REPORT to the abstract
"Chemistry in criminalistics"
Choosing the topic of work, I was guided by its relevance, because crime was always and everywhere.
Criminalistics- legal science about the methods of investigating crimes, collecting and examining forensic evidence.
Progress has attracted new methods of proving a crime to forensic science. I think that an important place in them belongs to chemistry.
Objective – find out the place of chemistry in the criminal investigation system.
CRIMINALISTICS IN ANCIENT
Criminalistics began with simple chemical methods of investigation. For example, gold as a monetary unit has been used for a long time. Coins made of alloys of gold, silver and copper "went" in circulation. By choosing a combination of metals, fraudsters reduced their gold content. I had to unmask them.
And instead of copper sulphate, the seller could sell more affordable iron sulphate. This deception was exposed by the juice of tanning nuts. A piece of papyrus moistened with it in a solution of iron sulfate turned black.
CHEMISTRY AS THE BASIS OF CRIMINALISTICS
FROM Using chemical methods, they learned to solve crimes committed thousands of years ago.
Yes, opencauses of early death of the inhabitants of Ancient Rome. The Romans widely used lead: they covered the roofs of buildings, made utensils, water pipes from it. A lot of lead was found in the tissues of the remains of the Romans, which killed them.
Another example. Peat extraction workers found a dead man, the body was well preserved, and the study showed that the murder was committed ... during the Ice Age! Modern methods it was established that this man was buried in flowers with medicinal properties, had many injuries during his lifetime, he was 40 years old. Perhaps it looked like this.
Today, chemical methods are needed in many areas of forensic science. I will list some:
personal identification by DNA analysis;
identification of poisonous explosives, drugs;
GENERAL REVIEW OF CHEMICAL METHODS,
USED IN CRIMINALISTICS
For one speck of dust, a piece of paint or thread, the forensic specialist proves the guilt of the criminal. His main weapon is observation, knowledge of psychology, logical analysis, similar to the "deductive method" of Sherlock Holmes. Today, no investigation is complete without scientific and technical expertise.
Consider the chemical methods used in forensics. They are divided into:
analytical,
neutron activation,
chromatographic.
ANALYTICAL METHOD OF RESEARCH
The analytical method determines which components a substance consists of. For example, acids react differently with metals. So, Nitric acid easily dissolves copper and silver, but does not react with gold, and "royal vodka" is able to dissolve gold. According to the quantitative analysis, you can find the ratio of the components in the gold alloy.
Since ancient times, dishonest traders have mixed flour into sour cream to increase their profits. To combat them, controllers with iodine solution went. When it was added to the product spoiled by flour, a blue color appeared.
Arsenic was a popular poison in the 19th century. The symptoms of poisoning reminded them of a disease, but they did not know how to determine it in the body. The English chemist Marsh invented a device in which arsenic is reduced to arsine. Arsine gas passed through a glass tube. At the exit there was a plate on which arsenic was deposited in the form of a shiny mirror. So they began to detect the smallest doses of arsenic.
In 1893 The book "Guide for Investigators as a System of Forensic Science" was published. In it, Hans Gross summarized the methods of analysis for many substances. But this required large amounts (about 1 g) of the substance, and besides, they had to be transferred into solution. And often you need to analyze objects without destroying them.
In the 20th century, chemical laboratories appeared physical devices, allowing the analysis of small quantities of substances.
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
With the introduction electronic engineering in chemistry, a new method appeared - neutron activation analysis. The principle is simple. The nuclei of a stable element are irradiated with neutrons from a nuclear reactor. At the same time, they turn into the nuclei of a radioactive element and begin to emit radiation with a characteristic energy. By registering this radiation, one can determine which element it belongs to.
Such analysis helped in the study of the assassination of President Kennedy. This method was used to study a sample of Napoleon Bonaparte's hair. The results were a sensation: the arsenic content was 10 times higher than normal. This means that Napoleon was poisoned, although the cause of death was considered stomach cancer.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDY METHOD
AT often used in forensicschromatography. Method associated with the name of the Russian scientist Tsvet. He showed that when a mixture of plant pigments is passed through a layer of a sorbent, individual substances are arranged in the form of separate colored zones. The resulting layer-by-layer colored column of the sorbent Color called the chromatogram, and the method - chromatography.
