Types of absolute values, their meaning

Types of relative values, methods of their calculation and forms of expression

Essence and meaning of average values. Mean power quantities

Average structural values

1. Types of absolute values, their meaning

As a result statistical observation and summaries receive generalizing indicators that reflect the quantitative side of the phenomena.

All indicators used in statistical practice according to the form of expression classified into absolute, relative and average.

The initial form of expression of statistical indicators are absolute values. Absolute values ​​characterize the absolute dimensions of the studied phenomena, and also give an idea of ​​the volumes of the aggregates.

Absolute value- an indicator that reflects the size of social phenomena and processes in specific conditions of place and time. It characterizes the social life of the population and the country's economy as a whole (gross domestic product (GDP), national income, industrial production, population, etc.).

In practice, there are two types of absolute values: individual and total.

Individual values show the size of the sign of individual units of the population (for example, the weight of one person, the amount of wages of an individual employee, the amount of a deposit in a particular bank).

Total values characterize the final value of the attribute for a certain set of subjects covered by statistical observation (for example, the size of the wage fund, the total amount of deposits in banks).

Absolute statistics- always named numbers, i.e. have units of measure.

Absolute values ​​are expressed:

in natural units(kilograms, grams, centners, units, pieces, etc.), which are used in the case of characterizing the size of one phenomenon (for example, the volume of milk sales);

in conditionally natural units(feed units, standard fuel units, etc.), which are used to characterize the size of homogeneous phenomena (for example, the volume of feed in feed units);

in value units(rubles, dollars, euros, etc.) used in determining the size of heterogeneous phenomena (for example, the cost of buying a variety of food products);

in labor units(man-hours, man-days, etc.), which express the size of the cost of working time.

1. Types of relative values, methods of their calculation and forms of expression

Absolute values ​​do not always fully characterize phenomena. In order to correctly evaluate one or another absolute indicator, it is necessary to compare it with a plan or indicator relating to another period. For this, relative values ​​are used.

Relative value- the result of dividing one absolute indicator by another, expressing the ratio between the quantitative characteristics of socio-economic phenomena and processes. According to the relative value, one can judge how much the compared indicator is more than the baseline or what proportion it is of the baseline.

When calculating relative values, the absolute indicator in the numerator is called compared (current), and located in the denominator - base of comparison. AT depending on the base of comparison, the resulting relative indicator can be in the form of an expression or be a named value.

There are the following forms of expression relative values:

coefficient , if the comparison base is taken as 1;

percent, if the comparison base is taken as 100;

ppm if the comparison base is taken as 1000;

decimille if the comparison base is taken as 10,000.

If the relative value is obtained by dividing opposite indicators, then it will be expressed using units of measurement which reflect the ratio of the compared and basic indicators.

OVPV - the relative value of the planned target;

OVVP - the relative value of the implementation of the plan;

ATS - the relative value of the dynamics;

OVS - the relative value of the structure;

OVK - the relative value of coordination;

OVSR - relative value of comparison;

JVI - relative intensity value;

OVWER - the relative value of the level of economic development.

Relative value planned task(OVPZ) represents the ratio of the value of the indicator set for the planned period to its actual value achieved per the previous period or for any other period taken as the basis for comparison.

Where - the level planned for the upcoming period.

The level of the indicator achieved in the past (previous, base) period.

OVPV characterizes the growth or reduction of the phenomenon under study in the planning period compared to the level achieved in the previous period.

The relative value of the implementation of the plan (RTI) is the result of comparing the actual level of the indicator with its planned level.

,

where , is the level of the indicator achieved in reporting period.

OVVP characterizes the growth or reduction of the studied phenomenon, actually achieved in the reporting period, compared with the plan.

Relative value of dynamics (RTS) is calculated as the ratio of the current indicator to the previous or basic one, i.e. characterizes the change of certain phenomena in time.

.

ATS is called the growth rate, expressed in coefficients or percentages.

The last three quantities are interconnected as follows:

ATS \u003d OVPV x OVVP

This relationship is manifested only if the relative values ​​are expressed in coefficients.

ATS is calculated in a chain or basic way. At chain method of calculation each subsequent reporting level is compared with the previous level, with basic calculation method- with the first level taken as the base of comparison.

