Statistics studies the quantitative side of mass phenomena and processes with the help of statistical values, which are divided into absolute and relative values.
Absolute values characterize sizes in specific conditions of time and place. They characterize the entire population.
Units absolute values:
1) natural, reflecting the natural properties of the phenomenon, is a physical measure of weight, length, etc. The main disadvantage of natural units of measurement is that it is impossible to sum up various natural absolute values;
2) conditionally natural(used for the purpose of summing consumer products of different shapes);
3) combined. They are obtained by multiplying or dividing two natural units of measurement;
4) value (cash). Eliminate the shortcomings of the previous units of measurement, allow you to evaluate heterogeneous products.
However, absolute values do not provide a comprehensive description of the phenomena and processes under study and are not always suitable for comparison. This necessitates the use of relative values, which are used in comparisons, comparisons and play the role of a ratio measure.
Relative quantities are abstract statistical quantities expressing the quantitative ratio of two quantities.
Types of relative values: 1) relative dynamics is the ratio of the actual value of the indicator in reporting period(y1) to its actual value in the base, previous period (y0):
ATS = Y 1 / Y 0 × 100%.
Relative values of the dynamics characterize the change of the phenomenon in time. In statistics, these indicators are called growth rates; 2) relative values of plan fulfillment- this is the ratio of the actual value of the indicator (y1) to its planned value (upl) of the same period:
OVVP = Y 1 / Y pl × 100%.
This relative value shows the degree of implementation of the plan as a percentage; 3) relative amount of execution planned task - this is the ratio of the planned value of the indicator (sIL) to the actually achieved value in the previous period, i.e. in the base (y0):
OVPZ = Y pl / Y 0 × 100%.
Shows by how many percent the planned target is higher (lower) than actually achieved in the base period. This value is called the planned growth rate;
4) relative size of the structure- shows the composition of the phenomenon, expressed in the form of a share or specific gravity. The share (d) is the ratio of the part to the whole, i.e. the ratio of the constituent parts of the aggregate to its total volume. Specific gravity is a share expressed as a percentage. Relative values of the structure are used in statistics to characterize structural shifts;
5) relative amount of coordination- shows the ratio of the parts of the whole, i.e. the ratio of successively all parts to one of them, taken as the base. The smallest value is taken as the base. The relative value of coordination shows how many units of a given part of the whole fall on its other part, taken as the basis of comparison;
6) relative intensity value is the ratio of two opposite quantities related to each other. Characterizes the degree of development of a phenomenon in a particular environment;
7) relative comparison value is the ratio of similar quantities characterizing different objects of study for the same period. Shows how many times the numerator is greater (less) than the denominator.
The essence of averages. Types and forms of average values. Variants and frequencies
The method of averages is one of the most important methods in statistics because averages are widely used in analysis, in practice, in establishing patterns, trends, relationships, and for many other purposes. The essence of average values is that they characterize the level of the trait under study by one number. Distinctive feature averages is that they are summaries.
average value- this is a generalizing indicator that expresses the typical level (size) of a variable trait per unit of the population (qualitatively homogeneous).
The average value reflects the total that is hidden in each unit of the population. She catches common features, general patterns that manifest themselves by virtue of the law of large numbers. Speaking of averages, they mean that they characterize the entire population as a whole, however, along with the average, it is necessary to provide data on individual units of the population.
Problems solved using the method of averages:
1) characteristics of the level of development of the phenomenon under study;
2) comparison of two or more levels of the studied populations;
3) characteristics of changes in the level of the phenomenon in time;
4) identification and characterization of relationships between the studied populations.
P principles for constructing averages:
1) average values can be calculated only for qualitatively homogeneous aggregates;
2) averages should not be abstract, that is, only quantitative indicators. They should give a qualitative-quantitative characteristic of the phenomenon under study. Therefore, in statistics, the average value is not an abstract, abstract number, but a very specific indicator related to some phenomenon, place, time;
3) the choice of the population unit, in relation to which the average value is calculated, must be theoretically justified.
