The waters of the oceans have been furrowing for about one hundred private submarines. Small and fast, scurrying like ferrari", and giants with fitness rooms and wine cellars on board.
The fashion for submarines as an obligatory image luxury item was started by Arab sheikhs. That is why the world's first private submarine manufacturer is located in the UAE - " Examos". Founded by a former French Marine Herve Jaubert. AT 1995 In the year he built the first personal submarine and, having replaced the machine gun with a screwdriver, he now provides everyone with modern Nautiluses. The new Captain Nemo calls himself "a poet who builds submarines for the rich."
"Poet" offers customers 14 luxury models of submarines. FROM 2005 year he and 170 its employees in Dubai were let off the stocks 18 submarine. According to Jaubert, he now has a queue of 26 billionaires who want to hide from human eyes on the seabed.
The most popular on the list are two models of submarines: small and fast. Stingray"and chic 20 -meter " Proteus«.
The Frenchman's competitor today is " U.S. submarine» Bruce Jones a US naval engineer who rivets his Nautiluses in Portland, US. His best-selling submarines are the Phoenix-1000 and Seattle-1000. Their prices are from 25 before 150 million dollars.
« Phoenix", the height of a four-story building and the length 65 meters - a "cross between" tourist and military submarines. The boat can sail submerged for a week. Claim that this particular model received Roman Abramovich.
— If you find a submarine that belongs to me, then it is yours. , replied with a smile Roman Abramovich, when asked about the purchase of the Phoenix-1000 submarine, worth over $100 million. 65 -meter floating palace with a fitness room, wine cellar, swimming pool and cinema and an observation post the size of 9 on the 5 meters descended from the stocks of the company " U.S. submarine" in July and disappeared from prying eyes in the depths of the sea.
One of the reasons for the oligarch's passion for the submarine fleet is the fear of global cataclysms and nuclear war. There is nothing funny in this. The firm guarantees survive a nuclear attack at a depth 300 meters in the middle of the oceans is much safer than in bunker, be it in Barvikha or around London. In case of war Abramovich put the family on Phoenix and dive like other billionaires into the depths.
Specifications "Phoenix-1000":
Immersion depth- 305 m.
Team- 3 persons.
Length- 65 m.
Width- 8 m.
Displacement- 1500 tons
Top speed on the surface- 18 knots.
underwater speed- 10 knots.
supply of oxygen- 30 days.
Autonomous cruising range- 3000 nautical miles
Jones hides the names of his customers. But the journalists still found one owner of the offspring of Jones. It's a billionaire Paul Allen co-founder of Microsoft with Bill Gates. The customer, a great admirer of the Beatles, ordered to paint it yellow. Abramovich's great friend, Paul Allen, spent two days snooping around Saudi oil platforms in his yellow submarine. When he was detained by the coast guard during the ascent, he explained that he was looking at the fish. He had every opportunity to do so. His boat can stay under water for a week. Five bathrooms, two kitchens, gym, wine cellar and observation portal 9 on the 5 meters allow you not to think about what is happening on the surface.
Such an exotic fashion has not bypassed Russia. Engineers from the St. Petersburg Maritime University have developed a tourist underwater vehicle with a muscular drive - a kind of underwater bicycle. Two people, sitting in a transparent cabin, pedal like on a catamaran. The submarine can dive to a depth of 30 meters. Its autonomy is limited only by the supply of oxygen in cylinders. According to project manager Vladimir Taradonov, the price of the serial version is $25,000.
However, according to experts, the growing fleet of private "Nautiluses" is in serious danger. After all, submarines, especially miniature and high-speed ones, are very reminiscent of torpedoes in their characteristics. And they may well be mistakenly destroyed by the ships of the navies of the leading maritime powers.
There is another danger posed by various terrorist groups. Therefore, frequent guests of the shipyards of Jaubert and Jones are intelligence officers who want to make sure that there are no torpedo tubes or other weapons on private submarines.
The military says owners of private submarines are required to inform the relevant authorities about the routes and times of their trips. But billionaires often do not do this, believing that the laws are not written for them. As a result, very dangerous incidents can occur: an unknown underwater vehicle that enters foreign territorial waters can simply be drowned.
For the growing submarine fleet, infrastructure has already begun to be built. The first submarine club began to be built in Tahiti. The clear waters of French Polynesia are ideal for short recreational trips to the bottom.
A Confederate submarine is the first submarine in the world to be successfully used in combat. February 8th, 2015
In the summer of 2000, an expedition led by Clive Cussler raised a sunken submarine from the ocean floor near the city of North Charleston, South Carolina. The ship sank back in 1864. The submarine is a unique device, as it was the first submarine in the world to be successfully used in combat.
150 years ago, the first ever successful submarine attack on a warship took place. During the American Civil War, on February 17, 1864, the Confederate submarine Hunley, manually propelled and armed with a pole mine, launched the Housatonic steam artillery corvette of the Northerners into the bottom of Charleston Bay. Reporting a successful attack, the Hunley never returned home. Thus, she became the first submarine to die in battle.
