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RUSSIAN CULTURE IN THE 18th century Chernova Svetlana Semyonovna, Senior Lecturer, Department of History and Social Sciences, BelRI PCPSslide 2
Periodization of the history of Russian culture of the XVIII century. The first period (the end of the 17th - the first quarter of the 18th century) is the formation of a new culture. Second period: (middle - second half of the 18th century) - development and flourishing of the secular noble culture and folk traditional culture.
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EDUCATION IN RUSSIA in the XVIII century. During the reign of Peter I, the problem of the school, the education of children and youth becomes a state problem. In Russia, a system of secular education began to be created, which operated along with the system of spiritual education.
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Education in Russia in the XVIII century. Class character Creation of secular education (primary, secondary, higher), which operated along with the system of spiritual enlightenment Creation of new textbooks, development of the book trade Opening of the first in Russia public library(1714)
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Creation Policy new breed people” (reign of Catherine II) Talented Russian teacher I.I. Betskoy, the conductor of the policy of Catherine II in the field of education, developed the “General Institution of Both Sexes of Youth”, approved by the Empress, for raising children in closed class educational institutions
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The policy of creating a "new breed of people" (the reign of Catherine II) Creation of Orphanages in Moscow (1764) and St. Petersburg (1770) for foundlings and "unfortunately born" babies. Opening of the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens in St. Petersburg (1764). Opening of the Demidov Lyceum for the children of merchants and burghers (1772) Opening of the Catherine Institute for children of merchants and burghers (1779)
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School reform in Russia (80s of the XVIII century) in 1782-1786. school reform was carried out in Russia, which marked the beginning of the creation of a system secondary school with united curricula and a unified teaching method. The Serbian teacher F.I. Jankovic de Mirievo. The school system was two-stage: In county towns - small public schools (2-year education) In provincial cities - main public schools (4-year education). By the end of the XVIII century. 400 public schools were created in the country.
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Science in Russia in the XVIII century. The opening of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg (1725) is the most important stage in the development Russian science in the 18th century. Prominent scientists worked in the Russian Academy of Sciences: mathematicians L. Euler, D. Bernoulli, astronomer J. Delisle, physicists D. Richman, F. Epinus.
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Science in Russia in the XVIII century. M.V. Lomonosov (1711-1765) is a great Russian scientist, one of the titans of world science. There was not a single branch of knowledge at that time where his genius would not manifest itself.
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M.V. Lomonosov - the genius of Russian science of the XVIII century. Natural and mathematical sciences: M.V. Lomonosov is one of the founders of physical chemistry. Discovery of the law of conservation of energy Assumptions about the atomic and molecular structure of matter Discovery of the atmosphere on Venus - the basis of astrophysics
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M.V. Lomonosov - the genius of Russian science of the XVIII century. Humanities and literature: In the history of M.V. Lomonosov was the first to speak out against the Norman theory; "Russian Grammar" - the first scientific grammar of the Russian language; In poetry - the creation of syllabic-tonic versification (odes, poems and poems)
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M.V. Lomonosov - the genius of Russian science of the XVIII century. The founder of the oldest Russian University - Moscow (1755) The first professors of the university were his students: A. A. Barsov and N. N. Popovsky. The university had three faculties: Philosophical with departments of verbal and physical and mathematical Law Medical
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Technology in Russia in the 18th century. Kulibin Ivan Petrovich (1735 - 1818) - Russian self-taught mechanic. Born into the family of a small merchant. In 1764-67. created an egg-shaped clock, which was the most complex mechanism of automatic action. Kulibin presented this watch in 1769 to Empress Catherine II, who appointed him head of the mechanical workshop of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
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Technology in Russia in the 18th century. In 1779, Kulibin designed the famous lantern (searchlight), which gave powerful light. This invention was used for industrial purposes - for lighting workshops, ships, lighthouses, etc. In 1791, Ivan Petrovich Kulibin made a scooter cart, in which he used a flywheel, brake, gearbox, rolling bearings, etc. .; the wagon was set in motion by a person who pressed the pedals.
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Russian architecture of the 18th century. In the field of urban planning, a transition was made from a radial-circular to a regular layout. Its main features are: Geometrical correctness, symmetry Uniform rules and techniques in the development of streets A certain ratio of the sizes and heights of buildings.