The following main types of averages are distinguished: arithmetic average; average harmonic; root mean square; geometric mean.
For the correct calculation of averages, it is necessary to introduce concepts such as variants and frequencies.
As a result, summaries and groupings get statistical series, i.e., series of digital indicators. According to their content, such rows divided into distribution lines and rows of dynamics .
The distribution series characterize the distribution of population units according to any one attribute, the varieties of which are ordered in a certain way. There are two types of distribution series - attribute and variation series.
Attribute rows are formed as a result of grouping data according to qualitative characteristics (for example, the distribution of the population by sex). There are as many groups in these series as there are variants of a qualitative trait.
Variation series- this is an ordered series of values of a varying quantitative attribute and the number of units that have a given value of the attribute (for example, the distribution of workers by wages).
In the variation series of distribution, the following elements are distinguished:
1) options(x or x1, x2 ... xn) is a series of numerical values of a quantitative attribute (for example, length of service, salary, age). Variants can be both absolute and relative values;
2) frequencies(m: m1, m2 ... mn) are numbers showing how many times the corresponding options are repeated (for example, the number of workers). Frequencies are usually denoted by an absolute number; if, according to the condition, the frequencies are expressed as percentages of the total or shares, then they are called relative frequencies (or) frequencies f:
f = m / Σ m .
Statistical indicators: absolute and relative values
- Statistical indicators, their types.
- Absolute value.
- Relative values.
Statistical indicators, their types
Each unit of a statistical population can be characterized by statistical indicators. statistic – this is a quantitative-qualitative generalizing characteristic of some property of a group of units or an aggregate as a whole, and this is what distinguishes it from a trait. For example: the average salary in Ukraine is a statistical indicator, and the salary of a particular person is a sign.
A statistical indicator is a generalizing characteristic of the object under study, which combines its qualitative and quantitative certainty. quality the content of the indicator depends on the essence of the object under study (phenomenon, process) and is reflected in its name (number of goods sold, daily revenue, annual profit, etc.). quantitative the side of the phenomenon is represented by the number and its meter. The connecting link between qualitative content and numerical expression is indicator model, which reveals the statistical structure of the indicator, establishes, what, where, when, how to be measured. It substantiates units of measurement and computational operations. The indicator model reflects the rules for its construction and calculation.
Indicators are classified:
1. According to the method of calculation for:
- primary, are determined by summarizing and grouping data and are presented in the form of absolute values;
- derivatives, are calculated on the basis of primary or secondary indicators and are in the form of averages or relative values.
2. On the basis of time for:
- interval, characterize the state of the object (phenomenon, process) for a certain time (day, month, year). For example, the volume of products sold during the year, the production capacities of the enterprise put into operation during the quarter, the shift output of a worker, etc.;
- moment, characterize the phenomenon at a certain point in time. For example, the attendance of employees at the beginning of the shift, the availability of free taxis at the time of ordering, the state of the company's balance sheet accounts at the beginning and end of the year (quarter), balances working capital at the beginning of the month, etc.
3. According to the relationship of the studied object, pairs of mutually inverse (direct and inverse) statistical indicators are distinguished, which exist in parallel and characterize the same phenomenon. Straight the indicator increases with the increase of the phenomenon, o fraternal, on the contrary, decreases. For example, production output per unit of time is a direct indicator, and time spent per unit of output is an inverse indicator.
Absolute and relative values can be expressed in statistical terms.
Absolute value
In statistics, absolute indicators are called total indicators that characterize either the size of a sign for individual units of the population (for example: the size of the salary of an individual employee) or the final value of the sign for a set of objects (fund wages enterprises). The absolute values are named numbers, i.e. having a unit of measure. Depending on the specific task research and the nature of the phenomenon use natural, labor and value (cash) units.