Now chemists can separate the mixture into components before analyzing it and make fantastic discoveries. Chromatography, for example, helped to study the diet of the ancestors, and also to expose one attacker who was engaged in setting fire to haystacks. He acted like this. At first, he announced the fire, then set fire to the hay. I chose a secluded place and watched the events from there. Once again, the police, combing the area after the fire, noticed the crushed grass. Soon a man was detained whose clothes were covered with green spots. Chromatography showed that the traces of grass from the clothes and the remains of grass from that place are identical. The evidence is there.
I picked up many examples of the use of chemical methods in forensic science.
Finding and saving fingerprints
Fingerprinting is a method of identifying criminals based on the identification of a person by fingerprints. Thanks to himmillions of "hopeless" crimes have been solved.
Preserved prints of ancient people on the walls of the caves. The science of finger patterns was founded by the English scientist F. Dalton. Each pattern on the finger is individual, made up of a combination of three elements - loops, arcs and curls. The drawing is formed before the birth of a person and does not change, but when damaged, it is restored again.
Even clean hands leave marks. After all, there are pores in the skin through which various compounds are released and remain on the surface for a long time: this salt, compounds of potassium and ammonium. There are organic substances - amino acids, glucose, lactic acid, etc.
Imprints are visible, indented and hidden. Visible ones are not difficult to detect; magnifiers and cameras are used for this. Embossed prints become visible under special lighting. Harder to find invisible traces.
Most often, a colored powder (soot, graphite, lead compounds, etc.) is applied to the surface. Traces become contrasting, they are transferred to a special film. There is also a chemical method, for example, with iodine vapor. Physical evidence is placed in a special chamber where iodine is added. When heated, the prints appear, they are photographed and that's it. You can treat the surface with a solution of silver nitrate. It will give a precipitate of silver chloride, which darkens when illuminated.
When examining the scene of an accident, traces of blood are often searched.
They can be recognized by their characteristic gleam when illuminated. With an ultraviolet illuminator, blood stains take on a dark brown velvety color. Invisible traces of blood can be detected with a solution of luminol, which gives a bluish luminescence.
Since the end of the 20th century, the method of analyzing the composition of DNA has entered the practice of forensic science. Deoxyribonucleic acids are present in the cells of any organism. Molecules have a double helix structure, contain nucleotides, the sequence of which is strictly individual and is a code form for recording biological information. Everyone has their own DNA structure. The analysis is long and expensive, but the most reliable, it is taken from blood, hair or other organs.
M Many countries have begun compiling genetic databases. In Russia, they plan to start taking DNA samples from newborns in order to gradually compile a database of all the inhabitants of the country.
DNA analysis has already helped solve many of the mysteries of history.
In the early 1990s, 5 skeletons were found in an abandoned mine near Yekaterinburg. Historians have suggested that these are the remains of the Romanovs, who were shot in 1918. Experts of forensic genetic studies have proved with an accuracy of 99.99% that the remains really belong to the royal family.
Mystery of the old sofa
On a sofa that had stood in the Hermitage for many years, scientists found the remains of blood, compared with a blood test on A. S. Pushkin's vest. Genetic examination proved that the sofa belonged to Pushkin. The poet wrote some works on it, and a wounded genius was laid on it after a duel. They also made an examination of Pushkin's curls.
Determination of blood alcohol content is a frequent study in forensic medicine. The alcohol content is expressed in ppm (thousandths of a volume). So, the expression "alcohol concentration 1.5 ‰" means that 1.5 ml of ethanol is in 1 liter of blood.
Quantitatively, ethanol is determined by a method based on the oxidation of alcohol with potassium dichromate. This reaction is affected by breathalyzers, which are used by police to monitor the condition of drivers. After all, it is known that over 20% of traffic accidents are associated with alcohol abuse.
PRACTICAL PART
In the practical part, I conducted a series of experiments close to those conducted by forensic experts.
1. Iodine-starch reaction proves the admixture of flour in sour cream or honey from negligent merchants.
2. Sympathetic ink, which is not visible under normal conditions, but appears with a certain impact, is used in secret correspondence. The inscription with a solution of sulfuric acid appeared when heated, and solutions of iron salts changed color when they were exposed to complex salts.
3. "Sobriety detector" I imitated by the reaction of acidified potassium dichromate with alcohol. A change from orange to green indicates the presence of alcohol in the solution.