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Russian architecture of the 18th century. The dominant style of architecture in the first half of the 18th century. - Baroque (from Italian "artsy"). Characteristic features: Monumentality Curved lines of facades The largest master of the Baroque style - V.V. Rastrelli
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Russian architecture of the 18th century. Domenico Trezzini is an outstanding Russian architect of the early Baroque in Russia, who carried out the planning and development of St. Petersburg.
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Russian architecture of the 18th century. D. Trezzini is the author of the famous St. Petersburg architectural creations - this is the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress, the summer palace of Peter I, the building of the Twelve Colleges.
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Russian architecture of the 18th century. In Moscow, the brilliant Russian architect V.I. Bazhenov erected the Pashkov House (now the old building of the Russian State Library).
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Literature of Russia of the 18th century. The heyday of Russian literature is the second half of the 18th century, when a developed system of genres was created: Ode Fable Elegy Tragedy Comedy Tale Roman.
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Literature of Russia of the 18th century. The second half of the 18th century - the beginning of the formation of an artistic and realistic trend in Russian literature (D.I. Fonvizin). D.I., Fonvizin - the author of the comedies "Foreman", "Undergrowth".
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Literature of Russia of the 18th century. At the end of the XVIII century. In Russian literature, the style of sentimentalism is developing - its heyday is associated with the work of N.M. Karamzin ("Poor Liza").
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Painting in Russia in the 18th century In the first half of the century, the main genres were: portrait (A.M. Matveev and I.N. Nikitin); engraving (A.F. Zubov and A.I. Rostovtsev) In the second half of the century, the main genres: historical and mythological (A.P. Losenko, G.I. Ugryumov), household (M. Shibanov), portrait (I.P. (Argunov, F.S. Rokotov, D.G. Levitsky, V.A. Borovikovsky)
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Painting in Russia in the 18th century Levitsky DG - the largest Russian artist of the second half of the 18th century, master of the ceremonial portrait. Portrait of Catherine II (1780) is his famous work in this genre.
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Painting in Russia in the 18th century Portrait of M.I. Lopukhina V.L. Borovikovsky is a vivid example of sentimentalism in Russian painting of the late 18th century.
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Sculpture in Russia in the 18th century. The main genre of Russian sculpture is the portrait. Sculptors: B. Rastrelli, F.I. Shubin, M.I. Kozlovsky, E. Falcone.
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Sculpture in Russia in the 18th century. Shubin Fedot Ivanovich (1740-1805) - sculptor. His work was the pinnacle of Russian realistic sculpture of the 18th century. Born in the North, in a family of Kholmogory peasants, among whom bone carving has long flourished. In the winter of 1759, a nineteen-year-old boy, with a convoy of fish, came to St. Petersburg to learn sculptural skills. Perhaps, at first, a fellow countryman, Lomonosov M.V., helped him. In 1761, patronized by Lomonosov M.V. and the first trustee of the Academy of Arts Shuvalov I.I., Shubnaya F.I. was included in the lists of students under the name of Fedot Shubin.
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Sculpture in Russia in the 18th century. Shubin F.I. - a remarkable master of the sculptural portrait of the XVIII century. Portrait of Baryshnikov I.S. 1778 is his famous work in this genre.
Golden Age of Russian Culture (first half of the 19th century)
The presentation was prepared by: - student Valeria Romashkina of the PK-17 group of the GAPOU MO PK "Moskovia" OSP Kashirskoye
Teacher of history and social studies Kostin A.V.
- Enlightenment and education
- Development of science
- Literature
- Theatre, ballet, music
- Painting and sculpture
- Architecture and urban planning
education
- The level of education of the society is one of the indicators of the cultural state of the country.
- School education was not provided for serfs.
- The system of home education was widespread. It focused on the study foreign languages, literature, music, painting, rules of conduct in society.
- In the first half of the 19th century, there was no system of female education in Russia. Several closed institutes (secondary educational institutions) were opened only for noblewomen.
education
- New universities were opened in Dorpat (now Tartu), St. Petersburg (based on the Pedagogical Institute), Kazan, Kharkov. The legal status of universities was determined by the Charters of 1804 and 1835.
- An important task in the process of the formation of national culture was the development of rules and norms of the Russian literary and colloquial language.
education
- Of particular importance for the enlightenment of the people was the publication of books. At the beginning of the 19th century, only state printing houses existed; in the 1930s and 1940s, private book publishing spread.