Cost meters allow you to evaluate the activity of heterogeneous objects. For example: the volume of production of a machine-building plant is measured in units of output; the volume of work of a cargo ATP - in tons, ton-kilometers; passenger ATP - in passengers, passenger-kilometers; taxi fleet in paid kilometers. The indicators of the volume of production of the above enterprises are expressed in various natural units of measurement and therefore they are incomparable. If it is necessary to compare these enterprises, the results of their work should be considered in terms of value, i.e. in income.
AT labor units of measurement (man-day, man-hour) take into account labor costs at the enterprise or the labor intensity of individual operations of the technological cycle.
If there is a need to bring together several varieties of products for the same consumer purpose, the volume of such a phenomenon is expressed in conditionally natural units. Recalculation in conventional units is carried out using special reduction coefficients. For example, the fuel balance is compiled in tons of reference fuel. The standard is coal, the calorific value of which is 7000 cal per 1 kg. Caloric reduction coefficients for Donetsk coal - 0.9; natural gas - 1.2, etc.
When solving a certain range of analytical problems, absolute values are presented in the form of balances, in which the indicators are grouped according to the sources of formation and directions of use. Dynamic balances are also widely used, which are compiled according to the scheme:
(balances at the beginning of the period) + (receipts) - (expenses) = (balances at the end of the period).
According to the ratio of absolute values presented in the form of balances, the balance of processes is assessed. For example, the balance of income and expenditure of the population, the balance export-import operations etc.
Relative values
Relative value in statistics, it is a generalizing indicator, which is a quotient of the division of two absolute indicators and gives a numerical measure of the relationship between them. In this case, the numerator of the fraction is the value that is being compared, and the denominator is the value that is being compared. The latter is called base or basis of comparison. If the base of comparison is taken as one, then the relative value is expressed in the form of a coefficient and shows how many times the compared value is greater or less than the base. So, if we compare the number of students of the fourth (21 people) and second (49 people) courses of the specialty "Accounting and Audit", then we get a relative value in the form of a coefficient (49:21 = 2.33), which shows that students of the second course 2.33 times more. The comparison base can be 100, 1000, 10000 or 100000 units. Then the relative value is expressed respectively in percent (%), ppm (0/00), prodecimals (0/000) and procentimes 0/0000).
The choice of one form or another of the relative value depends on its absolute value. If the compared value is more than the base of comparison by 2 times or more, then the form of the coefficient is usually chosen (as in the example above). If the relative value is close to one, as a rule, it is expressed as a percentage, if it is very small, then in ppm, etc. For example, 0.0025 can be expressed as 0.25% or 2.5 0/00, or 250/000.
In accordance with the analytical function, the following types of relative values are distinguished: the relative values of dynamics, the planned task, the fulfillment of the planned task, structure, comparison, intensity, coordination.
Relative values of dynamics() characterize the change in the level of a phenomenon over time, are calculated by dividing the level of a feature in the analyzed period or point in time by the level of the same feature in the previous period or point in time. Relative values can be basic, when one year is taken as the comparison base, and chain values - the previous year is taken as the comparison base.
For example, the production of electricity from nuclear power plants in Ukraine is characterized by the following data.
Then a) the basic relative values of the dynamics of electricity production: 
; 
; 
;.
b) chain relative values of production dynamics): 
; 
; 
.
Relative value of the planned target() is calculated as the ratio of the level planned for the upcoming period to the level actually formed in the current period. For example, the volume of production in 2003 amounted to 100,000 pieces. conditional products, for 2004 it is planned to produce 110,000 pcs. products. Then
Relative value of the execution of the planned task() represents the ratio of the level actually achieved in this period to the planned one. Example: in 2004, it was planned to produce 110,000 units. conditional products, actually produced 105,000 pcs. 
There is the following dependence between the relative values of the dynamics, the planned task and the fulfillment of the plan 
Example. It was envisaged to increase production by 5%, the actual growth was 7.5%. It is necessary to determine the degree of fulfillment of the planned task. 
Thus, the target was exceeded by 2.38%.
Relative values of the structure show specific gravity(share) of individual parts in the totality. They are calculated by dividing the number of units in individual parts by total number aggregate units. The relative values of the structure are called shares, their sum is 1 or 100%. Based on the use of shares comparative analysis the composition of populations of various sizes, assessment of structural shifts over time. The difference between shares is called percentage points.