Let's take a closer look at this...
The reasons for her death are still being debated, and the operation organized in 2000 to raise the Hunley only added fuel to the fire of these disputes. According to historical sources, H. L. Hunley, a Confederate States of America submarine, was built in 1863 during the Civil War at the expense of private entrepreneurs and inventors Horace L. Hunley (she bore his name), James McClintock and Baxter Watson. Here's how it was:
The first reliable information about submarines dates back to 1578, when the Englishman William Bowry published a design for a boat that he was going to make from leather and wood. However, his hands never got to the point. So he was outstripped by the Dutchman Cornelius van Drebbel, who settled in England, who in the years 1620-1624 designed and tested three submersible ships of his own design.
During the American Revolutionary War, Yale College student David Bushnell built the single-man submarine Turtle. An attempt was made to attack the 64-gun English ship Eagle. However, it ended in failure - it was not possible to install a mine under the ship ...
Submarine project by Wilhelm Bauer
In 1796, Robert Fulton, already known to us, presented his project of the Nautilus submarine, more than 6 m long, equipped with a hollow keel, which also served as a ballast tank. Under water, the boat moved with the help of a manual drive to the propeller, and in the surface position it could use a sail that was raised on a folding mast. But no one was interested in his idea ...
The German Wilhelm Bauer turned out to be more successful. In 1848, he built and tested a steel submarine, 7.5 meters long, with a crew of two who manually turned the propeller. But things did not go further than experiments, during which a hundred dives were made, including to a then record depth of 45 m.
In practice, the Americans again tried to use the submarines. During the Civil War between the North and the South, the ports of the southerners were blocked by the fleet of the northerners. The southerners had to urgently find some means by which they could make a breach in the blockade ring.
To this end, New Orleans engineers Baxter Watson and James McClintock built the submarine Pioneer in 1862, about 100m long. Her tests were carried out on Lake Pontchart Rhine, but they did not have time to complete it. When the troops of the northerners approached New Orleans, the Pioneer simply had to be flooded.
They tried to build a new submarine, the American Diver, in Mobile, where both engineers and financier G. Hanley moved. They were supported by the commandant of the city, General Mowry, who seconded them engineers from the 21st Alabama Infantry Regiment - William Alexander and George Dickson. However, this boat also sank during testing as a result of a hull leak.
After the sinking of the American Diver, Horace Hunley lacked funds to build a new submarine. But then a certain Mr. Singer appeared, a manufacturer sewing machines. With his money, the Singer Submarine Corporation was founded.
McClintock immediately built a third boat. To facilitate and speed up its creation, he used an old steam boiler. Both sides were cut off and pointed ends were riveted to the resulting cylinder. The dimensions of the new submarine were as follows:
- length 40 feet (12.2 m)
- width 3 feet 10 inches (I,I6 m)
- height 4 feet (1.22 meters, together with turrets 1.75 m
- displacement about 2 tons
The submarine was called at first "Pioneer-3" ("Pioneer-2", this is the "American Diver").
The boat was equipped with two access hatches. In the bow and in the stern, one ballast tank with external cranes was placed. The tanks were not closed from above so that the crew could visually monitor the water level in them. They were filled by gravity, after the opening of the outboard valves, drained by hand pumps. The maximum diving depth was, according to calculations, 60 feet (18.3 m).
Seven or eight people rotated a long crankshaft, which occupied three-quarters of the length of the hull, and through a gland seal connected to a three-blade propeller in the stern. The maximum test speed was 2.5 knots (4.63 km/h). A cast removable keel could be detached if necessary (for example, for emergency ascent).
The crew consisted of a commander, seven to eight "rowers" and a second officer, who filled or emptied the stern tank, and also worked with the sailors on the propeller shaft. The commander performed three duties at once: through the windows in the forward turret, he observed the situation and searched for a target, controlled the horizontal and vertical rudders, flooded and drained the bow ballast tank. The second officer, located near the aft turret, at the command of the commander, served the aft ballast tank.
To provide the crew with fresh air in a submerged position, there were two air intakes 4 feet (1.22 m) high, placed close to each other, however, the small diameter of the pipes (1.5 inches, i.e. 3.78 cm) and the absence of forced ventilation made these devices almost useless. The supply of compressed air allowed to be under water for two, two and a half hours. The tightness in the boat was incredible, in the event of an accident, the sailors' chances of salvation were minimal.
The boat was completed in early July. The Confederate command appointed her commander, Lieutenant John Pine, and the crew was recruited from volunteers. They began to master the technique. Already on July 31, a demonstration of the capabilities of the submarine took place. A towed floating mine (90 pounds of black powder, i.e. 40.8 kg) managed to blow up an old coal scow.