- In the first half of the 19th century, the newspaper and magazine business noticeably revived. In addition to "St. Petersburg" and "Moskovsky Vedomosti", many private newspapers appeared ("Northern Bee", "Literaturnaya Gazeta", "Bulletin of Europe", "Son of the Fatherland").
Development of science
- In the first half of the 19th century, the differentiation of sciences began, the separation of independent scientific disciplines: natural and humanitarian. The growth of industry contributed to the development of technical thought. In applied sciences, especially important discoveries were made in the fields of electrical engineering, mechanics, biology and medicine.
- Russian science first half of XIX century had significant success in the development of medicine, in particular in surgery.
Development of science
- The social sciences in the first half of the 19th century, despite their dependence on official ideology and politics, reflected in their development the socio-economic contradictions of the pre-reform period.
- The humanities emerged as a separate branch and developed successfully. At the beginning of the 19th century, and especially after the Patriotic War of 1812, the desire to know Russian history as an important element of national culture intensified.
Literature
- The most striking, interesting, advanced area of Russian culture in the 19th century was literature. Russian literature of the first half of the 19th century was characterized by a rapid change in artistic trends.
- In literary salons, on the pages of magazines, there was a struggle between supporters of various literary trends: classicism and sentimentalism, enlightenment and emerging romanticism.
Literature
A.S. Pushkin romantic
A.S. Griboyedov classicist
M.Yu. Lermontov romantic
literature
- The development of literature took place in difficult socio-political conditions. Its constant contact with the advanced trends of social thought forced the government to apply restrictive and repressive measures to writers. In 1826, the censorship charter, called "cast-iron" by contemporaries, replaced the former charter of 1804, which was more liberal. Now the censor could, at his own discretion, shred the text, removing from it everything that seemed to him offensive to the autocracy and the church.
- In the first half of the 19th century, theater life in Russia entered a new phase.
- There were few state theaters: Alexandrinsky and Mariinsky in St. Petersburg, Bolshoi and Maly in Moscow. They were under the petty tutelage of the administration, which constantly interfered in the repertoire and selection of actors. This hindered theatrical creativity. Private theaters began to appear, which were either allowed or banned by the authorities.
- Drama theater developed under the influence of the same trends as literature.
- N.V. was especially popular. Puppeteer who wrote a number of historical plays. Satirical comedies by D.I. Fonvizin and I.A. Krylov.
P.S. Mochalov
M.S. Shchepkin
V.A. Karatygin
- Special place in the cultural life of Russia was occupied by ballet theatrical art. It developed in close connection and under the influence of Russian literature.
- Ballet owes its success in Russia to choreographer, teacher and playwright Sh. Didlo.
A.S. Novitskaya
A.I. Istomin
- A special place in the history of Russian musical art was occupied by the composer M. I. Glinka, who went down in history as the first Russian composer of world significance.
- The development of the national theme in music was continued by Glinka's younger contemporary Alexander Sergeevich Dargomyzhsky (1813–1869).
- A major representative of the romantic trend in music was the composer A.N. Verstovsky (opera "Askold's Grave").
M.I. Glinka
A.S. Dargomyzhsky
A.N. Verstovsky
Painting
- The greatest master of romantic painting was Karl Pavlovich Bryullov (1799-1852).
- The realistic manner was reflected in the works of V.A. Tropinin.
- In the first half of the 19th century, everyday subjects entered Russian painting. One of the first to contact him was A.G. Venetsianov.
painting
Painting "Threshing floor" A.G. Venetsianova
K.P. Bryullov
Painting "Lacemaker" V.A. Tropinina
sculptures
- I.P. Martos created the first monument in Moscow to K. Minin and D. Pozharsky on Red Square. According to the project of A.A. Montferrand, a 47-meter column was erected on Palace Square in front of the Winter Palace as a monument to Alexander I and a monument in honor of B.I. Orlovsky owns the monuments to M.I. Kutuzov and M.B. Barclay de Tolly in Petersburg. F.P. Tolstoy created a series of remarkable bas-reliefs and medals dedicated to Patriotic war 1812.
- Especially a lot of works, organically included in various architectural ensembles, were created by sculptors S. S. Pimenov and V. I. Demut-Malinovsky (The Chariot of Glory on the Triumphal Arch of Rossi, sculptural groups at the Voronikhin Mining Institute). Also interesting is the work of sculptors I. P. Vitali (bust of Pushkin, 1837; angels at the lamps at the corners of St. Isaac's Cathedral), P. K. Klodt ("Horse Tamers" on the Anichkov Bridge in St. Petersburg, an equestrian monument to Nicholas I, installed on the square in front of St. Isaac's Cathedral).