If the level of each subsequent period (Y n) is compared with the level of the previous period (Y n -1), then ATS is calculated chain way .

If the level of each subsequent period (Y n) is compared with the level taken as the comparison base (Y 0), then the ATS is determined basic way .

Relative Structure Value (RVS) shows specific gravity parts of the aggregate in its total volume:

,

where fi – the number of units of a part of the population,

∑ fi - overall volume aggregates.

OVS expressed in coefficients or percentages and is used to characterize the structure of the phenomenon.

Relative Coordination Value (RVR) characterizes the ratio of individual parts of the whole. In this case, the part that has the largest share or is a priority from an economic, social or other point of view is selected as the basis for comparison.

,

where fi- number of units i- parts of the population;

fj- number of units j- parts of the collection.

The relative values ​​of coordination show how many times one part of the population is larger than the other, or how many units of one part account for 1,10,100,1000,10000 units of the other part.

Relative comparison value (RVR) represents the ratio of absolute indicators of the same name characterizing different objects (enterprises, regions, countries, etc.), but corresponding to the same period or point in time.

The form of expression OVSR can be taken in coefficients or percentages.

Relative intensity value (RVI) shows the degree of distribution of the phenomenon in its inherent environment and is the result of a comparison of opposite, but in a certain way interconnected absolute values ​​(population density, labor productivity, unit cost of production, etc.). Calculated per 100, 1000, etc. units of the studied population.

A special case of the relative intensity value is relative value of the level of economic development (ERWER), which represents the volume of production of any commodity per capita. This value has a unit of measurement (kilograms, centners, tons, etc. per capita).

AT economics statistical disciplines are in priority positions. This is due to various reasons. First of all, within the framework of general economic specialties, statistical research acts as the basis for the development and improvement of analytical methods. In addition, they are an independent direction with its own subject.

Absolute and relative values

These concepts act as key elements in statistical science. They are used to determine the quantitative characteristics, the dynamics of their change. Absolute and relative values ​​reflect different characteristics, but without one, others cannot exist. The former express the quantitative dimensions of this or that phenomenon, regardless of others. It is impossible to assess the ongoing changes and deviations from them. They express the volume and level of a process or phenomenon. Absolute values ​​are always named numbers. They have a dimension or unit of measurement. They can be natural, labor, monetary and so on. For example, standard hours, pieces, thousand rubles. and so on. Average and relative values, on the contrary, express the ratio of several exact dimensions. It can be established for several phenomena or for one, but taken in a different volume and in a different period. These elements act as a quotient of statistical numbers, which characterizes their quantitative ratio. To determine the relative values, you need to divide one size by another, taken as the base. The latter may be planned data, actual data from previous years or another enterprise, and so on. Relative can be expressed as a percentage (if the base is taken as 100) or coefficients (if the base is one).

Classification of statistical numbers

Absolute values ​​are presented in two types:

1. Individual. They characterize the size of the trait in specific units. For example, it can be the amount of an employee's salary, a bank deposit, and so on. These dimensions are found directly in the course of statistical observation. They are recorded in the primary accounting documentation.
2. Total. Values ​​of this type reflect the total indicator of the attribute for the totality of objects. These dimensions act as the sum of the number of units (the population size) or the volume of the varying characteristic.

Units

Natural absolute values ​​can be simple. These are, for example, tons, liters, rubles, pieces, kilometers. They can be complex, characterizing a combination of several quantities. For example, statistics use ton-kilometers to establish the freight turnover of railway transport, kilowatt-hours to estimate electricity production, and so on. Conditionally natural units are also used in research. For example, the tractor park can be converted into reference machines. Value units are used to characterize a heterogeneous product in terms of money. This form, in particular, is used in assessing the income of the population, gross output. Using value units, extras take into account the dynamics of prices over time, and overcome the disadvantage due to "comparable" or "constant" prices for the same period. Labor values ​​take into account the total costs of work, the complexity of certain operations that make up technological cycle. They are expressed in etc.

Relative values

The main condition for their calculation is the comparability of units and the existence of a real connection between the phenomena under study. The value with which the comparison is carried out (the denominator in a fraction) acts, as a rule, as the base or base of the ratio. Depending on its choice, the result can be expressed in various shares units. It can be tenths, hundredths (percent), thousandths (10th part of% - ppm), ten thousandths (hundredth of% - decimille). Comparable units can be either the same or different. In the second case, their names are formed from the units used (c/ha, rub./person, etc.).