Relative comparison values() are indicators that are the quotient of the division of the absolute values of the same name, belonging to different aggregates, but to the same period or moment. For example, as of January 1, 1996, 2,630 thousand people lived in Kyiv, and 1,555 thousand people lived in Kharkov. people Then 
shows that in Kyiv the population is 69% more than in Kharkov, and 
shows that in Kharkov the population is 41% less than in Kyiv. (The absolute values of the same name are the urban population, the aggregates are different cities).
Relative intensity values- show the degree of distribution or the level of development of a particular phenomenon in a particular environment. They are calculated by comparing opposite quantities. An example is population density, which is determined by dividing the population by the area of the territory where it lives, or labor productivity. These indicators are usually defined in terms of 100, 1000, etc. units of the studied population.
Relative values of coordination characterize the relationship between the individual parts of one whole. Calculated by dividing one part by another.
Example. As of January 1, 1996, the urban population of Ukraine amounted to 34.8 million people, the rural population - 16.5 million people.
When studying the urban population, they calculate 
. The obtained value shows that the urban population is more than the rural population by 2 times or by 110%.
If we take the number of the rural population as the base of comparison, then the relative indicator of coordination is equal to 
. This means that in Ukraine in 1996 the rural population was 53% less than the urban population. (Whole: population of Ukraine, parts: urban and rural population.)
Absolute values are the results statistical observations. In statistics, unlike mathematics, all absolute values have a dimension (a unit of measurement), and can also be positive and negative.
Units absolute values reflect the properties of units of the statistical population and can be simple, reflecting 1 property (for example, the mass of cargo is measured in tons) or complex, reflecting several interrelated properties (for example, ton-kilometer or kilowatt-hour).
Units absolute values can be 3 types:
- natural- are used to calculate quantities with homogeneous properties (for example, pieces, tons, meters, etc.). Their disadvantage is that they do not allow summing dissimilar quantities.
- Conditionally natural- apply to absolute values with homogeneous properties, but exhibiting them in different ways. For example, the total mass of energy carriers (firewood, peat, coal, oil products, natural gas) is measured in tce - tons of reference fuel, since each of its types has a different calorific value, and 29.3 mJ / kg is taken as the standard. Similarly, the total number of school notebooks is measured in US dollars. - conditional school notebooks with a size of 12 sheets. Similarly, canning products are measured in a.c.b. - conditional cans with a capacity of 1/3 liter. Similarly products detergents is reduced to a conditional fat content of 40%.
- Cost units of measurement are expressed in rubles or in another currency, representing a measure of the value of an absolute value. They make it possible to summarize even dissimilar values, but their drawback is that it is necessary to take into account the inflation factor, so statistics always recalculates cost values in comparable prices.
Absolute values can be momentary or interval. Momentary absolute values show the level of the studied phenomenon or process at a certain point in time or date (for example, the amount of money in your pocket or the value of fixed assets on the first day of the month). Interval absolute values are the final accumulated result for certain period(interval) of time (for example, salary for a month, quarter or year). Interval absolute values, unlike moment ones, allow subsequent summation.
The absolute statistic is denoted X, and their total number in the statistical population is N.
The number of quantities with the same feature value is denoted f and called frequency(recurrence, occurrence).
By themselves, absolute statistical values do not give a complete picture of the phenomenon under study, since they do not show its dynamics, structure, or relationship between parts. For these purposes, relative statistical values are used.
The concept and types of relative values
Relative statistic is the result of the ratio of two absolute statistical values.
If absolute values with the same dimension are related, then the resulting relative value will be dimensionless (the dimension will be reduced) and is called coefficient.
Often used artificial dimension of coefficients. It is obtained by multiplying them:
- for 100 - receive interest (%);
- per 1000 - receive ppm (‰);
- per 10000 - receive decimille(‰O).