Architecture and urban planning
- The largest architect of this time was Andrey Nikiforovich Voronikhin (1759–1814). Feature in the architecture of this time - the creation of large ensembles. This was especially evident in St. Petersburg, where many quarters amaze with their unity and harmony.
- The highest achievement of the Empire architecture of St. Petersburg was the work of the famous architect Karl Ivanovich Rossi (1775–1849).
Architecture and urban planning
- In the 1930s, classicism in architecture with its conciseness, strictness of lines and forms began to be replaced by the "Russian-Byzantine style". K.A. Ton transformed the territory of the Kremlin by building the Grand Kremlin Palace and the building of the Armory. According to his project, in 1839 the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was laid as a symbol of deliverance from the French invasion in 1812. Its construction was completed only in 1883.
Architecture and urban planning
- Imitating both capitals, the provincial towns were also transformed. Talented architects Ya.N. Popov, V.P. Stasov and others. According to the project of V.P. Stasov in Omsk, the Nikolsky Cossack Cathedral was erected. In Odessa, according to the project of A.I. Melnikov created an ensemble of Primorsky Boulevard with semicircular buildings facing the sea, and in the center with a monument to Duke Richelieu, the creator and first governor of Odessa. The ensemble was completed by a majestic staircase leading to the sea.
conclusion
- Based on the above, we can conclude that in the first half of the 19th century, the socio-cultural life was the most diverse and full-blooded only in the capitals. The province, according to one of the modern researchers, "was still in a state of deep mental hibernation." In general, during this period of the century, Russia achieved impressive success in the field of culture. The world fund forever included the works of many Russian writers, artists, sculptors, architects and composers. The process of the formation of the Russian literary language and, in general, the formation of a national culture was completed. And the traditions laid down in the first half of the 19th century developed and multiplied in subsequent times.
Culture is a historically developing, multi-layered system of material and spiritual values created by man, socio-cultural norms and ways of their distribution and perception. Culture acts both as an external expression of the collective memory of the people, and as a way of human existence in the world, and as a world created by man.
The history of culture, understood as an integral system, involves a comprehensive study of its various areas (science, technology and education, everyday life and folklore, social thought and literature, art, etc.) and acts as a synthesizing discipline in relation to numerous sciences and branches of science that study separate aspects of the historical and cultural process
The concept of "culture" is very capacious. It includes both moral norms and the whole range of ideas that determine the life of society, and creativity. individual person and much more. In the research literature, one can find several basic concepts of "culture" that determine the approaches of scientists to the history of Russian culture itself. Supporters of the first approach consider culture as a set of material and spiritual values created by man. Supporters of the second approach, on the contrary, consider culture as creative activity human
In the 70s. In the 20th century, another interpretation of culture is taking shape. Its very appearance is connected with the processes that took place in humanities Oh. Its appearance is connected with the processes that took place in the humanities. By this time, it became obvious that the disunity of the humanities is detrimental to the humanities as a whole. In research circles, it was realized that the allocation of the sphere of material and spiritual culture often makes it difficult to understand the meaning, firstly, of culture itself and, secondly, of the role that culture plays in the life of society and man.
As a result, a definition of culture was formed, which is closely connected with the functioning of society, with its social life. Culture is a way of human existence, a set of pictures of the world that are explicitly or latently present in the minds of members of society and determine their social behavior. Culture is the phenomenon of man in history or the way in which he finds himself and sees himself in history.
Any attempt to present Russian culture as a holistic, historically continuously developing phenomenon, with its own logic and pronounced national identity, runs into great internal difficulties and contradictions. Every time it turns out that at any stage of its formation and historical development, Russian culture seems to double, showing two distinct faces at the same time. European and Asian, sedentary and nomadic, Christian and pagan, secular and spiritual, official and oppositional, collective and individual - these and similar "pairs" of opposites have been characteristic of Russian culture since ancient times and have actually been preserved to this day.
