Early Renaissance architecture
Lesson summary on MHC in grade 8
Compiled by: Petukhov Alexander, 222 gr.
Lesson type: gaining new knowledge
Lesson form: Lecture-visualization
Purpose: To form students' knowledge of the architecture of the early Renaissance.
Educational: to form and expand students' knowledge about the architects of the early Renaissance.
Developing:
To develop the ability to identify the architecture of the early Renaissance by its features (development of the skill of analyzing architecture)
Develop students' memory and creative thinking
Educational: to bring attention to students.
Equipment: Computer, projector, projector screen.
Lesson Plan
Lesson stage
Time (min.)
Organizing time
Student motivation. Working with an epigraph
Lecture material "Masterpieces of architecture of the early Renaissance"
Creative task: building design (work in pairs)
Checking the creative task. Choosing the best building
Summing up the lesson
Homework
During the classes
1. Organizational moment
Greetings. Checking the availability of students and their readiness for the lesson.
2. Student motivation
Teacher: There is an aphorism on the screen (slide 1) Who knows its author? I will not torment you for a long time, in fact, the author of this aphorism is unknown. So next question. What will be the topic of our lesson? Excellent. But we can't learn the whole architecture in one lesson! So pay attention to the screen. There is a building in front of you (slide 2) What period do you think it belongs to? It belongs to the period of the early Renaissance. We will learn about its author and other buildings of this period in today's lesson.
3. Lecture material
The period of the so-called "Early Renaissance" covers the time from 1420 to 1500. During these eighty years, art has not yet completely renounced the traditions of the recent past, but is trying to mix into them elements borrowed from classical antiquity. Only later, and only little by little, under the influence of more and more changing conditions of life and culture, do artists completely abandon medieval foundations and boldly use examples of ancient art, both in the general concept of their works and in their details.
Write in a notebook (slide 4): Quattrocento (Italian quattrocento, “four hundred”) is a generally accepted designation for the era of Italian art of the 15th century, correlated with the period of the Early Renaissance.
During the Quattrocento, the norms of classical architecture were rediscovered and formulated. The study of ancient samples led to the assimilation of classical elements of architecture and ornament.
The space, as an architectural component, is organized in a way different from medieval notions. It was based on the logic of proportions, the shape and sequence of parts are subject to geometry, and not intuition, which was feature medieval buildings. The first example of the period can be called the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence (slide 5).
Write in your notebook (slide 6): Basilica (basilica; Greek βασιλική - “house of basileus, royal house”) - a type of rectangular building, which consists of an odd number (1, 3 or 5) of naves of different heights.
(slides 7-8) Nave - an elongated room, part of the interior (usually in basilica-type buildings), limited on one or both longitudinal sides by a row of columns or pillars separating it from neighboring naves.
In a multi-nave basilica (slide 5), the naves are separated by longitudinal rows of columns or pillars, with independent coverings. The central nave, usually wider and taller, is illuminated by the windows of the second tier. The most significant Roman Catholic churches are also called basilicas, regardless of their architectural design. This basilica was built by Fillipo Brunelleschi.
Write in a notebook (slide 9): Filippo Brunelleschi (Italian: Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377-1446) is a great Italian architect, sculptor of the Renaissance.
During the early Renaissance in art, there is a desire for an organic combination of medieval traditions with classical elements. In temple construction, the main type remains the basilica with a flat ceiling or with cross vaults, but in the elements - the arrangement and decoration of columns and pillars, the distribution of arches and architraves, the appearance of windows and portals, the architects are guided by Greco-Roman monuments in an effort to form vast, free spaces inside buildings.
Write in your notebook (slides 10-11):
Architrave (Italian architrave, from Greek ἀρχι, “archi”, over-, main and lat. trabs beam) is a straight crossbar that bridges the gap above columns, pillars or window and door openings.
Subsequently, gradually, both in the general concept and in the details, samples of ancient art become the basis of the works.
Write in your notebook (slide 12):
An architectural order (Latin ordo - order, order) is a type of architectural composition that uses certain elements and is subject to a certain architectural and stylistic processing. It includes a system of proportions, prescribes the composition and shape of the elements, as well as their relative position. The architectural order is the embodiment of a post-and-beam system, tectonically consisting of vertical and horizontal elements.