4. How to distinguish blood from ketchup (or paint)? This is easy to do with hydrogen peroxide. If it is blood, frothing occurs.
5. A frequent and dangerous way of poisoning is the ingestion of methanol into the body along with ethanol from technical alcohol. I distinguished these two alcohols by the different effect of potassium permanganate on them.
6. Fingerprint identification. I saw my prints on the wall of the glass by powdering them with copper oxide powder. Invisible prints on paper had to be developed with iodine vapor.
7. Fundamentals of chromatography.
For the experiment, I prepared an extract of chlorophyll. Observed chromatography on paper and a layer of starch sorbent deposited on glass. The formation of rings and stripes indicates that the chlorophyll extract is a mixture of several substances.
CONCLUSION
My work proves that chemistry and forensics, relying on each other, help to fight crime. It is difficult to find an area where the results obtained by expert chemists would not be required. Their analyzes must be reliable, because the result sometimes determines the fate of an enterprise or an individual.
Yes, the possibilities of modern chemistry are enormous. MV Lomonosov also said: "Chemistry stretches its hands wide into human affairs..." I would like to add: "Chemistry also faithfully serves people on guard of the law."
View presentation content
"Chemistry in criminalistics"
Stolyarov Alexander
Grade 11
Criminalistics - legal science about methods of investigating crimes, collecting and examining forensic evidence.
Objective - find out the place of science
chemistry in the investigation system
crime.
FROM USO 4
FeSO 4
Murder
committed in
ice Age…
Peat mining
- search and storage of fingerprints;
- identification of a person by analysis of the composition of DNA;
- search and determination of the composition of toxic substances;
- obtaining casts of shoe prints;
- analysis of the composition of ink, paper and means for compiling documents;
- analysis of all kinds of pollution;
- combustion and arson analysis;
- analysis of polymers, paper, fibers;
- testing athletes for doping;
- examination of ornamental and precious stones;
- issues of toxicology, pharmacology, etc.
First applications of analysis
What is the proportion of impurities in the gold alloy?
Cu+4HNO 3 = Cu(NO 3 ) 2 + 2NO 2 + 2H 2 O
Ag + 2HNO 3 = AgNO 3 + NO 2 + H 2 O
Au + 4HCl + HNO 3 = HAuCl 4 + NO + 2H 2 O
Is there flour in sour cream?
Starch + I 2 = blue color
Poison Recognition
James Marsh
2H 2 AsO 4 + Zn + 9H 2 SO 4 → ZnSO 4 + 8H 2 O+2AsH 3
2 AsH 3 → 2 As + 3 H 2
ARSENIC
New stage development of evidence analysis
Hans Gross (1847 – 1914)–
founder of criminology.
"A Guide for Investigators
as a forensic system"
From the 30s XX in. in
analytical chemistry
being introduced
instrumental
analysis methods.
The nuclei of the stable element,
interacting with neutrons
turn into nuclei
radioactive element
and start emitting
radiation with a characteristic
energy.
By registering this radiation,
it is possible to establish which
radioactive element
it belongs.
method of separation and analysis of mixtures,
based on the distribution of their components
between two phases - stationary and mobile.
M.S. Color
(1872 – 1920)
Fingerprinting
person identification method
by fingerprint,
based on uniqueness
skin pattern
Prehistoric prints
people on cave walls
F. Galton
(1822 – 1911)
loops
arcs
curls
Fingerprint detection
depressed
hidden
visible
powder C
in pairs I 2
AgNO 3
Detection of invisible traces of blood
The action of ultraviolet
illuminator
Action
luminol
C 8 H 7 N 3 O 2
Personal identification by analysis of DNA composition
Deoxyribonucleic acids
the sequence of which
in a spiral is strictly individual and represents a code form
biological information.
Sofa A.S. Pushkin
Death mask and urn with curl of hair
Alcohol analysis
- The blood alcohol content is expressed
in ppm (thousandths of a volume).
- "Blood alcohol concentration 1.5‰" means: 1 liter of blood contains 1.5 ml of ethanol.