The first stage in the development of Russian culture Slavic culture In the era of the domination of paganism, Russian culture was sufficiently developed. There was a special script, similar to knot writing, which had a sacred meaning; a system of signs was created to record economic information. At the same time, the Russian culture of the pagan era was characterized by the existence of polygamy, orgiastic festivities, blood feuds and sacrifices, both animal and human, common among the Rus, Ugrians and some other peoples of the Russian Plain
Features of the development of culture at this stage: -openness geographical location(invasions of nomadic peoples); - natural conditions(the abundance of river routes predetermined the features and diversity economic activity); -creation of mixed settlements (northern coast of the Black Sea); - the decline of Greek cities and some rise in the culture of the Scythian plowmen; - the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the mass movement of the Slavs across the Danube lead to the emergence of large Slavic tribes (two branches of the Slavic tribes - the Antes and the Slavs themselves) - the emergence of a culture that developed in Kiev time
The first period in the development of Russian culture is associated with the Rurik dynasty (IX-XVI centuries). It breaks in two critical milestones- Kyiv and Moscow. This period is called pre-Petrine. The main cultural dominant is the orientation of Russian art to the East, primarily to Byzantium. The main area where creative thought was formed and where the national genius showed himself with the greatest force was religious art.
The second period is associated with the Romanov dynasty (). The two main cultural centers that determined the general orientation and stylistic originality of Russian culture during this period were Moscow and St. Petersburg. The period is called Petrovsky, since it was the reforms of Peter I that turned the culture of our country to the West. Western Europe became the main source of cultural borrowing and imitation at this time. The main sphere where creative thought was formed and where the national genius manifested itself with the greatest force was secular art.
The third period begins after the Great October Revolution tsarism was overthrown. Moscow becomes the main and only cultural center of Soviet art. The cultural landmark is neither the West nor the East. The main orientation is to search for one’s own reserves, to create an original, based on Marxist ideology, socialist culture, which cannot be called in the strict sense either religious or secular, since it combines both, is not similar to either one or the other. The defining moment of the cultural development of Soviet society must be considered the division of a common cultural space on official culture and unofficial culture, a significant part of which is represented by dissidence and non-conformism. Outside the state, scattered throughout the countries of Europe and America, a powerful culture of the Russian diaspora was formed, which, like unofficial art within the USSR, was in antagonism with official culture 18
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
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RUSSIAN CULTURE OF THE XVI CENTURY Development of a history teacher Bukharina I.V. MAOU "Secondary school No. 18 with in-depth study of English language» Vakhitovsky district of Kazan
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CONTENTS FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN CULTURE OF THE XVI CENTURY; NEW PHENOMENA IN RUSSIAN CULTURE; SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE; 4. DISCUSSION OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE AND ANDREY KURBSKY; "DOMOSTROY"; "GREAT MENEIA"; THE CONCEPT "MOSCOW - THE THIRD ROME"; CHURCH DISPUTE. non-possessors and josephites; CHURCH DISPUTE. HERESIES; TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE; ARCHITECTURE; ICON PAINTING; CONCLUSIONS.
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN CULTURE OF THE XVI CENTURY: Formation of a unified Russian state, Liberation of the country from the Tatar-Mongol domination, Completion of the formation of the Russian people. THEY DID NOT JUST IMPACT, BUT ALSO DETERMINED THE CONTENT AND DIRECTION OF THE HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL PROCESS.