The artificial dimension of coefficients is used, as a rule, in colloquial speech and in formulating results, but it is not used in the calculations themselves. Most often, percentages are used, in which it is customary to express the obtained values of relative values.
More often instead of the name relative statistic a shorter synonym is used - index(from lat. index- indicator, coefficient).
Depending on the types of correlated absolute values, when calculating relative values, different types of indices: dynamics, plan task, plan fulfillment, structure, coordination, comparison, intensity.
Dynamic index
Dynamic index(growth factor, growth rate) shows how many times the studied phenomenon or process has changed over time. It is calculated as the ratio of the value of the absolute value in the reporting (analyzed) period or point in time to the base (previous):
The criterion value of the index of dynamics is "1", that is: if iД>1 - there is an increase in the phenomenon in time; if iД =1 - stability; if iD
If we subtract its criterion value "1" from the dynamics index and express the resulting value as a percentage, then we get with the criterion value "1":
If T>0, then the growth of the phenomenon takes place; T=0 - stability, T In some textbooks, the dynamics index is called growth factor or growth rategrowth rate, regardless of the result obtained, which can show not only growth, but also stability or decline. Therefore, the more logical and more commonly used names are precisely and .
For example, a car dealership sold 100 cars in January and 110 cars in February. Then the dynamics index will be iD = 110/100 = 1.1, which means an increase in car sales by a car dealership by 1.1 times or 10%
Scheduled Job Index
Scheduled Job Index is the ratio of the planned value of the absolute value to the base value:
For example, a car dealership sold 100 cars in January and planned to sell 120 cars in February. Then the target target index will be ipz = 120/100 = 1.2, which means planning for sales growth of 1.2 times or 20%
Plan execution index
Plan execution index- this is the ratio of the actually obtained value of the absolute value in the reporting period to the planned one:
For example, a car dealership sold 110 cars in February when it was scheduled to sell 120 cars in February. Then the plan execution index will be ivp = 110/120 = 0.917, which means the plan is fulfilled by 91.7%, that is, the plan is underfulfilled by (100% -91.7%) = 8.3%.
Multiplying the indices of the planned task and the execution of the plan, we obtain the dynamics index:
In the previously discussed example about a car dealership, if we multiply the obtained values of the indices of the planned target and the execution of the plan, we will get the value of the dynamics index: 1.2 * 0.917 = 1.1.
Structure index
Structure index(share, share) is the ratio of any part of the statistical population to the sum of all its parts:
The structure index shows what proportion is a separate part of the population from the entire population.
For example, if there are 20 girls and 10 young people in the considered group of students, then the structuration index (share) of girls will be 20/(20+10) = 0.667, that is, the share of girls in the group is 66.7%.
Coordination index
Coordination index- this is the ratio of one part of the statistical population to its other part, taken as the basis for comparison:
The coordination index shows how many times more or how many percent is one part of the statistical population compared to its other part, taken as the basis for comparison.
For example, if in a group of students of 20 girls and 10 young people, the number of girls is taken as the comparison base, then the index of coordination of the number of young people will be 10/20 = 0.5, that is, the number of young people is 50% of the number of girls in the group.
Comparison Index
Comparison Index- this is the ratio of the values of the same absolute value in the same period or point in time, but for different objects or territories:
Where A, B - signs of compared objects or territories.
For example, in January 2009, the number of inhabitants in Nizhny Novgorod was approximately 1280 thousand people, and in Moscow - 10527 thousand people. Let us take Moscow as object A (since it is customary to put a larger number in the numerator when calculating the comparison index), and Nizhny Novgorod as object B, then the index for comparing the number of residents of these cities will be 10527/1280 = 8.22 times, that is, in Moscow the number there are 8.22 times more residents than in Nizhny Novgorod.
Intensity index
Intensity index- this is the ratio of the values of two interconnected absolute quantities with different dimensions, related to the same object or phenomenon.