Tests showed that for the successful use of such a mine, it was necessary to move from a positional position to an underwater position no further than 200 yards (183 m) from the target, and the water depth should be such that the submarine could pass under the keel of the attacked vessel, towing the mine on a rope 150 feet (45.7 m) long. After 5-6 minutes, the boat surfaced behind the target, and at that moment the mine hit the bottom of the attacked ship. But even such a close distance did not guarantee success, because. the rope had a tendency to sag under its own weight. Therefore, later this weapon was abandoned. Instead, a pole 6 meters long with a copper cylinder at the end was attached to the bow of the boat. It was filled with 70 pounds (32 kg) of black powder and equipped with several contact fuses. Meanwhile, the northerners strengthened the naval blockade of Charleston. Therefore, on August 12, the Confederates delivered a submarine there on two railway platforms, covered from prying eyes with a tarpaulin, and launched it.
But on August 29, 1863, after one of the exercises, the boat suddenly sank at the moment when she was returning to the quay wall of Fort Johnson. According to one version, a steamer passing by spread a wave that swept over the open hatch. According to another version, the commander, standing in the hatch, accidentally pressed the ballast tank filling lever, as a result of which the boat went under water with the hatch open. Lieutenant Pine, who was at that moment in the front hatch, and two sailors managed to escape. Five people died.
The boat was raised two weeks later (September 14) from a depth of 42 feet (12.8 m) and put in order. Meanwhile, Hunley, learning of the disaster, decided to take matters into his own hands. He himself came to Charleston to lead the new crew. Raised and repaired submarine.
On October 11, under his command, she successfully imitated an attack on the anchored steamer “Indian Chief” on the Cooper River, but after 4 days disaster struck again. On the morning of October 15, during the next dive, the boat sank. At 09:25 she moved away from the mooring wall and at 09:35 she began to sink. The distance from the pier was only 500 yards (457 m).
Horace Hunley was at his post under the closed front hatch. Second Officer Thomas Park (the son of the co-owner of the factory where this boat was built) was under the rear hatch. Judging by the materials of the investigation, Park did not have time to fill the stern ballast tank with water at the same time as the bow one, which Hunley filled (it is possible that the commander ordered Park to do this too late). As a result, the submarine, which continued to move forward, suddenly received a significant trim on the bow and rapidly went down. With all her might, she stuck her nose into the bottom at an angle of 35 degrees. The crew's attempts to surface were unsuccessful. Water from the forward ballast tank spilled into the bow of the hull, and the rear tank did not have time to fill with water, so there was nothing to pump out. The power of the "live motor" was insufficient to pull the boat out of the ground in reverse. The team, distraught with horror, also failed to unscrew the rusted bolts holding the removable keel.
Only three weeks later, divers found the boat at a depth of 50 feet (15.2 m).
When it was pulled to the surface by a steam winch, it was found that the interior was mostly free of water, and that the crew died of asphyxiation.
One of the first to go inside the boat, raised ashore, was the military commandant of Charleston, General P. Barigard.
He later recalled:
"The spectacle was indescribable terrible. The people, bent in agony, huddled together at the bottom. The expressions of despair and mortal anguish froze on everyone's faces. Some were holding burnt candles. Hunley was at his post. With his right hand, he rested on the hatch cover, as if trying to open it, a candle was clamped in his left..
In late November, the third commander of the unlucky submarine was an infantry lieutenant from the 21st Alabama regiment, George Dixon. He had two difficult tasks ahead of him. First, to recruit a new crew for a boat that has become widely known as a "floating fob" and "killing machine." Secondly, learn how to manage this vessel in such a way that it can not only swim, but also fight. As for the first problem, money helped solve it.
Business in Charleston and its environs was dying due to the blockade of the federal fleet. Therefore, local entrepreneurs have established a solid prize fund. So, 100 thousand dollars (2.5 million at the current rate!) were guaranteed to the crew of the destroyer ("David" or "Hunley") for the sinking of the battleship "New Ironsides" ("New Ironsides"). Greed has conquered fear. The desire to become submariners was expressed by five sailors of the steamer "Indian Chief" ("Indian Chief"), three more volunteers arrived from Mobile.
Dixon dealt with the second problem by carefully studying the technical and operational features of the submarine in practice. He coached the crew on a shallow spot, with a strong cable connecting the boat to a steam winch on shore, ready to haul it at the first signal. In two months, Dixon brought the time spent under water to two and a half hours. The most expedient tactics of its application looked as follows.
- Go to the line of attack at night, in a positional position.
- Target a ship at anchor.
- Take a course perpendicular to the central part of its side, fix the rudder and dive when it is no more than 300 yards (274 m) from it.
- Throw all the forces of people to overcome this space with one jerk. Hit the underwater part of the ship with a pole mine and reverse immediately.
Of course, the likelihood that the boat would die along with the victim was great, but such a primitive submarine was simply not suitable for anything else. At the beginning of February 1864 the crew was ready for battle.