Capital (from lat. caput - head) - the crowning part of a column or pilaster. The top of the capital protrudes beyond the column, providing a transition to the abacus, which is usually square in shape.
Most often, the design of buildings contains the Corinthian order with various modifications of the capital (slide 13) symmetry and harmony of proportions. These buildings have harmoniously spacious courtyards, surrounded on the lower and upper floors by covered galleries on arches, which are supported by columns or pilasters of antique form.
Write in a notebook (slide 14): Pilaster (also pilaster, from Latin pila “column”, “pillar”) is a vertical protrusion of the wall, usually having a base and a capital, and thus conditionally depicting a column.
Facade (French façade - front, front side of the building) - the outer, front side of the building.
The façade is given horizontal dimension through graceful interfloor cornices and the main cornice, which forms a strong ledge under the roof.
Italian architectural monuments of the early Renaissance are found mainly in Florence; among them are the elegant and at the same time simple in technical solution the dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (1436) (slide 15) and the Pitti Palace (slide 16), created by Filippo Brunelleschi, who determined the vector of development of Renaissance architecture.
A very interesting building is Certosa, located in the Italian city of Pavia (slide 17). The fact is that in fact this building, although already made in the Renaissance style, was actually originally conceived as a Gothic building. This church was founded on August 27. Certosa owes her final appearance.
Write in a notebook (slide 18): Giovanni Antonio Amadeo (Italian Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, 1477, Pavia - 1522, Milan) Italian sculptor and architect.
Palazzo Corner-Spinelli (slide 19) ((Italian: Palazzo Corner-Spinelli) is a palace in Venice, on the Grand Canal in the San Marco area.
This is one of the finest Renaissance palaces in Venice. It was built from 1480 to 1500 by the architect Mauro Coducci.
Write in notebook: Mauro Coducci (1440-1504) - Italian sculptor and architect of the early Renaissance.
Mauro Coducci was born in 1440 near Bergamo. Until the age of 30 he lived in Lombardy, where he studied sculpture. Around 1468, Mauro comes to Venice. It is noteworthy that at the same time, another outstanding architect, Pietro Lombardo, came to Venice, with whom Mauro was later associated with many joint works.
Write in a notebook (slide 20): Pietro Lombardo (1435-1515) - Italian sculptor and architect of the early Renaissance. Born in Switzerland in the village of Karona.
The magnificent Vendramin Calergi Palace (slide 21) (Palazzo Vendramin Calergi) was built at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century, between 1481 and 1509. The Italian architect Pietro Lombardo worked on its construction.
The palace is crowned with a magnificent entablature, consisting of an architrave, a frieze and a cornice hanging over them. The upper arches connected with the columns by rings act as the unifying elements.
Write in your notebook (slides 22-23):
An entablature (fr. entablement from table - table, board) - a beam ceiling of a span or the completion of a wall, consisting of an architrave, a frieze and a cornice.
Frieze (Fr. Frise) - a decorative composition in the form of a horizontal strip or ribbon, crowning or framing one or another part of an architectural structure.
Cornice (from the Greek. κορωνίς) - a protruding element of the interior and exterior decoration of buildings, premises, furniture. The cornice separates the plane of the roof from the vertical plane of the wall, or divides the plane of the wall along selected horizontal lines.
The architectural feature of the palace is the double arched windows rounded at the top and the masonry of the first floor. The palace became the prototype for many city buildings.
The Doge's Palace (slide 24) (Italian: Palazzo Ducale) in Venice is a great monument of Italian Gothic architecture, one of the main attractions of the city. It is located on St. Mark's Square next to the cathedral of the same name. Although the first building on this site was still in the 9th century, the construction of today's building was carried out between 1309 and 1424, supposedly by the architect Filippo Calendario.
Write in a notebook (slide 25): Filippo Calendario (first years of the 14th century - 1355) - Venetian architect and sculptor, alleged builder of the Doge's Palace in Venice.