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NEW PHENOMENA IN RUSSIAN CULTURE. BOOK PRINTING IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PHENOMENON OF RUSSIAN CULTURE OF THE XVI CENTURY. "APOSTLE" 1564 IN 1564 THE DEACON OF ONE OF THE MOSCOW CHURCHES IVAN FYODOROV AND HIS ASSISTANT PETER Mstislavets WAS PRINTED "APOSTLE" - THE FIRST RUSSIAN BOOK OF THE DAY
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THE FONT AND THE APOSTLE'S SCREENS WERE NOT LESS TO THE WESTERN SAMPLES. LIKE ANY INNOVATION, BOOK PRINTING WAS MEET IN MOSCOW WITH FEAR AND DISORDER. PRINTERS BEGAN TO BE ACCUSED OF WITCH. FYODOROV AND Mstislavets went to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, WHERE THE PRINTING OF RUSSIAN BOOKS CONTINUED IN LVIV. THE FIRST RUSSIAN ABC-BOOK WITH GRAMMAR WAS ISSUED HERE. THE PRINTING BUSINESS IS NOT STOPPED IN MOSCOW. NIKIFOR TARASIEV, ANDRONIK TIMOFEEV-NEVEZHA AND OTHERS WORKED IN THE PRINTING YARD. MONUMENT TO IVAN FYODOROV IN MOSCOW
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SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE OF THE XVI CENTURY PROVIDED BRIGHT WORKS OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CENTRALIZED STATE, THE STRENGTHENING OF ROYAL POWER, THE FORMATION OF A NEW SOCIAL STRATE - THE NOBILITY. IN THE LATE 1540 - EARLY 1550S, IVAN PERESVETOV WRITES HIS PETITIONS TO Tsar Ivan the Terrible. HE DEVELOPS IN THEM THE IDEA OF A STRONG ROYAL AUTHORITY WHICH SHOULD OPPOSE TO THE "LAZY AND NEGLIGENT" BOYARS, BASED ON THE RELIABLE "WARRIORS" - THE NOBILIES. NOT EVERYTHING IS CLEAR WITH THE PERSONALITY OF IVAN PERESVETOV. AT THE TIME IT WAS EVEN SUPPOSED THAT BEHIND THIS NAME WERE IVAN THE TERRIBLE HIMSELF. THE STATEMENTS OF THIS PUBLICIST HAVE VERY RELATED TO THE IDEAS OF THE Tsar. IN HIS UNDERSTANDING, TO RULE "FOR THE TRUTH" MEANS TO COMPLETE THE "WARRIORS" AND TO BRUTALLY PUNISH ALL WHO OFFEND THE ROYAL WILL. SEPARATE THOUGHTS OF IVAN PERESVETOV TURNED OUT IN CONNECTION WITH OPRICHNY PRACTICE.
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IN THE 1560S, THE QUESTIONS OF THE STATE ORGANIZATION OF RUSSIA TURNED TO THE CENTER OF ATTENTION OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE AND ANDREY KURBSKY, WHO FLIGHTED TO LITHUANIA. IN THEIR CORRESPONDENCE THEY PROPOSE 2 VARIANTS OF THE DEVICE: THE POLEMIC OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE AND ANDREY KURBSKY IVAN THE TERRIBLE: THE IDEAL IS A DESPOTIC MONARCHY; TSAR - ABSOLUTE POWER, SUBJECTS - UNCONDITIONAL SUBMISSION. PRINCE ANDREY KURBSKY: THE IDEAL IS A LEGAL STATE, A CONSTANT-REPRESENTATIVE MONARCHY.
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“Domostroy” is a bright and peculiar monument of literature “household” written by a member of the chosen Rada Sylvester this book, dedicated to the art of “News”, in addition to the richest household material, is also interesting for its main idea: the order in the house, by Sylvester, is possible only with an absolute THE AUTHORITY OF THE HEAD OF THE FAMILY, WHO HOLDS THE OTHER HOUSEHOLD IN FEAR AND AWE. “LET A WIFE BE AFRAID OF HER HUSBAND…” “AN UNSWASHED CHILD IS A BADLY BRINGED CHILD…” “HOW TO PRESERVE FUR…” “HOW TO SMOK sturgeon…”
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THE GREAT MENEIA CHILDREN THE GREAT MENEIA CHILDREN WAS COMPILED UNDER THE LEADING OF METROPOLITAN MAKARY. THEY INCLUDED THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS, DISTRICTED BY THE MONTHS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE DAY OF MEMORY OF EACH SAINT, AS WELL AS MANY FAMOUS "Soulful" WORKS, REVISED IN THE SPIRIT OF GLORIFICATION OF MOSCOW RUSSIA AS THE MAIN LEGAL CENTER. THE TWELVE-VOLUME "FORTH-MENEIA" WERE A SPECIAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHURCH LITERATURE OF THE XVI CENTURY.