The boat was given the name "H. L. Hunley" in honor of the deceased Captain Hunley. On the evening of February 17, 1864, the submarine finally set off on its first combat campaign.
The order read:
"Go to the harbor exit and sink any enemy vessel that comes across."
Carried away by the ebb tide, she slipped between the islands of Sullivan and Palm. Two and a half miles from the coast, the steam corvette of the feds "Hyusatonic" with a displacement of 1964 tons was anchored. He was on duty at the entrance to the channel that leads to Charleston Bay. The depth at this point was 28 feet (8.5 m). The corvette was launched in 1861, its dimensions were 62 x 11.5 x 5 meters, and its armament was 13 guns, including 5 large-caliber ones.
An eyewitness described what happened next:
Board "Canandagua" ("Canandaigua"),
Sir, I have the honor to submit to you the following report on the destruction of the United States Rebel Destroyer Housatonic corvette at Charleston on the 17th of this month.
At about 8:45 p.m., the officer of the watch, Crossby, noticed an object about 330 feet ahead that was moving in the water. It was like a plank sliding across the surface and heading towards the ship. In two minutes, this object approached almost close to the ship. During this time, the target was etched, reversed, and all people were called to combat posts. Immediately, the destroyer hit the ship from the starboard side in front of the mainmast, abeam the powder magazine. It was impossible to hit her with a cannon shot. An explosion followed a minute later and the ship sank, settling aft and listing to port.
BMost of the crew escaped on gear and were picked up by boats from the Canandagua. This ship came to our rescue and rescued the entire crew, with the exception of Lieutenant Haseltine, Mate Muzzey, Quartermaster John Williams, Gunners Thomas Parker and John Walsh, who perished with the wreck.
Captain Pickering was badly wounded by the explosion: he cannot himself report to you about the loss of his ship.
Sincerely, your obedient servant Higginson, Lt.
Marek Sarba. "Hunley before sailing". Canvas, oil. 2010
Most likely it was like this: shortly after sunset on the evening of February 17, 1864, in a dock near Sullivans Island, eight hired sailors climbed into a boat and set off on a mission. A six-meter steel lance with a powder charge attached to it was attached to the bow of the boat. Lieutenant George Dixon led the attack, followed by seven sailors on a wooden bench, whose muscles set the submarine's hand propeller in motion.
The crew quarters were only four feet high and three and a half feet wide. The propulsion system of the Hunley consisted of a crankshaft rotated by seven people and connected to a propeller by means of a chain. A large flywheel increased efficiency: while the crew was working, the flywheel's moment of force helped to maintain speed.
As the crew began to turn the heavy iron crankshaft, Dixon checked his compass and headed for the steam sloop Housatonic, anchored four miles offshore. The rebels' plan was to swim within six feet of the surface to the blockade party. But in order to finally direct the ship, Dixon had to raise it to the surface just enough to look out through the small forward porthole - there were no periscopes as such then.
Something strange was noticed near the surface of the water from the Housatonic, and a combat alert was issued. They opened fire from the sloop, but the torpedo boat was already in the so-called dead zone, too close to the sloop. Two minutes later, the Hunley plunged its pike into the starboard of the Housatonic, just below the waterline. As the submarine reversed, the trigger cord caused the 135-pound gunpowder bomb to detonate, blowing up the entire stern of the steam sloop. By reversing, the boat moved away from the sloop ...
The corvette sank. The Hunley did not return home either. At first, it was assumed that the boat was pulled into the hole by a stream of gushing water, and it sank along with the ship. However, when the corvette was raised after the war, the boat was not found in it. Nevertheless, the legend of the victim who killed his killer wandered from book to book for more than 100 years until recently.
Of course, the sinking of the Husatonic did not have much effect on the course of the war. However, it played a very important role in history, proving that combat use this kind of apparatus in naval warfare is possible. “For the first time in history, a submarine was able to sink an enemy ship,” wrote Robert Neyland, head of the US Navy’s Department of Underwater Archeology, in the American press not so long ago. - "Hanley" for submarine warfare - the same as the plane of the Wright brothers for aviation. She changed the course of naval history." Well, it's true.
It is also true that after the first victorious submarine attack in history, the Hunley disappeared, and, as it turned out many years later, she died. The submariners managed to give the observers ashore a prearranged signal with a lantern. And then they disappeared along with the submarine ... Its fate became for more than a century one of the greatest mysteries of the American Civil War.
It was not until 1979 that underwater archaeologist Mark Nevell and writer Cleve Cussler began a focused search. After studying a number of documents, they came to the conclusion that the submarine, after a successful attack, headed back to the base and even exchanged light signals with one of the Confederate forts. However, for some unknown reason, after that, she sank with the entire crew, which is why she is not at the site of the death of the Husatonic. You should look for a boat on the path leading home. A magnetometer and sonar were used to search for the missing submarine. The assumption of Nevell and Cussler turned out to be correct, on August 13, 1994, the expedition discovered an anomaly in the Muffit Strait leading to the harbor of Charleston, about 915 meters from the place where the Husatonic sank .. Upon further examination, it turned out to be the desired object. The Hunley lay on a pound, on the starboard side with a list of 20-25 degrees, the hull was covered with a thick layer of shells and algae. Sand deposits played the role of a preservative, thanks to which the boat was well preserved.