In 1577, part of the palace was destroyed by fire, after which it was restored.
This main building of Venice was, first of all, the residence of the Doges of the Republic. The Grand Council and the Senate met in the palace, the Supreme Court worked, and the secret police did their business. The ground floor also housed the offices of lawyers, the office, the services of censors and the maritime department. The balcony built on top served as a kind of festive tribune, from which the Doge showed himself to the people. The guests of the city, who moored to the palace itself from the side of Piazzetta, thus found themselves at the feet of the ruler of the Republic.
4. Creative task. Work in pairs.
The teacher invites the students to play the role of architects and try to draw (design) a building in the style of the early Renaissance, based on the knowledge gained from studying the lecture material. It is possible to work in small groups (with a large number of students):
“Imagine that you and your desk mate are early Renaissance architects. You have been assigned to build a building. Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, try to design appearance your own building. How it will look depends on your imagination. Incorporate decorative elements typical of that era into the building.”
5. Checking the creative task
Pupils (small groups) show their buildings and prove that they are made in a given style. The best building is selected.
6. Summing up the lesson (slide 27)
Student survey:
1. Name the main architects of the early Renaissance.
2. What was the purpose of the buildings discussed in the lesson?
3. What elements of the building do you remember?
2. Prepare a report on one of the buildings of the early Renaissance (3 buildings, one per student, individually).
Santa Maria del Fiore (1436)
Renaissance
The renaissance or renaissance is a time of cultural
dawn, a period that replaced the Middle Ages, and gave way
place of the new time.
Born at the origins of the 15th century and having existed until the beginning
XVII century, the Renaissance gave the world a lot of brilliant
works of painting, architecture, sculpture, literature and
music.
The artist Giorgio Vasari was the first to give the concept of increased
interest in everything ancient only in the 16th century, and the general
understanding of the Renaissance came to society even later. So
Engels defined this time as "the great progressive
coup." Indeed, the revival contributed
a time of economic development, rapid urban growth, and
cultural renewal.
Thanks to this, ideas were born in creative minds
humanism, the dominant role of man, his creative
abilities, intelligence, beauty and greatness of will.
The Italian Renaissance is most interesting, because it is there
the first trends of style appeared. The whole development of the revival in
Italy can be divided into three stages.
Early architecture
Renaissance
high architecture
Renaissance
Palazzo Ducale
Uffizi Palace
late architecture
rebirth
Plazzo Barberini General characteristics of Renaissance architecture
arcade yard
renaissance palace,
drawing
The plan of Renaissance buildings is mainly rectangular in shape, differs
symmetry and proportion based on the modulus. In temples, the module is often
span of the nave.
The nave is part of the interior in the form of an elongated room. From one or both longitudinal
The sides of the nave are bounded by a series of columns or pillars separating it from neighboring naves.
The facade (outer, front side of the building) in the architecture of the Renaissance is symmetrical
about the vertical axis. Church facades, as a rule, are measured by pilasters,
arches and entablature (beam ceiling of a span or completion of a wall),
topped with a pediment. Fronto n - the completion of the facade of the building, limited by two
roof slopes on the sides and a cornice at the base. Gables are usually triangular, but
there are other forms
Renaissance residential buildings often had a cornice (a protruding element of the interior
and exterior decoration of buildings, premises, furniture. In architecture, a cornice separates the plane
roof from the vertical plane of the wall or divides the plane of the wall along the selected
horizontal lines), on each floor, the location of windows and related details
repeats, the main door is marked - with a balcony or surrounded by rust. Rust, rustication,
rustic - relief masonry or wall cladding with stones with a roughly hewn or convex
front surface (the so-called rusts). Reviving the plane of the wall with the game
chiaroscuro, rustic creates the impression of power, massiveness of the building. Early Renaissance architecture
Santa Maria del Fiore
Medici Palace
Palazzo Pitti
Italian architectural
monuments of the early renaissance
are located mainly in
Florence: technically easy
decision and the elegant dome of the cathedral
Santa Maria del Fiore (1436) and
Palazzo Pitti by Filippo
Brunelleschi; riccardi palaces,
built by MichelozzoMichelozzi; palaces of Strotsi
Benedetto da Maiano and S. Kronak;
palaces of Gondi (Giuliano da San Gallo), palaces of Ruccellai Leon
Battista Alberti. High Renaissance architecture
Villa Farnesina
With the accession to the papal throne of Julius II in 1503, the center
Italian art from Florence moved to Rome.