For example, a bakery shop sold 500 loaves of bread and earned 10,000 rubles from it, then the intensity index would be 10,000/500 = 20 [rubles/loaf of bread], that is, the selling price of bread was 20 rubles. for a loaf
Most fractional quantities are intensity indices.
correlative categories of philosophy. A. - unconditional, uncreated, indestructible, characterizes the self-sufficiency of existence, its autonomy from other forms. O (relative) - conditional, transient, temporary, generated, fixes the dependence of existence on a more fundamental basis. With t sp. dialectical materialism A. and about are organically interconnected.
Great Definition
Incomplete definition ↓
ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE
philosophical categories; absolute-unconditional, existing in itself, eternal, universal; relative-conditional, transient, temporary. The absolute in ancient Greek philosophy is defined as the side of perfection, completeness, self-sufficiency of being and was expressed in the concepts of “by nature”, “in its pure form”, “by itself”; the relative appears as something dependent on or related to another. In medieval philosophy, the absolute was interpreted as "divine" and opposed to the relative - "earthly", "worldly". In German classical philosophy, various aspects of the absolute and relative are revealed in the system of categories "in itself", "for another", "for itself", "in itself".
The term "absolute" is often used to refer to an object that is defined through its internal content. Accordingly, a relative is an object defined through a relation to another object.
Relative. They also call an object defined through its internal content, but revealing it not in all, but only in some relations with other objects. In turn, the absolute is an object that manifests the inner content in all such respects. In this sense one speaks, for example, of an absolutely and relatively rigid or elastic body. Relativity, understood in this way, is a sign of the imperfection of the object, its inconsistency with the ideal.
The relations of an object to other objects are usually known before its internal content. For example, the chemical bonds of atoms were discovered earlier than the electron shells that give rise to these bonds. Accordingly, relative concepts about the objects under study arise earlier than absolute ones. Such concepts dominate at the initial stage of the formation of not only a separate science, but also knowledge in general. The position according to which any object is reflected first in relative and then in absolute terms faces fundamental difficulties. It is not subject to, for example, the study of micro-objects. It turned out that, in principle, they cannot be described in absolute terms, i.e., without taking into account interactions with the device. This phenomenon is called the relativity of the micro-object to the means of observation. A similar difficulty is also noted in the theory of relativity, where the signs that were previously considered absolute (mass and dimensions, etc.) also turned out to be impossible to describe in abstraction from the relationship with the frame of reference. No less serious problems are generated by the second definition of the absolute as an object that manifests its inner content in all relations with other objects (and of the relative object as manifesting it only in some respects). The vast majority of real objects localized in space and time is a unity of contradictory opposites-A and non-A. Such "mixed" objects behave as absolute only in some respects with other objects, while in others they show impurities. It is because of the need to specify these relations each time that such objects are called relative. For absolute objects, eg. absolutely pure copper, there is no need for it - it behaves like copper in every way. But in nature there are practically no such objects. The expression "Everything in the world is relative" just states this circumstance.
ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE STATISTICAL INDICATORS (VALUES)
Statistical indicators - it is a generalizing quantitative and qualitative value that characterizes socio-economic phenomena and processes in specific conditions of place and time.
They are used to express:
Absolute
relative
Average values
Absolute indicators- these are quantities that characterize the size, volume and levels of phenomena and processes of social life, i.e. express them in certain units of measurement. Therefore, all absolute indicators are numbers. They can be individual, group, general.
Individual absolute the values express the size of the quantitative characteristics of individual units of the studied population, they are obtained as a result of statistical observation, for example, the number of employees at each enterprise in the industry, the volume of the company's output, etc.
Group absolute indicators are obtained by summing up the statistical units included in each specific group, for example, the number of enterprises by type of ownership, the population of the region by age groups.
General absolute indicators (total, final) characterize the quantitative characteristics in total for the entire population, for example, the volume of production, the number of personnel, material costs for all enterprises in the industry, the retail turnover of all stores in the area.