Within five years of this discovery, a team of archaeologists and engineers drew up a plan for raising and preserving the submarine. Raised the submarine of the Civil War in another century barge crane "Karliss B".
Raising the boat in 2000 required heroic effort and $2.7 million. Nineteen divers worked for three months under water so murky that they had to work more by touch than by sight. Using hand-held suction dredges, the divers carefully sucked out 25,000 cubic feet of sand and silt - the equivalent of 115 loaded dump trucks. When planning the lift, the engineers even developed a mathematical model of the hull and the forces it would be subjected to.
Hunley lies on the seabed
The searchers, in fact, expected to find dead submariners with signs of panic, huddled under the hatches, trying to get out, but this was not. Each member of the crew was still at his post ...
According to the latest information, historians have finally managed to solve the mystery of the disappearance of the world's first submarine that sank an enemy ship during the battle. This was probably the first and last battle for her.
A century and a half later, after the Hunley's hull touched the bottom of the Atlantic off the coast of South Carolina and 15 years after the rise of the skeleton from the depths of the sea, archaeologists completed its comprehensive study.
After the rise, experts hope to unravel the mystery of why the submarine, driven by a mechanical installation on a muscle drive, sank on February 17, 1864. It was a turbulent time, full of human tragedies. It was the final years of the American Civil War.
It's like unwrapping a Christmas present after 15 years of waiting, says Paul Mardikian, chief restorer for Friends of the Hunley.
For a long time, the place of the death of the boat was considered unknown, until in 1995 it was discovered by one of the expeditions undertaken over the past decades. The Hunley lay on its side under a layer of silt near the site of the drowning of its victim, the Housatonic.
In many ways, this contributed to the fact that her steel hull, made from a locomotive boiler, was not badly preserved. Years spared the underwater hunter. In 2000, it was raised from the bottom and a long process of research, restoration and subsequent conservation of this archaeological site began.
Over decades of being in sea water, the entire skeleton and structural elements of the ship were covered with a layer of sand, mineral particles, silt and rust growths, which archaeologists call concretions.
Last May, the Hunley was finally ready to take a bath in a sodium hydroxide solution to remove all third-party growths and layers. Then, in August, she underwent a painstaking vacuum cleaning.
To date, about 70% of the outer case has undergone such processing. Only those areas that are of interest to anthropologists remained untreated. These are the places where the remains of the crew members and their personal belongings were found.
Among them were: silk scarves that were tied instead of a tie; boots; coins; shaped buttons; a gold watch and an engraved ring that belonged to the captain of the ship; the remains of a smoking pipe, still stuffed with tobacco; bottles, brass kerosene lamp (lantern); compass and much more.
The Hunley Society of Friends is a social non-profit organization, the main goal of which is the restoration and preservation of this historic vessel. In the course of their work, a team of restorers from Clemson University (Clemson University) has already managed to make a number of interesting discoveries. So, for example, after cleaning one of the sections of the hull, they found the mark “C.N” there. According to experts, this may be an abbreviation for one of the steel mills where the hull materials were made.
In addition, as Paul Mardikyan adds, they found a number of other interesting things that can shed light on the mystery of the sinking of the submarine.
I would be lying if I said that all her secrets have already been revealed. I think it's too early to talk about it. Before us is a submarine that enchants. She's like an Enigma full of secrets.
The boat was armed with a pole mine containing 41 kg of black powder, and attached to a long wooden pole mounted in the bow of the vessel.
According to Paul, scientists will gradually put together all the elements of a large puzzle in order to eventually find out all the circumstances of what exactly happened to the twelve-meter submarine on that fateful night.
After several years of research, scientists came to the conclusion that the crew could probably have passed out from the effects of water hammer when the powder charge detonated somewhere far from the Hunley. Among other versions of what happened, the crew could run out of air before the boat managed to surface or that it could drown due to a poorly closed hatch.
Shortly after she was lifted, archaeologists found the first remains of the crew members, as well as some of their personal belongings. Before getting them out of there, scientists had to extract information from the material traces left at the site of a human tragedy and which are of great interest to historians. To do this, they conducted a 3D scan of all artifacts inside the submarine.
In April 2004, thousands of people, many dressed in Confederate gray uniforms and some in northern blue uniforms, marched from the old Charleston shore battery to Magnolia Cemetery, paying tribute to the fallen heroes of bygone days.