Under him and his closest successors in Rome,
many monumental buildings, works of art.
It is based entirely on classical principles.
The main monuments of Italian architecture of this
time are secular buildings. They differ
harmony, grandeur of proportions, elegance of details,
decoration and decoration.
In temple construction, the desire for scale and
majesty. The domes rest on 4 massive pillars.
Donato was the most famous representative of this period.
Bramante (1444-1514), who followed in the erection of buildings
classical principles.
His followers were Baldassare Peruzzi, Raphael
Santi, Antonio da Sangallo. High Renaissance architecture
Church of the Madonna da Carignano
Spinola Palace
Main
representatives
architecture of this
time were Vignola,
painter and biographer
artists Vasari - them
built the Uffizi Palace
in Florence, Andrea
Palladio, Genoese
Galeazzo Alessi, who
built the Church of the Madonna
da carignano, palace
Spinola and Sauli's Palace
Genoa Late Renaissance architecture
Palazzo del Te Giulio Romano
In Late Renaissance architecture more
experiments with forms, there is a complication
details, refraction of architectural lines, complex
ornamentation. From this trend subsequently developed
baroque style and then rococo style.
The founder of the direction of Mannerism in
architecture is considered Michelangelo, who freely
interpreted the principles and forms of ancient art.
Michelangelo created the Medici tomb at the church
San Lorenzo in Florence, the dome of St. Peter's Basilica,
building project of the Capitoline Hill in Rome. He
is considered the author of the "giant order" - a pilaster,
which stretches from the base to the façade entablature.
Another example of this style in architecture is
Palazzo del Te Giulio Romano in Mantua, with his
huge loggias, rusticated walls,
park grottoes and extensive frescoes. Prominent Representatives
tomb of the Medici
Filippo Brunelleschi - the architect who gave birth to the main idea
revival architecture. Among the main works of the author
Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, Educational House and
Pazzi Chapel.
Donato Bramante is an unsurpassed master of his craft,
founder of the main principles of architecture of the era
Renaissance. One of Donato's most popular buildings
Bramante is St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Giulio Romano - a bright representative of the late era
revival, an architect who brought decoration and
elegance into the rigor and classics of the Renaissance. interesting
an example of the author's activity would be the Duke's Villa
Mantua.
Michelangelo - the founder of the Northern Renaissance,
who created in the free embodiment of common elements
antiquity. The author's portfolio includes such creations as the dome
Peter's Basilica, Medici tomb and
Capitoline Hill in Rome. The results of the development of the Renaissance
It was in Italy in the 15th and 16th centuries. was developed on
on the basis of living mastering the experience of ancient architecture
unusually flexible system of means of architectural
expressiveness and created many of the basic types
both residential and public buildings, which received
widespread use in the 17th and 18th centuries. and determined
appearance of a European city before the beginning of the 20th century.
Finally, it was in Renaissance Italy that
a start has been made modern history and theory
architecture and the science of urban planning.
Renaissance architecture
Renaissance architecture
Renaissance architecture - the period of development of architecture in European countries from the beginning of the 15th to the beginning of the 17th century, in the general course of the revival and development of the foundations of spiritual and material culture Ancient Greece and Rome. This period is a turning point in the History of Architecture, especially in relation to the previous one. architectural style, to Gothic.
Gothic as opposed to architecture I was looking for a renaissance inspiration in your own interpretations of the Classic art.
special meaning
special meaning in this direction is attached to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportions,
geometry and order of constituent parts, about as the survivors clearly testify examples of Roman architecture. Complex proportion of medieval buildings replaced by an ordered arrangement columns, pilaster and lintel, to replace asymmetrical outlines comes arch semicircle, dome hemisphere, niches, aedicules.