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READ "CHETI-MENEI" AND "DOMOSTORY" MOSTLY PROSISTENT VILLAGERS AND SERVANT PEOPLE. THE BOYARS AND EDUCATED CHILDREN OF THE BOYARSKY AND DYAKS WAS ENGAGED IN GREEK, BYZANTINE AND OTHER TRANSLATED WORKS, THE WORKS OF MAXIM GREEK AND OTHER AUTHORS. MAXIM GREEK
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"MOSCOW - THE THIRD ROME" AT THE END OF THE XV CENTURY THE POLITICAL THEORY OF THE RUSSIAN STATE BEGINS TO FORM. IT WAS BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF "MOSCOW - THE THIRD ROME". Its author was the Pskov monk Philofei, who believed that the first Rome died under the blows of the barbarians due to the preservation of paganism, the second Rome-Constantinople-fell under the blows of Muslims because of sins and retreat from the Orthodox faith of Moscow, after the fall of Constantinople became the third Rome, and FOURTH - DO NOT BE. MONK PHILOTHEUS
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CHURCH DISPUTE. Non-possessors and Josephites IN THE XVI CENTURY, RUSSIAN THINKERS ENTERED THE TIME OF CHURCH-PHILOSOPHICAL SEARCH. In 1502 -1504. THE STRUGGLE OF THE NON-POJERATORS AND THE JOSEPHLANES BEGAN. THE IDEOLOGIST OF THE NON-POACHARIATORS WAS THE FOUNDER OF THE MONASTERY ON THE RIVER SORKA NILE (SORSKY), WHO CONSIDERED THAT IT IS NECESSARY TO RAISE THE AUTHORITY OF THE CHURCH BY Strict Fulfillment of the RULES AND RITUALS, ASCETIAN WAY OF LIFE. NEIL DECAMATED THE CHURCH'S ACQUISITION OF WEALTH, INCLUDING OWNERSHIP OF LAND (SORSKII'S SUPPORTERS WERE NAMED "NON-ACHAVERTERS"). NIL SORSKY
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THE NON-POJERATORS WERE OPPOSED BY THE JOSEPHLANES - SUPPORTERS OF THE ABOB OF THE VOLOTSK MONASTERY NEAR MOSCOW JOSEPH, WHO INSISTED ON THE NEED FOR THE CHURCH TO HAVE LARGE MATERIAL RESOURCES. IN 1503, AT A CHURCH COUNCIL ON THE INITIATIVE OF IVAN III THE QUESTION ABOUT THE CHURCH REFUSING FROM LAND OWNERSHIP WAS posed. AT THIS MOMENT, THE JOSEPHLANES SUPPORTED THE PRINCES IN THEIR FIGHT AGAINST THE GRAND PRINCES, AND THIS BECAME ANOTHER REASON FOR IVAN III TO SUPPORT THE NON-POVERAGER. LATER, UNDER BASILY III, THE NON-POACHARIATORS RESPONDED TO THE DIVORCE OF THE KING WITH SOLOMONIA SABUROVA AND BEEN DISAPPOINTED. THE GRAND DUCHIAL POWER TURNED FROM SUPPORT OF NON-POJERATORS TO A POLICY OF PROVIDING WIDE PRIVILEGES TO THE CHURCH. JOSIF-VOLOTSKY MEN'S MONASTERY JOSEPH VOLOTSKY
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THE VICTORY OF THE JOSEPHLANS IN MUCH DETERMINED THE FURTHER POLICY OF THE CHURCH TOWARDS THE ROYAL AUTHORITY. THE CHURCH IS MORE STRONGLY SUPPORTING THE IDEA OF AUTHORITY.
15 slide
Description of the slide:
CHURCH DISPUTE. HERESIES AGAINST THE OFFICIAL CHURCH CONTINUE DEVELOPING IN THE 16TH CENTURY AGAINST THE OFFICIAL CHURCH. IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 16TH CENTURY THE VIEWS OF THE SERVANT MAN MATVEY BASHKIN WAS SPREAD IN MOSCOW. HIM DIDN'T HATE THE OFFICIAL CHURCH'S PREACHING WHICH JUSTIFIED THE MODERN ORDER AS GIVEN BY GOD. "CHRIST DESIGNATES ALL BROTHERHOODS, - MATVEY NOTED, - AND WE KEEP KHOLOPOV". HE TORNED THE BORDERING RECORDS AND RELEASED HIS SLAVES. BASHKIN GLOTED REASON AND BOOK TEACHING, CRITICALLY INTERPRETED THE BIBLICAL TEXTS, REJECTED ORTHODOX RITUALS AND MYSTERIES. A Fugitive Serf Theodosius, who had been tonsured a monk, went even further, declaring that CHRISTIANS SHOULD NOT HAVE AUTHORITIES, AND THEREFORE, CALLED NOT TO PAY TAXES AND NOT TO OBJECT TO FEODAL lords.