Absolute values can be measured in various units: natural, conditionally natural, cost.
natural units measurements of physical quantities are units for determining volume, mass, length, area (tons, kilometers, cubic meters, pieces, etc.), for example, the area of \u200b\u200bthe lake is measured in square meters, the length of the line is in kilometers
Conditionally natural units absolute indicators are used in cases of measuring homogeneous, but different-quality products, while units of physical quantities are converted into conventional units using special coefficients.
Conditionally natural units take into account the total number of livestock, the availability of feed, the use of fuel, canned food of all kinds (fruit, vegetables, fish, dairy, meat) in conditional jars.
To summarize accounting data for an enterprise, industry, and the national economy as a whole, use cost (monetary) units measurements. The cost volume of production is obtained as the sum of the products of the number of units of specific types of products and the price of these same types.
For comparison, comparison of absolute values among themselves in time, space and other relations, relative values are used.
Relative value - it is a generalizing indicator expressing the quantitative ratio of two absolute values to each other.
Relative values characterize the ratio of phenomena and processes of the socio-economic life of society. Since they are obtained by dividing one absolute value by another, the relative value is a fraction that has a numerator and a denominator.
The denominator is the base of comparison (baseline).
The numerator is the value that is compared (reporting).
There are two ways to calculate relative values - as a ratio:
two absolute values of the same name;
two different absolute values.
In the case of a ratio of two indicators of the same name, the result is obtained in the form:
Coefficients, if the denominator is taken as one;
Percentage if the denominator is taken as 100%.
The relative value, expressed by coefficients or as a percentage, shows how many times the compared indicator is more or less than the base one or how many percent it is to the base one.
Relative quantities of the same name - this is the value of the planned task, the implementation of the plan, dynamics, structure, coordination, comparison.
Relative value of the planned target shows how many times or by how many percent the value of the indicator according to the plan should increase (decrease) in comparison with its level in the previous period.
Relative values of the implementation of the planned task - the ratio of the actual level of the indicator in the reporting (current) period to the planned target of the same period.
Relative magnitude of dynamics characterizes changes in the indicator over time, i.e. how many times the level of the indicator has increased (decreased) compared to any previous period.
There is an interrelation between the relative values of the planned task, the fulfillment of the plan and the dynamics.
Y o - the actual level of the indicator of the base (previous) period;
U pl - the planned level of the indicator for the reporting period;
Y 1 - the actual level of the indicator of the reporting period;
RH is a relative value.
Calculation formulas:
OB of the planned target \u003d U pl / U o;
OB plan implementation \u003d Y 1 / Y pl;
OB dynamics \u003d Y 1 / Y o.
Relative value of dynamics (U 1 /U 0 ) can be obtained as the product of the relative values of the planned task and the implementation of the plan:
Y 1 / Y o \u003d Y pl / Y o * Y 1 / Y pl
The relative size of the structure(OB structure) is the relation of the part to the whole, i.e. the share (specific gravity) of a separate part in the aggregate as a whole. The formula for calculating the relative values of the structure is as follows:
OB structure = n/∑n
where n is the number of units or the volume of the feature in separate parts of the population;
∑n - the total number of units or the volume of the population as a whole
Relative indicators of the structure characterize the internal content of the totality (process, phenomenon).
Relative values of coordination (OB coordination) is the ratio between the parts of one whole.
Relative comparison values (comparison OV) are the ratio of the same indicator for the same period (moment) of time, but for different objects or different territories. They characterize changes in phenomena by regions and countries. One object is taken as the base of comparison.
Relative intensity value (RH intensity) shows the degree of distribution of the phenomenon in a certain environment, the level of its development, for example, indicators of capital productivity, capital-labor ratio, labor intensity characterize the level of use of fixed assets, human labor. Some intensity indicators are calculated per 100, 1000 or other base of comparison.
Relative values of the level of economic development , as intensities, show the ratio of two different-quality (opposite) indicators, the relationship of which is significant. These include indicators of the socio-economic development of society: production of consumer goods (food, non-food, services) per capita; retail turnover per person; consumption of potatoes, bread, milk and other products per capita; provision of the population with cars (per 100 families, units).