Development of Renaissance Architecture
inspiration in your own interpretations of the Classic art.
special meaning
special meaning in this direction is attached to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportions,
geometry and order of constituent parts, about as the survivors clearly testify examples of Roman architecture. Complex proportion of medieval buildings replaced by an ordered arrangement columns, pilaster and lintel, to replace asymmetrical outlines comes arch semicircle, dome hemisphere, niches, aedicules.
Development of Renaissance Architecture
art.
special meaning
special meaning in this direction is attached to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportions,
geometry and order of constituent parts, about as the survivors clearly testify examples of Roman architecture. Complex proportion of medieval buildings replaced by an ordered arrangement columns, pilaster and lintel, to replace asymmetrical outlines comes arch semicircle, dome hemisphere, niches, aedicules.
Development of Renaissance Architecture
special meaning in this direction is attached to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportions,
as the survivors clearly testify examples of Roman architecture. Complex proportion of medieval buildings replaced by an ordered arrangement columns, pilaster and lintel, to replace asymmetrical outlines comes arch semicircle, dome hemisphere, niches, aedicules.
Development of Renaissance Architecture
proportion of medieval buildings replaced by an ordered arrangement columns, pilaster and lintel, to replace asymmetrical outlines comes arch semicircle, dome hemisphere, niches, aedicules.
Development of Renaissance Architecture
columns, pilaster and lintel, to replace asymmetrical outlines comes arch semicircle, dome hemisphere, niches, aedicules.
Development of Renaissance Architecture
arch semicircle, dome hemisphere, niches, aedicules.
Development of Renaissance Architecture
Development of Renaissance Architecture
The development of Renaissance architecture led to innovations in the use
construction techniques and materials,
to the development of architectural
vocabulary. It is important to note,
that the revival movement
characterized by a departure from
the anonymity of artisans
and the emergence of personal
style of architects.
Few masters are known
who built works
also in the Romanesque style
like the architects
who built magnificent
gothic cathedrals.
While the works
renaissance,
even small buildings
just projects were neat
documented from the very beginning
appearance. 
First Representative
First Representative
this direction can name Filippo Brunelleschi, who worked in Florence, city, along with Venice
city, along with Venice
slide 2
Biography of Donato Bramante
Donato Bramante (originally Donato di Pascuccio d "Antonio) was born in 1444, at Monte Azdrualdo (now Fermignano) in the Duchy of Urbino in Central Italy, and died on April 11, 1514 in Rome. He first studied painting, apparently with Piero della Francesca and Andrea Mantegna, worked as a decorative artist and then devoted himself to architecture, becoming one of the greatest architects of the High Renaissance.
slide 3
St. Peter's Basilica
Donato Bramante was an Italian architect and painter who introduced the early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his most famous design is St. Peter's Basilica.
slide 4
Early works of architecture
His early works of architecture included the church of Santa Maria presso San Satiro (1480), in which the choir is painted in perspective to give the illusion of much more space.
slide 5
TEMPIETTO
In 1499 he went to Rome, where he spent the rest of his life. His Tempietto was the first masterpiece of the High Renaissance.
slide 6
Work in Rome
In Rome he drew up plans for the vast Belvedere Court in the Vatican (beginning 1505) and the New Saint Peter's Basilica (beginning 1506), his best job. These ambitious projects are far from complete at the time of his death. Despite the grandiose scope of St. Peter's, Bramante continued to work on other projects that played an important role in Julius II's plans for the restoration of Rome.
Slide 7
Biography of Brunelleschi Filippo
Filippo Brunelleschi was born in 1377 in Florence in the family of a notary. He also worked in Florence. He is an Italian architect, sculptor, and scientist. One of the creators of Renaissance architecture and the theory of linear perspective. Innovative use of ancient traditions. Brunelleschi's works are distinguished by harmonious clarity, strict proportions, perfection of engineering and construction solutions. In the early 1430s. Brunelleschi, together with his friend, the wonderful sculptor Donatello, visited Rome. During this trip, the architects took part in excavations, taking measurements, researching and classifying ancient monuments. Brunelleschi built two churches of the basilica type in Florence - San Lorenzo (1422-69) and Santo Spirito (1436 - after 1482). Completed after his death, both of these churches, very similar to each other, show features of Brunelleschi's late style.