- Quantitatively, ethyl alcohol is determined by the Widmark method:
AP 2 H 5 OH + K 2 Cr 2 O 7 + 4 H 2 SO 4 → 3CH 3 AtoN + Cr 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 + K 2 SO 4 + 7H 2 O
1. Starch iodine reaction
starch + iodine → blue
staining
2. Sympathetic ink
FeSO 4 + K 3 [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ]) →
turnbull blue
FeCl 3 + K 4 [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ]) →
Prussian blue
3. "Sobriety detector"
AP 2 H 5 OH + K 2 Cr 2 O 7 + 4 H 2 SO 4 →
3CH 3 AtoN + Cr 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 + K 2 SO 4 + 7H 2 O
4. How to distinguish blood from ketchup or paint?
5. Definition
methyl alcohol
in ethanol solution
5SN 3 OH + 6 KMn O 4 + 9 H 2 S O 4 → 5CO 2 + 3 K 2 S O 4 + 6 MnS O 4 + 9H 2 O
6. Fingerprint identification
7. Fundamentals of chromatography
- Chemistry and forensics, relying on each other, help to fight crime.
- It is difficult to find an area where the results obtained by expert chemists would not be required.
- 1. Computer forensics Balashov V.Yu. Kharkiv Research Institute of Forensic Examinations. Honored prof. M.S. Bocarius
- 2. Cybercrime Fraud (art. 190 CCU) Copyright infringement (art. 176 CCU) Illegal actions with documents through access to bank accounts (art. 200 CCU) Tax evasion (art. 212 CCU) Pornography (art. 301 CCU) Violation various kinds secrets (Art. 231 CCU)
- 3. New types of crimes Section XVI of the Criminal Code of the Criminal Code of the SPHERE OF VICORISTAN OF ELECTRONIC COUNTING MACHINES (COMP "YUTERIV"), SYSTEM TA COMP "YUTERNIKH MEREZH I MEREZH ELEKTROZV" YAZKU
- Article 361 Unauthorized intervention in the operation of computer systems and networks, which led to: - Leakage; -Loss; -Fake; - blocking information; - Distortion of the information processing process; - Violation of the established order of routing
- 5. Punishable by a fine of 600 to 1000 non-taxable minimums or restriction of freedom for up to 3 years with confiscation of software and technical means by which the offense was committed. Repeated violation or as part of a group of persons: Imprisonment from 3 to 6 years.
- 6. 361-1 - malware Creation for the purpose of: use, distribution or sale, or distribution and sale of harmful software or hardware designed for unauthorized interference in the operation of computer systems and networks.
- 7. Punishable - by a fine of 500 to 1000 non-taxable minimums, - by corrective labor up to 2 years - by imprisonment up to 2 years with confiscation of developed or marketed funds. Repeatedly or as part of a group of persons: Imprisonment up to 5 years
- Article 361-2 Unauthorized sale or distribution of information with limited access, which is stored in electronic form.
- 9.
- Article 362 Unauthorized actions with information with limited access, which is stored in electronic form, committed by a person who has the right to access this information.
- 11. Punishable is Modification, destruction or blocking: a fine of 600 to 100 non-taxable minimums or correctional labor for up to two years with confiscation of software or hardware, with the help of which the acts were committed. Interception or copying that led to a leak: Imprisonment for up to three years with deprivation of the right to hold certain positions for the same period, with confiscation of software or hardware with which the acts were committed.
- Article 363 Violation of the rules for the operation of information and telecommunication systems and the rules for protecting the information stored in them, which led to significant harm.
- 13. Punishable From 500 to 1000 non-taxable minimums or imprisonment for up to 3 years with deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for the same period.
- Article 363 - spam Deliberate dissemination of telecommunication messages, carried out without the prior consent of the addressees, which has led to the disruption or cessation of the operation of a computer system or network.
- 15. Punishable Fine from 500 to 1000 non-taxable minimums or restriction of liberty up to 3 years Repeatedly or as part of a group of persons: Restriction or imprisonment up to 5 years
- 16. Who is looking for the Security Service of Ukraine Department for Combating Cybercrime of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine CERT-UA Ukrainian State Center for Radio Frequencies
- 17. Who analyzes Specialized forensic institutions of the system of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine Institute of special equipment and forensic examinations of the Security Service of Ukraine Forensic centers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine Experts not working in specialized structures and private specialists
- 18. How to search - Receiving data from providers - Receiving information from media in hosting servers - Social interaction - Surveillance - Eavesdropping
- 19. What they are looking for - Identifying features of the equipment - Presence of information on the carrier indicating involvement - A chain of sequences of incident events - Artifacts indicating any events
- 20. Video and sound Identification of a person by oral or written speech Establishment of the presence or absence of editing in the recordings Establishment of the number of persons taking part in the conversation
- 21. EXAMPLES FROM LIFE
- 22. Incident No. 1, 2011. The company became aware of a leak of internal corporate information received on the corporate email box.