Types of relative values

Several types of these units are used in statistics. So, there is a relative value:

1. structures.
2. Planned task.
3. intensity.
4. Speakers.
5. coordination.
6. Comparisons.
7. Degrees of economic development.

The relative value of the task expresses the ratio of what is planned for the upcoming period to what has actually developed for the current period. The plan unit is calculated in the same way. The relative size of the structure is a characteristic of the share of specific parts of the population under study in its total volume. Their calculation is carried out by dividing the number in individual parts by their total number (or volume). These units are expressed as percentages or simple multiples. For example, this is how the proportion of the urban population is calculated.

Dynamics

The relative value reflects in this case the ratio of the level of the object in a particular period to its status in the past tense. In other words, it is characterized by a change in a phenomenon over a period of time. The relative value characterizing the dynamics is called The choice of the base in the calculation is carried out depending on the purpose of the study.

Intensity

The relative value can reflect the degree of development of a phenomenon in a particular environment. In this case, we talk about intensity. Their calculation is carried out by comparing opposite quantities that are related to each other. They are set, as a rule, based on 1000, 100 and so on units of the study population. For example, per 100 hectares of land, per thousand people, and so on. These indicators of relative values ​​are named numbers. For example, this is how population density is calculated. It is expressed as the average number of citizens per square meter. km of territory. The characteristics of the degree of economic development serve as a subtype of such units. These, for example, include such types of relative values ​​as the level of GNP, GDP, VID, and so on. per capita. These characteristics play important role in the analysis economic situation in the country.

Coordination

The value of relative values ​​can characterize the proportionality of the individual elements of the whole to each other. The calculation is carried out by dividing one part by another. Relative quantities in this case act as a subtype of units of intensity. The difference lies in the fact that they reflect the level of distribution of heterogeneous parts of the same population. The base can be one or another sign, depending on the goal. In this regard, for the same whole, several relative values ​​of coordination can be calculated.

Mapping

Relative comparison values ​​are units that are partial divisions of the same statistical features that act as characteristics for different objects, but refer to the same moment or period. For example, the ratio of the cost of a particular type of product produced by two enterprises, labor productivity for different industries, and so on is calculated.

Economic evaluation

In this study, absolute and relative units are actively used. The former are used to establish the ratio of reserves and expenses with sources of financing and evaluate the enterprise in terms of financial stability. Relative indicators reflect the structure of funds with the state of fixed and working capital. Economic evaluation uses horizontal analysis. As the most generalizing absolute value characterizing financial stability firms, there is a lack or excess of sources of financing costs and stocks. The calculation is made by subtraction. The result is the difference in the size of the sources (minus non-current assets), the means of which stocks are formed, and their number. The key elements in this are the following statistical units:

1. Own current assets.
2. General indicator of planned sources.
3. Long-term borrowed and own funds.

Deterministic factorial research

This analysis is a specific technique for studying the impact of factors whose interaction with the results has a functional character. This study is conducted by creation and evaluation. Relative indicators are widely used in this analysis. In most cases in factor analysis multiplicative models are used. For example, profit can be expressed as the product of the quantity of goods and the unit cost. Part of the analysis in this case is carried out in 2 ways:

1. implies a chain substitution. The change in the result due to the factor is calculated as the product of the deviation of the studied trait by the base of another according to the selected sequence.
2. Method relative differences used in measuring the impact of factors on the increase in the result. It is used when there are previously calculated percentage deviations in the source data.

Time Series

They represent a change in the numerical indicators of social phenomena over time. One of the most important directions in this analysis is the study of the development of events for specific periods. Among them:

Conclusion

Undoubtedly, relative values ​​have a high scientific value. However, in practice they cannot be used in isolation. They are always in relationship with absolute indicators, expressing the ratio of the latter. If this is not taken into account, then it is impossible to accurately characterize the phenomena under study. Using relative values, you need to show what specific absolute units are hidden behind them. Otherwise, you can draw wrong conclusions. Only the complex use of relative and absolute values ​​can act as the most important means of information and analysis in the study of various phenomena occurring in socio-economic life. In general, the transition to the calculation of deviations makes it possible to compare the economic potential and the result of the activities of enterprises that differ significantly in terms of the amount of resources used or other characteristics. Relative values, in addition, can smooth out some processes (force majeure, inflation, and others) that can distort absolute units in financial statements.