Slide 8
Pazzi Chapel
Pazzi Chapel (in the courtyard of the Church of Santa Croce in Florence). Construction began in 1429. In the chapel, with its elegant Corinthian portico and two domes (in the portico and the chapel itself), spatial freedom, integrity and a clear pattern of composition are especially clearly expressed. Highlighted pilasters, entablature and arches clearly express the harmonious balance of support and load. The sculptural decor and interior was carried out by Luca della Robbia and Filippo Brunelleschi. The chapel is an architectural monument. Now it is a museum.
Lesson Objectives:
- Introduction to Renaissance architecture
- Consider the features of the architecture of the early Renaissance; high renaissance and late renaissance;
- Broaden your horizons, develop the skills of analyzing works of art;
- To educate national self-consciousness and self-identification, respect for the culture of other peoples of the planet, for the international cultural heritage.
Lesson assignment.
What is the significance of the architecture of the Italian Renaissance for World civilization and culture?
The name of the style was given by the artist, a researcher of Italian art, who wrote the book “Lives of the most famous painters, sculptors and architects” (1568) by Giordano Vasari.
Vasari wrote: “It can be definitely asserted that the ancients did not reach such a height in their buildings and did not dare to take such a risk that would make them compete with the sky itself, as the Florentine dome seems to really compete with it, for it is so high that the mountains surrounding Florence seem equal to him. Indeed, one might think that heaven itself envies him, for he is constantly and often struck by lightning for days on end.
Founder of Italian Renaissance architecture
The founding father of Renaissance architecture is the architect and sculptor Filippo Brunelleschi 1377-1446. He began his career as the winner (with Ghiberti) of a competition to decorate the doors of the Florence Baptistery.
Periods in Italian Renaissance architecture
There are several stages in the development of the Renaissance in Italian architecture: early - 15th century, mature - 16th century and late.
Palladio at Vicenza. D. Arkin
Architect Vignola. Villa of Pope Julius III
Early Renaissance in Italy
The architecture becomes more rigorous and correctly found in proportion. Ornament is little used, architecture is expected to be monumental, representative, and, in some of the most significant buildings, grandeur. Late period was a further development of the previous one, but new features are also manifested in it - the desire for decorativeness, beauty and some complexity of architectural forms. A certain inconsistency arises between the desire for official, academic rigor in architecture and the desire for picturesqueness. The latter trend was later fully developed in Baroque architecture.
Early revival architecture
The greatest growth in revival architecture came in the 15th century. Then, antiquity began to actively and everywhere take root in the construction of buildings, and this time is usually called the era of the early renaissance (early renaissance).
The principles of construction have changed, and even at the stage of building planning, work was carried out differently. If in the Middle Ages buildings were clearly adjusted to the landscape and neighboring buildings, then during the early revival, architects planned strictly rectangular buildings with precise symmetry. Functionality no longer had a dominant role, but the antique character, on the contrary, acquired paramount importance. Public real estate was built with many decorative elements, and private houses were built, as a rule, in two floors with an obligatory courtyard.
In the design of this dome, Brunelleschi embodied new construction ideas that would have been difficult to implement without specially designed mechanisms. A unique creation of an engineering genius - built without fittings, a two-layer octagonal dome, covered with dark red tiles, connected with strong white ribs and crowned with an elegant white-marble skylight, has become a symbol of Florence.
Its diameter is 42 meters, the height is 91 meters from the floor of the cathedral, the light lantern is 16 meters high. The dome weighs about nine thousand tons without a heavy marble lantern.
The church of San Lorenzo was consecrated by St. Ambrosius in 393. In 1060 it was remade in the Romanesque style. In 1423 it was rebuilt by Brunelleschi in the style of the early Renaissance. The architectural composition is based on squares: four large ones form the choirs, the crossing and the wings of the transept; four more are united in the central nave; the remaining squares, which are 1/4 of the larger ones, form the side aisles and the chapels adjacent to the transept (the original project did not include rectangular chapels on the outside of the side aisles). However, there are some deviations from this plan. So, for example, the length of the wings of the transept is slightly longer than their width, and the length of the central nave is not 4, but 4.5 times its width" X. V. Janson.