Later it will be called the last day of the Confederation.
sources
http://www.clemson.edu/glimpse/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Glimpse_fall2012lr.pdf
http://www.qwrt.ru/news/2763
http://www.anchich.narod.ru/podvodnie_lodki/hunley.htm
http://navycollection.narod.ru/battles/Civil_war_USA/Hunley/article.html
http://www.seapeace.ru/submarines/first/362.html
Let me remind you something else about the history of the submarine fleet: for example, and for example. There you are . But the famous and, well, famous The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy is made -
Very rare - civilian submarine
In order to visit a submarine, some specially fly to Cyprus
“I followed Captain Nemo. A double door at the back of the dining room swung open and we entered an adjoining room that was just as spacious. It was the library. Tall bookcases of black rosewood with bronze inlays held rows of identically bound books on wide shelves. A few steps away from the cupboards were solid wide sofas upholstered in brown leather. From the stucco ceiling, completing this whole harmonic ensemble, four hemispheres of frosted glass poured out electric light.
Describing the interior of the Nautilus, Jules Verne relied only on his imagination.
The world has never built a submarine with a living room, a smoking room and a library.
All submarines have a Spartan interior, because their main professions - war or deep-sea exploration - do not require easy chairs. However, in Russia there is still a submarine, the windows of which are three times larger than usual, and each has a pair of comfortable seats next to it. "Sadko" is the only tourist submarine of domestic production.
Laid up
It all started back in Soviet times. Then, by order of the Ministry of the Navy, the Rubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering began work on a civilian submarine project.
In 1993, the Neptune (the name given to the first civilian submarine) was launched from the shipyards of the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise in Severodvinsk. For two years the boat passed the prescribed tests, but it was never used for its intended purpose. “The construction of a recreational submarine began when the designers of all developed countries were euphoric from the creation of civilian submarines, but no one knew where and how to operate these submarines,” says Andrey Baranov, deputy chief designer of the Rubin Central Design Bureau. In the near future, the Neptune may find its last resting place on a special underwater foundation off the banks of the Moskva River: the submarine will be turned into an underwater cafe near the Park. Gorky.
Second entry
In early 1995, General Designer Yuri Kormilitsyn began work on the new tourist submarine Sadko. The second and only operating Russian tourist submarine was built at the expense of the Rubin Central Design Bureau and launched in 1997. When designing "Sadko" unique developments of the Central Design Bureau were used. The submarine is controlled by electric motors, without the use of hydraulic systems that pollute environment machine oil, so "Sadko" is environmentally friendly. The submarine has an emergency ascent system that allows it to reach the surface in just a few minutes. At the same time, a high level of passive protection of passengers is ensured by the fact that rechargeable batteries and the emergency air regeneration system are placed outside the pressure hull, the engine room and the passenger compartment are separated by a solid bulkhead, and the locks of all outboard openings are double.
The control system is so simple that one person can handle it. In addition to the captain, the ship's crew also includes a mechanic and a guide. The technologies incorporated in the design made it possible to reduce possible faults to a minimum: during the entire period of operation there was not a single major breakdown that would lead to the suspension of diving. 1997-1999 "Sadko" spent in the Caribbean Sea, and the last two years he has been sailing off the coast of Cyprus with tourists on board.
Unlike combat and scientific submarines, they do not have to experience the effects of increased pressure, and passengers and crew breathe ordinary atmospheric air. So you don’t have to go through special training to dive, and therefore even small children can look through the windows into the underwater world.
Unusual comfort for a submarine is felt from the very beginning of the journey. The passenger hatch has a large size - 1.2 m in diameter, a person of any size can easily enter it. The size of the cabin not only allows you to leave a free passage between the seats, but also eliminates the need for air regeneration during the entire dive. Along the sides opposite 22 viewing windows, each 64 cm in diameter, two comfortable chairs are installed. The design of the windows is unique. To provide a good view and at the same time not put the lives of tourists at risk, they are equipped with laminated silicate glass with a large margin of safety. At the same time, it is so transparent that it allows high-quality photographs of bright coral fish lured by scuba divers accompanying the submarine.
Submarines of project 955 (09551), 955A (09552) "Borey" (according to NATO codification SSBN "Borei", also "Dolgorukiy" - on behalf of the lead ship of the class) - a series of Russian nuclear submarines of the "missile submarine cruiser" class strategic purpose"(RPKSN) of the fourth generation.
Heavy rocket submarine cruisers strategic purpose of the project 941 "Shark" (SSBN "Typhoon" according to NATO codification) - a series of Soviet and Russian submarines, the world's largest nuclear submarines (and submarines in general).
Photos of the nuclear submarine of the Russian Federation (21 photos)
A selection of photos of Russian nuclear submarines of various projects of the Northern and Pacific Fleets in various weather conditions
The Project 877 diesel-electric submarine, or Varshavyanka, better known in the West as the Kilo-class boat, was developed in the early 1970s. to provide anti-ship and anti-submarine defense of Soviet naval bases, coastal installations and protection of sea lanes, as well as to carry out patrol service and conduct reconnaissance. These medium-range boats were first built in Komsomolsk-on-Amur on Far East, and then in Nizhny Novgorod and at the Admiralty shipyard in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). The first boat was laid down in 1979 and commissioned to the fleet in 1982.