- 23. Actions 1. Withdrawal mail server and submit it for research. 2. Finding the cause of the leak. 3. Establishing the geographic location of the attacker's equipment. 4. Identification of the person who owns the equipment. 5. Identification of an intruder 6. Analysis of information on equipment carriers. 7. Evidence of the attacker's guilt based on the information in his PC.
- 24. Outcome A guilty verdict under Art. 361
- 25. Incident No. 2, 2011 Mobile devices. The underage guy took several photos of his genitals on a cell phone camera and sent them via MMS.
- 26. Problem Is this mobile phone pictures were taken? When were the pictures taken? Have pictures been sent? Are there any identifying marks on the photographed organ?)
- 27. Actions Establishing the origin of images: Timestamps of the file system; Metadata in Exif; The uniqueness of the camera matrix; Method and order of naming pictures.
- 28. Establishing the sending of images: analysis of sent messages (including deleted ones) with subsequent confirmation of the transmission of the message by the operator according to the logs of the mobile operator.
- 29. Result The origin of the photographs was established to the accuracy of the unique device on the basis of exclusively digital evidence.
- 30. Incident No. 3, 2013. In a large commercial company, the entire network infrastructure once stopped working. On the main server, the data is almost completely destroyed. The work of 100+ people of the staff is paralyzed.
- 31. Tasks of the investigation 1.Find out the reason for the destruction of data; 2. Establish the identity of the attacker who committed the destruction; 3. Prove the guilt of the attacker and bring to justice.
- 32. Initial data A UNIX-like operating system was installed on the hard disk, which performed routing between the internal network and the Internet. The infrastructure included a virtual machine that acted as an IP telephony server. Login to the virtual machine is possible only after successful authentication to the physical server (router).
Lecture on the topic
THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
SCIENCE
CRIMINALISTICS
LECTURE PLAN
1. Consolidation of forensicknowledge.
2. Forensic science between
world wars
3. Formation of private
forensic theories in
criminalistics
4. Formation of a general theory of science
criminalistics
Literature
Criminalistics. Lecture course. In 2 parts. / SPbU MIARussia; comp. E.V. Kuzbagarova and others - St. Petersburg: 2015 Part 1:
introduction to criminalistics, forensic technology.
2015 . 340 p.
Criminalistics. Lecture course. In 2 parts. / SPbU MIA
Russia; under total ed. and others - St. Petersburg: 2016 Part 2:
forensic technique. 2016. 276 p.
Criminalistics: textbook / ed. Chelysheva O.V. -
St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. - St. Petersburg: R-KOPI LLC, 2017 - 580
With.
Criminalistics. Dictionary of terms and definitions / comp.
Bachieva A.V., Vinogradova A.N. - St. Petersburg: 2015 . - 39 p.
Question 1
Consolidationforensic
knowledge
Alphonse Bertillon - from 1879 to 1883 developed and put into practice the method of anthropometric identification
Formed the foundationsfingerprint registration
William Herschel
Francis Galton
Evgeny Fedorovich Burinsky in 1889 created the world's first forensic photographic laboratory at the St.
Evgeny FedorovichBurinsky in 1889
created the world's first
forensic photographic
laboratory at
Petersburg
district court
Hans Gross "Guide for forensic investigators as a system of forensic science" 1892 They first gave the name of the discipline -
Hans Gross "Guide toforensic investigators
forensic system"
1892
They were first named
disciplines "criminology" Question 2.