Church of San Lorenzo
Pazzi Chapel, Florence
rectangular in plan with a loggia on the facade and an altar square in plan. Above the central square is an umbrella dome, and the side parts are covered with a barrel vault. The loggia of the main façade is bounded by a portico on six Corinthian columns. The vault of the gallery is covered with a large amount of finely molded ornamentation, typical of the style of the early Italian Renaissance.
Interior of the Pazzi Chapel
Brunelleschi used a favorite combination of straight and rounded lines, which gives the division system such softness. Dome windows, medallions with arches and windows, windows above the archivolts of arches also have a round shape. The walls are not overloaded with decorations, they are much lighter than the frame (pilaster), and there is free space between them and the frame. This gives rise to that feeling of lightness and special transparency that the interior of the Pazzi Chapel evokes.
Palace of the Medici. Architect Michelozzi. Built for Cosimo de' Medici il Vecchio between 1444 and 1464.
On the facades of the Palazzo Medici - severe and restrained, "fettered" by the relief of large rusticated stones gradually decreasing from floor to floor - a motif characteristic of the Florentine early Renaissance - orders were used only in the form of small columns separating paired windows (the theme of double windows turned into Renaissance architecture from Romano-Gothic architecture).
High Renaissance architecture
At the beginning of the 16th century, antiquity in architecture acquired the character of absolute dominance, having received the name - high renaissance. Now, without exception, the customers did not want to see even a drop of the Middle Ages in their homes. The streets of Italy began to be full of not just luxurious mansions, but palaces with extensive plantings. It should be noted that the Renaissance gardens known in history appeared just in this period.
Religious and public buildings also ceased to give the spirit of the past. Temples of new buildings, as if they had risen from the time of Roman paganism. Among the architectural monuments of this period, one can find monumental buildings with the obligatory presence of a dome.
Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome
In plan, the cathedral, designed by Bramante, was supposed to be a square with a Greek equal cross superimposed on it. In the center, a huge dome was conceived, with a diameter equal to the dome of the Pantheon.
Palazzo Farnese, Rome
Palazzo Farnese is a three-story building, divided into three tiers-floors in the decoration of the facade, it has a smooth wall surface lined with small plinth bricks. The rustication is applied only in the corners and in the frame of the central gate arch.
High Renaissance architecture in Northern Italy
A two-storey building of an extended configuration, on the ground floor of which, behind the gallery, there are commercial premises, and in the second - the library itself, decorated with order arcades.
St. Mark's Library, Venice
Late Renaissance architecture
The final stage of the reign of the Renaissance falls on the second half of the 16th - early 17th centuries. At the end of its existence, the architecture of the revival became more complex and elegant. This can be seen from the facades and decor of late Renaissance buildings. The general concept of the projects remained the same. Just as in previous periods, architects adhered to their relentless principles of symmetry. But, this approach, probably, got bored, and in construction there was a fashion for sophistication and richness of various kinds of decoration.
The functionality and practicality of such elements was absent; columns, semi-columns and the main element of the late Renaissance - sculptures were attached to buildings with or without reason.
Late Renaissance
Completion of St. Peter's Cathedral
Michelangelo appreciated Bramante's idea, he reduced the total building area, greatly simplified the structure of the plan, abandoned the corner towers and minor domed spaces, strengthened the walls and domed pylons.
Capitol Square, Rome
The palace is a two-story building with an open loggia on the ground floor. Both floors are united by a high order.
Medici Chapel in the Church of San Lorenzo
The upper part of the tombstones is processed in the form of two symmetrically arranged volutes, on which figures symbolizing Morning, Day, Evening and Night lie in tense poses, for the first time life-size figures were placed in the tombstones, it was these statues that caused particular admiration of the master's contemporaries.
Laurenzian Library, Florence
It consists of a vestibule with a staircase and a hall for storing and reading manuscripts.