Project 971 "Pike-B" - nuclear submarines
Nuclear submarine pr. 971 (code "Bars") was developed in the SPMBM "Malachite" under the leadership of G.N. Chernyshov. It belongs to the PLA of the third generation and is multi-purpose in the full sense of the word. It is designed to search for, detect and track enemy SSBNs and AUGs, destroy them with the start of hostilities, as well as strike at coastal targets. If necessary, the boat can carry mines.
Project 677 submarines (code "Lada") - a series of Russian diesel-electric submarines developed at the end of the 20th century at the Rubin Central Design Bureau. They are intended to carry out reconnaissance and sabotage activities against enemy surface ships and submarines, protect coastal areas from enemy landings, as well as to lay minefields and other similar tasks.
Midget submarines of project 865 "Piranha"
Small submarines of project 865 "Piranha" - a project of submarines of the USSR Navy and Russian Federation. The type was in service with the fleet from 1990 to 1999. In total, 2 submarines of this project were built: MS-520 and MS-521. Further construction of such boats in the USSR was suspended. As a result, the series was limited to the experimental MC-520 and the lead MC-521, delivered to the fleet in December 1990.
The first submarine of the intermediate project 641B "Som", intended to replace long-range boats of project 641 in the operational zones of the Black Sea and Northern Fleets, was assembled in 1972 in the city of Gorky. In total, 18 units of two modifications were built, which had minor differences. Boats of late construction were several meters longer, possibly due to the installation of equipment for PLO missile systems. The bow sonar equipment was outwardly similar to that installed at that time on modern Soviet nuclear attack submarines, and the power plant was tested on the latest Foxtrot subtype.
APKR K-18 "Karelia" - nuclear submarine missile cruiser
After commissioning, the boat was part of the 13th DiPL of the 3rd FPL of the Northern Fleet, and since September 2000, it was part of the 31st DiPL of the 12th Squadron of the Northern Fleet. The ship, before being put into medium repair (in August 2004), undertook twelve autonomous campaigns for combat service, 26 times was on combat duty at base points and performed fourteen practical launches of R-29RM missiles. In July-August 1994, K-18 under the command of Captain 1st Rank Yu.I. Yurchenko (Senior Rear Admiral A.A. Berzin on board), guarding the nuclear submarine B-414 (project 671RTMK), undertook a trip to the waters of the Arctic with an ascent in the North Pole.
"Delfin" - the first Russian submarine
"Dolphin" is the first combat submarine of the Russian fleet, which served as a prototype for the subsequent development of domestic ships of this class until 1917. The project was developed by a special commission consisting of I.G. Bubnova, M.N. Beklemisheva and I.S. Goryunov. The main ballast tanks were placed in the light extremities and ventilated inside the PC.
The construction in 1958 of the first Soviet submarines, project 633 (according to NATO classification, the Romeo type) in Gorky, as improved boats of project 613, coincided with the successful introduction of nuclear power plants in the Soviet Navy. As a result, only 20 diesel-electric submarines of this project out of 560 originally planned were actually built.
Submarines of the Kasatka type
Submarine "Field Marshal Graf Sheremetiev" type "Kasatka"
Successful tests of the Dolphin submarine proved the readiness of the domestic industry to independently build submarines. I.G. Bubnov applied to the Naval Ministry for permission to start developing "underwater destroyer No. 140". On September 1, 1903, the manager of the Naval Ministry allowed the development of drawings for a submarine, on December 20, 1903.
German U-Boats - World War II submarines
A color film about German submarines of the Second World War, which torpedoed Allied ships, mostly American ones. The video is very high quality and in color, which is rare for that time.
Keta - submarine
Lieutenant S.A. Yanovich, working on the project of the submarine of the inventor Kolbasyev, developed an interesting solution for a low-visibility semi-submersible boat. At his disposal was allocated the hull of the old Drzewiecki boat (1880), which was remade, increased in size and installed a car engine. The hull was lengthened from 5 to 7.5 m and reinforced with double walls. The resulting double-hull space was used as fuel and ballast tanks.
Type "Catfish" - submarines 1904 - 1906
On September 12, 1903, the Board of the Nevsky Shipbuilding and Mechanical Plant in St. Petersburg signed an agreement with the American firm Holland Torpedo Boat, owned by J. Holland, on the right of the Nevsky Plant to build submarines according to Holland's designs in Russia for 25 years.
Trout - submarine
Submarine "Trout" was built in 1902-1903. at the F. Krupp shipyard in Kiel own initiative as a "live" advertisement to draw the attention of the German government to submarines as a new means of fighting at sea. It was built according to the project of the Spanish engineer R. Equileia.