Absolute indicators characterize the total number of units of the population or its parts, the dimensions (volumes, levels) of the phenomena and processes under study, express temporal characteristics. Absolute figures can only be named numbers, where the unit of measurement is expressed in specific numbers. Depending on the essence of the phenomenon under study and the tasks set, the units of measurement can be natural, conditionally natural, cost and labor.

Natural units of measurement correspond to the consumer or natural properties of a product or object and are evaluated in physical terms of mass, length, volume (kilogram, ton, meter, etc.).

A variety of natural units are conditionally natural, which are used in cases where a product, having several varieties, must be converted into a conditional product using special coefficients (dairy products with different cream base content, soap with different content fatty acids etc.).

Value Units evaluate socio-economic processes and phenomena in monetary terms (prices, comparable prices), which is very important in a market economy.

Labor units of measurement are designed to reflect labor costs, the complexity of technological operations in man-days, man-hours.

The whole set of absolute values ​​includes both individual indicators(characterize the values ​​of individual units of the population), and summary indicators(characterize the final value of several units of the population or the final value of an essential feature for one or another part of the population).

Absolute indicators should also be divided into momentary and interval.

Moment absolute indicators characterize the fact of the presence of a phenomenon or process, its size (volume) at a certain date in time.

Interval absolute indicators characterize the final volume of the phenomenon for a particular period of time (for example, output for a quarter or for a year, etc.), while allowing subsequent summation.

Absolute indicators cannot give an exhaustive idea of ​​the studied population or phenomenon, since they cannot reflect the structure, relationships, dynamics. These functions perform relative indicators, which are determined on the basis of absolute indicators.

Relative indicators, their role and typology

In statistics, relative indicators are used in comparative analysis, in generalization and synthesis. - these are digital generalizing indicators, they are the result of a comparison of two statistics. By their nature, relative values ​​are derived from dividing the current (comparable) absolute indicator by the base indicator.

Relative indicators can be obtained either as ratios of the same name statistical indicators, or as ratios of different statistical indicators. In the first case, the resulting relative indicator is calculated either as a percentage, or in relative units, or in ppm (in thousandths). If oppositely named absolute indicators are correlated, then the relative indicator in most cases is named.

Relative values ​​used in statistical practice:

the relative size of the structure;

relative amount of coordination;

the relative value of the planned task;

the relative value of the implementation of the plan;

the relative magnitude of the dynamics;

the relative value of the comparison;

the relative magnitude of the intensity.

Relative Structure Value (RVS) characterizes the structure of the population, determines the share (specific gravity) of the part in the total volume of the population. OVS is calculated as the ratio of the volume of a part of the population to the absolute value of the entire population, thereby determining the share of the part in the total volume of the population (%):

(4.1)

where m i - the volume of the studied part of the population; M is the total volume of the studied population.

Relative Coordination Value (RVR) characterizes the ratio between two parts of the studied population, one of which acts as a base of comparison (%):

(4.2)

where m i - one of the parts of the studied population; m b - part of the population, which is the basis of comparison.

Relative value of the planned target (OVPZ) is used to calculate the percentage increase (decrease) in the value of the plan indicator compared to its base level in the previous period, for which the formula is used

(4.3)

where R pl - planned indicator; Р 0 - actual (basic) indicator in the previous period.

The relative value of the implementation of the plan (RTI) characterizes the degree of fulfillment of the planned target for the reporting period (%) and is calculated by the formula

(4.4)

where R f - the value of the implementation of the plan for the reporting period; Р pl - the value of the plan for the reporting period.

Relative value of dynamics (RTS) characterizes the change in the volume of the same phenomenon in time, depending on the accepted base level. ATS is calculated as the ratio of the level of the analyzed phenomenon or process at the current time to the level of this phenomenon or process over the past period of time. As a result, we get growth factor, which is expressed as a multiple ratio. When calculating this value as a percentage (the result is multiplied by 100), we get the growth rate.

Growth rates can be calculated as with a constant base level ( base growth rate- ATS b), and with a variable baseline ( chain growth rates- ATS c):

(4.5)

where P t - current level; R b - basic level;

(4.6)

where P t - current level; Р t-1 - the level preceding the current one.