16 slide
Description of the slide:
PRESENTING BEFORE THE CHURCH COUNCIL IN 1553, MATVEY BASHKIN COURAGELY DEFENDED HIS "TRUE CHRISTIANITY". AFTER THE TORTURE, I REJECTED HIM, WAS ANATHEMATIC AND EXILED TO THE JOSEPH-VOLOKOLAMSK MONASTERY. THEODOSIY KOSIOY WAS SUPPLIED TO THE CHURCH COURT, BUT MANAGED TO FLIGHT TO LITHUANIA. ALL THE HERESIES OF THE XIV-XVI CENTURIES CAUSED FURTHERING IN THE MIND OF THE CITIZENS, BUT THEY ALMOST DIDN'T AFFECT THE MAIN RESIDENT OF RUSSIA - THE PEASANT, THEREFORE, THEREFORE, THEREFORE, THEY DIDN'T OUTPUT, AS IN EUROPE, INTO A BROAD REFORMATION MOVEMENT.
17 slide
Description of the slide:
TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE BY THE XV-XVI CENTURIES IN RUSSIA THE LEVEL OF TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED. FROM 1568 TO 1632 MASTER ANDREY CHOHOV (CHEKHOV) MANUFACTURED A LOT OF GUNS WITH A CALIBER FROM 92 TO 470 MM, LONG UP TO 6 M, WEIGHING FROM 1.2 TO 7.2 T. LENGTH 5.34 M, CALIBER 890 MM, BARREL WEIGHT 40 T. TRUTH, THIS GUN HAS NEVER FIRED. SINCE 1590, RUSSIAN MASTERS BEGAN TO MAKE CANONS ON CARRIAGES, WHICH INCREASED THEIR MOBILITY.
18 slide
Description of the slide:
ARCHITECTURE THE MOST BRIGHT STYLE OF ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS OF THIS TIME IS THE HATED STYLE. IN IT, STONE CHURCHES ARE ENRICHED WITH ELEMENTS OF WOODEN STRUCTURES, IN PARTICULAR, THE DESIGN OF THE TOP OF THE CHURCH IN THE FORM OF A TENT.
19 slide
Description of the slide:
CHURCH OF THE ASCENSION IN KOLOMENSKOYE THE CHURCH OF THE ASCENSION IN THE VILLAGE OF KOLOMENSKOYE NEAR MOSCOW BECAME THE MASTERPIECE AND THE EARLY SAMPLE OF THE TENT STYLE..
20 slide
Description of the slide:
CATHEDRAL OF THE POKROV ON THE MOAT THE HIGHEST OF RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE 16th CENTURY IS THE CATHEDRAL OF THE POKROV ON THE MOAT, DEDICATED TO THE CAPTURE OF KAZAN (BETTER KNOWN AS THE TEMPLE OF BASIL THE Blessed - IN HONOR OF THE FAMOUS MOSCOW YURODIVE, WHO ALWAYS SLEEPED IN ONE OF ITS APARTLES). BUILT BY RUSSIAN ARTISTS BARMA AND POSTNIK YAKOVLEV, THE CATHEDRAL CONSISTS OF 8 ASYMMETRIC DIFFERENT-sized PILLAR-SHAPED CHURCHES SURROUNDING THE CENTER OF THE CHURCH OF THE PROVISION OF THE MOTHER OF GOD WITH A HIGH TENT CROWNED BY A SMALL MAKOV. ITS COMPOSITION CONTAINS THE IMPORTANT IDEA OF UNITED DIFFERENT LANDS AROUND MOSCOW..
21 slide
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Slides captions:
Development of Russian culture.
On the outskirts of Vladimir-Suzdal land, a small settlement appeared - Moscow.
Ivan Kalita built many wooden and stone churches and cathedrals in Moscow.
Dmitry Donskoy built the stone Kremlin in Moscow.
The first stone Kremlin.
Soon stone churches and Kremlins began to appear in other Russian cities. Rostov Kremlin Pskov Kremlin
At the direction of Ivan III, the Kremlin was built of red brick. 31 years of work were carried out by Russian and Italian masters. Ivan III - Emperor of All Russia.
Kremlin made of red brick.
Under Ivan IV built: Pokrovsky Cathedral - St. Basil's Cathedral
TSAR -_PUSHKA was made in 1586. The barrel length is more than 5 meters, and the weight is 40 tons. KING - BELL - this giant weighs 200 tons.
Folk art has never died in Russia.
Russian festivities
Buffoons in Russia.
Thank you for your attention!
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