Type "Sturgeon" - submarines
Submarine "Halibut" type "Sturgeon"
The Russo-Japanese War that began on January 26, 1904 and the ensuing losses of the Russian squadron required the Russian government to urgently strengthen the fleet. Along with the development of the construction of domestic submarines, measures were taken to acquire submarines from foreign firms.
Submarines type "Karp"
On May 24, 1904, a contract was signed with the firm of F. Krupp for the construction of 3 submarines of type "E" submarine "Karp", submarine Kambala, submarine "Karas". These submarines were built under serial numbers 109, 110, 111. Given the novelty of the design, the contract did not provide for sanctions for failure to comply with the terms of the contract. Tests of the first submarine were to begin on January 10, 1905, the second and third - in February and March of the same year.
Submarines are certainly not the most common mode of transport, but perhaps that is why so many luxurious examples of submarines have been created in the world. Today we bring you the 10 most famous civilian submarines.
1. Nautilus VAS - $2.7 million
This luxurious submarine can accommodate up to eight passengers. Nautilus VAS can stay under water for four days, while diving to a depth of 2 kilometers. The submarine has an airlock that allows divers to go outside underwater. Also, the submarine is equipped with a toilet, a mini-bar and a cinema.
2. Triton 3300/3 - $3 million
The dimensions of the Triton 3300/3 submarine are only 4 x 3 meters in length and fit 3 people in it, but the tiny submarine can dive to a depth of up to a kilometer. Thanks to the transparent cockpit made of durable acrylic, three passengers of the submarine can enjoy a panoramic view underwater. And to dispel the darkness that reigns at such depths, Triton is equipped with powerful LED floodlights. The $3 million also includes training for the buyer on the operation and maintenance of the submarine. Curiously, it was in this bathyscaphe that people first encountered a giant squid deep under water.
3. Marion Hyper-Sub - $3.5 million
The next unit is a hybrid of a submarine and a speedboat. On the surface, it can reach speeds of 40 knots thanks to a 440-horsepower diesel engine. At the same time, the power reserve is enough for 500 miles. Marion can dive to depths of up to 80 meters using a self-recharging electric-hydraulic submersible system. The 9.5-meter Hyper-Sub can accommodate up to five people, and for their convenience, the cabin is equipped with leather chairs and a wooden interior.
4. Nomad 1000 - $6.5 million
The Nomad 1000 is an autonomous submarine that can stay underwater for up to 10 days. At the same time, she is able to swim up to 1000 nautical miles. The submarine boasts one and a half meter acrylic panoramic windows, sixteen 1000-watt quartz-halogen underwater spotlights, a toilet, a shower, a double bed and a galley. Nomad can accommodate up to 30 passengers and can dive to a depth of 300 meters.
5. Proteus - $8 million
The Proteus was designed and built by an ex-commando of the French Navy named Hervé Jaubert, who is currently CEO Exomos, a Dubai-based luxury submersible company. Jaubert calls the Proteus an "underwater bus" but it's actually a fully functional luxury yacht. Up to 14 passengers can fit on board the 18-meter submarine, 8 of which can be in the observation cabin at the same time.
6. Deepsea Challenger - $8 million
Some of the most famous directors James Cameron is known for making some of the most expensive films in Hollywood (Titanic and Avatar). Not surprisingly, it was Cameron who ordered one of the most expensive submarines in the world. In the 7-meter submersible Deepsea Challenger worth $ 8 million, Cameron in 2012 reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the world's oceans, where he spent 2 hours and 37 minutes.
7. Yellow Submarine - $12 million
Despite being associated with the Beatles, the yellow submarine actually belongs to Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen. The 12-meter submersible can stay underwater for up to a week. According to Allen himself, he loves to explore the depths of the ocean and has already discovered the remains of several shipwrecks. Paul Allen also owns the $200 million yacht Octopus, which accommodates two helicopters, seven boats and 60 crew members. One week's maintenance costs $384,000 per week.
8. Seattle 1000 - $25 million
The Seattle 1000 is a huge three-deck vessel 36 meters long that can stay underwater for up to 20 days. Its crossing range is 3,000 nautical miles, which is quite enough to cross the Atlantic. The Seattle 1000 also boasts a double deck with a 30-foot lookout, five cabins, five bathrooms, two gyms, a wine cellar and a kitchen, making it one of the most luxurious submarines in the world.
9. Phoenix 1000 - $80 million
The Phoenix 1000 boasts 10 bedrooms, a gym, wine cellars, hot tubs and more. The 65-meter submarine, whose cabin area is as much as 465 square meters, can dive to 300 meters.
10. Migaloo - $2.3 billion
Migaloo is a submarine/yacht, although it looks more like a floating city. The 115-meter luxury vessel was painted white and named after an albino whale. Migaloo features a 3m indoor pool and a helipad that retracts into the deck when diving. Also on the submarine there is a cinema hall, a library, gym, games room, laundries, private lounges, inter-deck elevators, duplex owner's suite and eight VIP suites.
Luxury, luxury, but submarines are primarily associated with weapons. Here from all over the planet.