Relative comparison value (RVR)- the ratio of absolute indicators of the same name related to different objects, but to the same time (for example, the population growth rates in different countries for the same period of time):

(4.7)

where M A is the indicator of the first object of the same name under study; M B - indicator of the second object of the same name under study (base of comparison).

All previous indicators of relative values ​​characterized the ratios of similar statistical objects. However, there is a group of relative values ​​that characterize the ratio of dissimilar but related statistical indicators. This group is called the group relative intensity values ​​(RVI), which are usually expressed as named numbers. In statistical practice, relative intensity values ​​are used to study the degree of volume of a phenomenon in relation to the volume of the medium in which this phenomenon propagates. JVI here shows how many units of one population (numerator) account for one, ten, one hundred units of another population (denominator).

Examples of relative intensity values ​​can be, say, indicators of the level of technical development of production, the level of welfare of citizens, indicators of the provision of the population with funds mass media, cultural and household items, etc. JVI is calculated by the formula

where A - distribution of the phenomenon; B A - the propagation medium of the phenomenon A.

When calculating the relative intensity values, the problem of choosing an adequate basis for comparison (the environment for the propagation of the phenomenon) may arise. For example, when determining the population density indicator, the total size of the territory of a particular state cannot be taken as a comparison base; in this case, only a territory of 1 km 2 can be a comparison base. The criterion for the correctness of the calculation is the comparability of the developed methodology for calculating the compared indicators used in statistical practice.

Statistics studies the quantitative side of mass phenomena and processes with the help of statistical values, which are divided into absolute and relative values.

Absolute values ​​characterize sizes in specific conditions of time and place. They characterize the entire population.

Units of measurement of absolute values:

1) natural, reflecting the natural properties of the phenomenon, is a physical measure of weight, length, etc. The main disadvantage of natural units of measurement is that it is impossible to sum up various natural absolute values;

2) conditionally natural(used for the purpose of summing consumer products of different shapes);

3) combined. They are obtained by multiplying or dividing two natural units of measurement;

4) value (cash). Eliminate the shortcomings of the previous units of measurement, allow you to evaluate heterogeneous products.

However, absolute values ​​do not provide a comprehensive description of the phenomena and processes under study and are not always suitable for comparison. This necessitates the use of relative values, which are used in comparisons, comparisons and play the role of a ratio measure.

Relative quantities are abstract statistical quantities expressing the quantitative ratio of two quantities.

Types of relative values: 1) relative dynamics- this is the ratio of the actual value of the indicator in the reporting period (y1) to its actual value in the base, previous period (y0):

ATS = Y 1 / Y 0 × 100%.

Relative values ​​of the dynamics characterize the change of the phenomenon in time. In statistics, these indicators are called growth rates; 2) relative values ​​of plan fulfillment- this is the ratio of the actual value of the indicator (y1) to its planned value (upl) of the same period:

OVVP = Y 1 / Y pl × 100%.

This relative value shows the degree of implementation of the plan as a percentage; 3) the relative value of the execution of the planned target- this is the ratio of the planned value of the indicator (sIL) to the actually achieved value in the previous period, i.e. in the base (y0):

OVPZ = Y pl / Y 0 × 100%.

Shows by how many percent the planned target is higher (lower) than actually achieved in the base period. This value is called the planned growth rate;

4) relative size of the structure- shows the composition of the phenomenon, expressed in the form of a share or specific gravity. The share (d) is the ratio of the part to the whole, i.e. the ratio of the constituent parts of the aggregate to its total volume. Specific gravity is a share expressed as a percentage. Relative values ​​of the structure are used in statistics to characterize structural shifts;

5) relative amount of coordination- shows the ratio of the parts of the whole, i.e. the ratio of successively all parts to one of them, taken as the base. The smallest value is taken as the base. The relative value of coordination shows how many units of a given part of the whole fall on its other part, taken as the basis of comparison;

6) relative intensity value is the ratio of two opposite quantities related to each other. Characterizes the degree of development of a phenomenon in a particular environment;

7) relative comparison value is the ratio of similar quantities characterizing different objects of study for the same period. Shows how many times the numerator is greater (less) than the denominator.

