experiments with them. Therefore, no one in the Soviet Union knew the name of Oleg Gazenko, an employee of the special laboratory of the Institute of Aviation Medicine of the Air Force, which conducted experiments with dogs - astronauts. The road to space for Yuri Gagarin was paved by ... dogs.
Dezik and Gypsy The first launch of dogs into a suborbital flight took place on July 22, 1951 at the Kapustin Yar test site. Here is how he is described in the diaries of those years. "Four o'clock in the morning on July 22, 1951, dawn is breaking through the steppe, but work is in full swing at the cosmodrome at that moment. The dogs are already dressed in suits, well fed with stew, milk and bread. At the training ground - chief designer Sergei Korolev and head of the medical program Vladimir Yazdovsky. The astronauts take their places in the cabin on top of the metal boom, after a while the signal to start is heard. The R-2A geophysical rocket was "piloted" by cosmonauts Dezik and Tsygan. The rocket takes off, and fifteen minutes later a white parachute appears on the horizon. Everyone rushes to the descent vehicle, looks into the porthole - dog muzzles look at the scientists contentedly. They are alive!” Launched capsule of the R-2A missile
Ryzhik and Lisa In the summer of 1954, the new stage programs: in Tomilin, near Moscow, dogs were trained to test emergency evacuation systems in an open airless space. The canvas harness of the astronauts was replaced with a parachute suit, and the dogs Ryzhik and Lisa were the first to try it. At an altitude of 100 km, the catapult pushed Lisa in a dog suit into open airless space. A parachute of a special design opened up, working where the dome had nothing to rely on. Ryzhik continued to fall along with the cabin to a height of 45 km, where he was “shot”. Accelerated by the fall almost to the speed of sound, the suit slowed down the parachute already at an altitude of seven kilometers. Ryzhik died two weeks later. The fox next flew in February 1955. During takeoff, the rocket was pulled to the side, the stabilization rudders worked too sharply, and the dog was thrown out of the cockpit by inertia.
On October 4, 1957, a launch was carried out from the Baikonur Cosmodrome launch vehicle"Sputnik", which launched the world's first artificial Earth satellite into low Earth orbit. This launch opened the space age in the history of mankind. On October 4, 1957, the Sputnik carrier rocket was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, which launched the world's first artificial Earth satellite into low Earth orbit. This launch opened the space age in the history of mankind.
The next project, a daily flight with a return, was prepared longer and more carefully. But here, too, there were casualties. On July 28, 1960, a side block fell off at the starting rocket, and it crashed without having time to really take off. Seagull and Chanterelle Two dogs Chaika and Chanterelle died… Ship for Seagull and Chanterelle.
White outbred female squirrel was the leader in the team, the most active and sociable. In training, she showed the best results, among the first to approach a bowl of food, and the first to learn to bark if something went wrong. Arrow, a mixed breed female of light color with brown spots, was timid and a little reserved, but nevertheless friendly. Both dogs were about two and a half years old at the time of the flight into space.
On August 20, 1960, at 13:32 Moscow time, on the 18th orbit, a command was given from the Earth to start the descent cycle. The brake propulsion system was turned on, and the ship descended from orbit. After some time, the descent vehicle successfully landed in a given area (Orsk-Kostanay-Amangeldy triangle) 10 km from the calculated point. Belka and Strelka returned safely to Earth. For the first time in the world, living beings, having been in space, returned to Earth.
Scientists were not limited only to space experiments and continued research on earth. Now it was up to us to find out whether the flight into space affected the genetics of the animal. The arrow twice brought healthy offspring, cute puppies, which everyone would dream of acquiring. Belka and Strelka spent the rest of their lives at the institute and died a natural death.
Belka's offspring Puppy Fluff, a descendant of the famous Strelka, "adopted" by the wife of President Kennedy
Bee and Fly The queue was for the Bee and Fly. But their launch after the R-16 accident was postponed to December 1, 1960. And at 7:26 Vostok started. In total, the dogs stayed in orbit for a day. Everything went smoothly, but when they gave the command to return, there was a failure. According to one version, the dogs flew away to the side of... Jupiter and died from suffocation and heat after their "ball" moved to a higher orbit due to a failure of the braking system, and according to another, they burned up in dense layers of the atmosphere. Bee Fly
Zhemchuzhina and Zhulka December 22 - a new attempt to put the East into orbit. A place in the satellite ship was taken by Zhemchuzhina and Zhulka. At the withdrawal site, an accident occurred with the third stage of the launch vehicle. The descent vehicle made an emergency landing near Tuva (Krasnoyarsk Territory). Rats, insects, plants died, but the dogs remained alive. Academician Oleg Gazenko immediately took Zhulka to himself, and she spent the rest of her life in the general's house. Sergei Pavlovich Korolev did not back down from his decision: two successful starts - and a man flies. On the next ships, the dogs were launched one at a time.
Chernushka On March 9, 1961, Chernushka went into space. The dog had to make one revolution around the earth and return - an accurate model of human flight. Everything went well. Astronaut dogs: Zvezdochka, Chernushka, Strelka and Belka (photo 1961). Zvezdochka March 25 started Zvezdochka. And she had to complete one revolution and land. The flight ended successfully. It was on it that all the stages of the flight were worked out, which the first human cosmonaut had to perform a little later.
In total, from July 1951 to September 1962, 29 dog flights into the stratosphere to a height of kilometers took place. Eight of them ended tragically. Dogs died from cabin depressurization, failure parachute system, malfunctions in the life support system. Alas, they did not get even a hundredth of the glory that their four-legged colleagues who had been in orbit covered themselves with. Albeit posthumously ... Red Lady Belyanka Motley Of them, Red and Lady rose to a height of 200 kilometers, Belyanka and Motley kilometers. Brave And the dog Brave was in space already four times. Otvazhnaya Odvaka Lady and Kozyavka Otvaka Otvazhnaya
They say that Yuri Gagarin uttered the phrase. "I still don't understand," he said, "who am I? The first man or the last dog." What was said was considered a joke, but, as you know, every joke has a grain of reality. Dogs paved the way to space for Yuri Gagarin.
The “dog” program on the Gagarin flight did not end. In February-March 1966, the dogs Veterok and Ugolyok spent 22 days in orbit of the artificial Earth satellite Kosmos-110. The dogs endured such a long flight very badly, but successfully recovered and gave healthy offspring. The cosmonauts of the Salyut station will beat their record only in five years. Wind and Coal
"And dogs fly into space, Filling space with themselves And when they reach the stars, They stay there forever. And when the dogs fly away, People will be very lonely - And then people will begin to bark, But they will hunt ... badly." (S. Aksyonenko)