The essence of averages. Types and forms of average values. Variants and frequencies

The method of averages is one of the most important methods in statistics because averages are widely used in analysis, in practice, in establishing patterns, trends, relationships, and for many other purposes. The essence of average values ​​is that they characterize the level of the trait under study by one number. Distinctive feature averages is that they are summaries.

average value- this is a generalizing indicator that expresses the typical level (size) of a variable trait per unit of the population (qualitatively homogeneous).

The average value reflects the total that is hidden in each unit of the population. She catches common features, general patterns that manifest themselves by virtue of the law of large numbers. Speaking of average values, they mean that they characterize the entire population as a whole, however, along with the average, it is necessary to provide data on individual units of the population.

Problems solved using the method of averages:

1) characteristics of the level of development of the phenomenon under study;

2) comparison of two or more levels of the studied populations;

3) characteristics of changes in the level of the phenomenon in time;

4) identification and characterization of relationships between the studied populations.

P principles for constructing averages:

1) average values ​​can be calculated only for qualitatively homogeneous aggregates;

2) averages should not be abstract, that is, only quantitative indicators. They should give a qualitative-quantitative characteristic of the phenomenon under study. Therefore, in statistics, the average value is not an abstract, abstract number, but a very specific indicator related to some phenomenon, place, time;

3) the choice of the population unit, in relation to which the average value is calculated, must be theoretically justified.

The following main types of averages are distinguished: arithmetic average; average harmonic; root mean square; geometric mean.

For the correct calculation of averages, it is necessary to introduce concepts such as variants and frequencies.

As a result, summaries and groupings get statistical series, i.e., series of digital indicators. According to their content, such rows divided into distribution lines and rows of dynamics .

The distribution series characterize the distribution of population units according to any one attribute, the varieties of which are ordered in a certain way. There are two types of distribution series - attribute and variation series.

Attribute rows are formed as a result of grouping data according to qualitative characteristics (for example, the distribution of the population by sex). There are as many groups in these series as there are variants of a qualitative trait.

Variation series- this is an ordered series of values ​​​​of a varying quantitative attribute and the number of units that have a given value of the attribute (for example, the distribution of workers by wages).

In the variation series of distribution, the following elements are distinguished:

1) options(x or x1, x2 ... xn) is a series of numerical values ​​​​of a quantitative attribute (for example, experience, wage, age). Variants can be both absolute and relative values;

2) frequencies(m: m1, m2 ... mn) are numbers showing how many times the corresponding options are repeated (for example, the number of workers). Frequencies are usually denoted by an absolute number; if, according to the condition, the frequencies are expressed as percentages of the total or shares, then they are called relative frequencies (or) frequencies f:

f = m / Σ m .

Generalizing statistical indicators reflect the quantitative side of the studied set of social phenomena. They represent a statistical value expressed in the corresponding unit of measurement. Generalizing indicators characterize the volumes of the studied processes, their levels, ratio, etc.

The generalizing indicators reflect the results of cognition of the quantitative side of the studied phenomena.

Building statistical indicators This is one of the most important tasks of statistical science.

statistic is a quantitative characteristic of socio-economic processes and phenomena.

Statistical indicators have interrelated quantitative and qualitative aspects. The qualitative side of a statistical indicator is reflected in its content, regardless of the specific size of the feature. The quantitative side of an indicator is its numerical value.

A number of functions performed by statistical indicators are primarily cognitive, managerial (control and organizational) and stimulating functions.

Statistical indicators in the cognitive function characterize the state and development of the studied phenomena, the direction and intensity of the development of processes occurring in society

General indicators- this is the basis for the analysis and forecasting of the socio-economic development of individual districts, regions. regions and the country as a whole. The quantitative side of phenomena helps to analyze the qualitative side of the object and penetrates into its essence.

The managerial function is one of the most important elements of the management process at all its levels.

The indicators used to study statistical practice and science are divided into groups according to the following criteria:

1) according to the essence of the studied phenomena, these are volumetric, characterizing the dimensions of processes, and qualitative, which express quantitative relationships, typical properties of the studied populations;

2) according to the degree of aggregation of phenomena - these are individual, which characterize single processes, and generalizing, reflecting the totality as a whole or its parts;

3) depending on the nature of the studied phenomena - interval and moment. Data reflecting the development of phenomena over certain periods of time are called interval indicators, i.e., this is a statistical indicator that characterizes the process of changing signs. Momentary indicators include indicators that reflect the state of the phenomenon on a certain date (moment);

4) depending on the spatial certainty, indicators are distinguished: federal - characterize the object under study in the whole country; regional and local - these indicators refer to a certain part of the territory or a separate object;

5) depending on the properties of specific objects and the form of expressions, statistical indicators are divided into relative, absolute and average, these indicators will be discussed below.

For the correct reflection in the statistical indicators of the studied phenomena or ongoing processes, the following requirements must be met:

1) when constructing statistical indicators, it is necessary to rely on the provisions economic theory, statistical methodology and experience of statistical work of trade management; strive to ensure that the indicators express the essence of the phenomena being studied and give them an accurate quantitative assessment;

2) it is necessary to obtain complete statistical information both on the coverage of units of the object under study, and on a comprehensive display of all aspects of the ongoing statistical process;

3) to ensure the comparability of statistical indicators through the uniformity of the initial data in spatial and temporal terms, as well as using the same units of measurement;

4) the degree of accuracy of the information received, on the basis of which the indicators will be calculated, should be increased. Statistical indicators are interdependent, so they are considered in certain connection, since one indicator that characterizes one or more aspects of a statistical phenomenon cannot give a complete picture of the process under study.

To develop a system of indicators, it is necessary to deeply study the essence of the analyzed object and accurately formulate the target setting of the research process, highlighting the main link in the entire studied set of statistical indicators.

The system of statistical indicators is formed by a set of interrelated indicators that have a single-level or multi-level structure. The system of statistical indicators is aimed at solving a specific problem.

Systems of statistical indicators have a different scale. For example, they characterize the activities of a store, association, trade of a district, region, etc. Subsystems of indicators are distinguished, with their help they study certain areas of activity of enterprises in the industry, for example, a subsystem of indicators for labor, material resources, financial resources, etc.

2. Absolute values, their main types

Statistical data obtained during observation, as a result of a summary, grouping, are almost always absolute values, i.e., values ​​that are expressed in physical units and obtained as a result of counting or direct measurement. Absolute values ​​reflect the number of units of the studied populations, the sizes or levels of signs registered in individual units of the population, and the total amount of a quantitatively expressed sign as a result of summing up all its individual values.

Absolute values ​​are of great cognitive importance.

Absolute values ​​express the dimensions (levels, volumes) of socio-economic phenomena and processes, they are obtained as a result of statistical observation and summaries of initial information. Absolute values ​​are used in the practice of trade, used in the analysis and forecasting of commercial activities. Based on these values, business contracts are drawn up in commercial activity, the volume of demand for specific products is estimated, etc. All aspects of social life are measured by absolute values.

Absolute values ​​according to the way of expressing the sizes of the processes under study are divided into: individual and total, they, in turn, belong to one of the types of generalizing values. The sizes of quantitative features for each statistical unit characterize individual absolute values, and they are also the basis for a statistical summary for connecting individual units of a statistical object into groups. On their basis, absolute values ​​are obtained, in which it is possible to single out indicators of the volume of features of the population and indicators of the size of the population. If we study the development of trade and its condition in a certain area, then a certain number of firms can be attributed to individual values, and the volume of trade and the number of employees working in the firm are classified as total.

Absolute values ​​are economically simple (the number of stores, employees) and economically complex (the volume of trade, the size of fixed assets).

Absolute values- always named numbers, have a certain dimension, units of measurement. In statistical science, natural, monetary (value) and labor units of measurement are used.

Units of measurement are called natural if they correspond to the consumer or natural properties of an object, product and are expressed in physical weights, measures of length, etc. In statistical practice, natural units of measurement can be composite. Conditionally natural units of measurement are used when summing up the number of dissimilar goods, products.

Labor units of measurement (man-days, man-hours) are used to determine labor costs for the production of products, work, etc.

Absolute values ​​are measured in cost units - prices. In cost units measure the income of the population, gross output, etc.

3. Relative values, their meaning and main types

Absolute statistical values ​​alone are not enough to characterize the objects under study. To reflect the state of growth, the development of phenomena, their correlation in time and space in statistics, relative values ​​are widely used.

Indicators obtained as a result of comparing absolute values ​​are called in statistics relative values.

Relative values ​​give an idea of ​​how many times one absolute value is greater than another, or what part one absolute value is from another, or how many units of one set are per unit of another.

Relative values ​​are an indicator that is a quotient of the division of two statistical values ​​and characterizes the quantitative relationship between them.

To calculate relative values, the compared indicator is put in the numerator, which will reflect the phenomenon under study, and the denominator reflects the indicator with which this comparison will be made, it is the basis or base for comparison. The base of comparison is a kind of meter. The base has the result of a ratio depending on the quantitative (numerical) value, which is expressed in: coefficient, percentage, ppm or decimille.

If the base of comparison is taken as one, then the relative value is a coefficient and shows how many times the value under study is greater than the base. If the base of comparison is taken as 100%, then the result of calculating the relative value will be expressed as a percentage.

If the comparison base is taken as 1000, then the result of the comparison is expressed in ppm (%0). Relative values ​​can also be expressed in decimilles if the base of the ratio is 10,000.

The form of the expression depends on: the quantitative ratio of the compared values; the semantic content of the result of the comparison. If the compared indicator is greater than the base, then the relative value is expressed as a coefficient or as a percentage, but if the compared indicator is less than the base, then it is better to express the relative value only as a percentage.

If the indicators being compared are comparable, then the calculation of relative values ​​may be correct.

Depending on the purpose of the statistical study, relative values ​​are divided into the following types: fulfillment of contractual obligations; relative values ​​characterizing the structure of the population; relative values ​​of dynamics; comparisons; coordination; relative intensity values.

The relative value of the fulfillment of contractual obligations is an indicator that characterizes the level of fulfillment by the enterprise of its obligations stipulated in the contracts.

The calculation of the indicator is made by the ratio of the volume of actually fulfilled obligations and the volume of obligations stipulated in the contract. It is expressed in the form of coefficients or as a percentage.

Relative indicators of the planned target (RPP) are used to advanced planning activities of the subject of the financial and economic sphere, etc.

The CVPP is calculated using the following formula:

Relative values ​​of the structure- these are indicators characterizing the share of the composition of the studied populations. The relative value of the structure is determined by the ratio of the absolute value of an individual element of the statistical population to the absolute value of the entire population, that is, as the ratio of the part to the general (whole), and characterizes the share of the part as a whole, in the form of a percentage.

In the analysis of the commercial activities of trade and the service sector, relative values ​​make it possible to study the entire composition of the turnover in terms of its assortment, the composition of the company's employees - according to certain characteristics (length of service, gender, age), the composition of the enterprise's expenses and other factors affecting commercial activity enterprises.

Relative Structural Indicators (RSI) = level of a part of the population / total level of the population as a whole

The relative values ​​of the dynamics characterize the change in the phenomenon under study over time, reveal the direction of development, and measure the intensity of development. The relative value of the dynamics is calculated as the ratio of the level of the attribute in certain period or a point in time to the level of the same feature in the previous period or point in time, that is, it characterizes the change in the level of a certain phenomenon over time. The relative values ​​of the dynamics are called growth rates:

Relative comparison values ​​characterize the quantitative ratio of similar indicators related to different objects of statistical observation.

To compare the level of prices for the same product sold through state stores and on the market, relative comparison values ​​are used. The state price is taken as the basis for comparison. Relative values ​​of coordination are a kind of comparison indicators. They are used to characterize the relationship between the individual parts of the statistical population. Relative values ​​of coordination characterize the structure of the studied population. Relative intensity values ​​demonstrate how widespread the studied phenomenon is in a certain environment; they are characterized by the ratio of oppositely named and interconnected absolute values.

Named values ​​are expressed in relative intensity values:

Relative intensity value \u003d absolute value of the phenomenon under study / absolute value characterizing the volume of the medium in which the phenomenon propagates

The relative value shows how many units of one statistical population account for a unit of another statistical population.

The condition for the correct use of generalizing indicators is the study of absolute and relative values ​​in their unity. The complex use of absolute and relative values ​​gives a comprehensive description of the phenomenon under study.

Relative indicators of coordination (RIC) is the ratio of one part of the population to another part of the same population:

OPC = level characterizing the i - th part of the population / level characterizing the part of the population chosen as the basis of comparison