Criminalistics
between
world
wars
slide 1
CRIMINALISTICS: "Subject, system, methods and significance for the activities of future lawyers" Lecture for bachelor's degree 2nd year Moderator: PhD in Law, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Criminal Procedure and Criminalistics Kramarenko V.P.slide 2
Lawyer - a specialty? - NO!!! A LAWYER IS A WAY OF LIFE!!! "It is hardly possible for the mind of a man to conceive such a riddle as the mind of another of his fellow, properly directed, could not solve." Edgar Allan Poe
slide 3
LECTURE PLAN: 1. The history of the development of forensic science. 2. Subject, object, system, tasks of forensic science and its connection with other sciences. 3. Methods of knowledge used in forensics. 4. Modeling in the investigation of crimes. Prevention and forecasting.
slide 4
1. History of development of criminalistics. CRIMINALISTICS helps to penetrate the veil of secrecy that hides the crime and the criminal. “If you hide the truth and bury it in the ground, it will certainly grow and acquire such strength that one day, when it breaks out, it will sweep away everything in its path” Emile Zola.
slide 5
The term "CRIMINALISTICS" comes from the Latin word: "C R I M I N A L I S" - criminal (related to a crime), was introduced into use by the Austrian scientist Hans Gross. In 1893 he published "A Guide to the Investigators as a System of Forensic Science"
slide 6
Alphonse Bertillon, who worked since 1879 in the Parisian prefecture, suggested taking measurements of the bodies of criminals. The measurements were entered into cards and used for the subsequent individualization of their personality. This method is called anthropometric. At present, from the method of A. Bertillon, only the description of a person's appearance according to the rules of a verbal portrait has been preserved and is widely used in the practice of investigation.
Slide 7
Slide 8
In 1892, the Englishman Francis Galton, in his monograph on fingerprints "Finger prints", sums up research in this area and lays down the basic principles of dermatoglyphics (the invariance of finger patterns throughout life, a strict individuality and a simple possibility of classifying into three types - arcs (arches), loops , curls)
Slide 9
slide 10
slide 11
Historically, forensic science has developed on the basis of the generalization of investigative practice and the active use of natural and technical knowledge for the purposes of detecting, investigating and preventing crimes.
slide 12
Question 2. Subject, purpose, tasks, object, system of forensic science and its connection with other sciences. The subject of any science, including forensic science, is determined by pointing to the patterns of objective reality, which are studied by a particular science. The development of forensic science in the 19th and 20th centuries testifies that she was engaged in studying the methods of committing crimes and developing tactics for their investigation.
slide 13
In forensic science and to date there is no unity in the definition of its subject. However, for a general idea of the discussions, on this occasion, the names of scientists who have contributed to this area should be mentioned. 1893 - Hans Gross; 1915 - Tregubov Sergey Nikolaevich; 1921 - Herbert Yulianovich Manns; 1925 - Yakimov Nikolai Ivanovich; 1936 - Zitser Emelyan Usherovich; 1938 - Shaver Boris Matveevich; 1949 - Potapov Sergey Mikhailovich; 1950 - Vinberg Abram Ilyich; 1951 - Tarasov-Rodionov Petr Ignatievich; 1956 - Mitrichev Stepan Petrovich; 1962 - Vasiliev Alexander Nikolaevich; Belkin Rafail Samuilovich, who in the period from 1967 to 2001 actively analyzed and offered his vision of the subject of forensic science; 1977 - Krylov Ivan Filippovich; 1980 - Matusovsky Grigory Abramovich, Panteleev Ilya Fedorovich, Obraztsov Viktor Alexandrovich; 1990 - 2013 - Selivanov Nikolai Alekseevich, Yablokov Nikolai Pavlovich, Koldin Valentin Yakovlevich, Zuev Evgeny Ivanovich and others.
slide 14
Today, the subject of criminology according to R.S. Belkin is defined as: Forensic science - a science about the laws of the mechanism of a crime, the emergence of information about a crime and its participants, collecting, researching, evaluating and using evidence and based on the knowledge of these laws special means and methods of forensic investigation and crime prevention.
slide 15
The purpose of criminology is to ensure the processes of detection, investigation and prevention of crimes.
slide 16
The main tasks of forensic science: development of new and improvement of existing technical, organizational, tactical means and methods of working with evidence
slide 17
The special tasks of forensic science are: 1. Further knowledge and study of a certain group of objective patterns inherent in the mechanisms of committing an unlawful act, the emergence, collection and use of information (evidence) as necessary condition development theoretical foundations science and improve the effectiveness of its recommendations to practice. 2. Development and improvement of technical and forensic means, tactics and guidelines collecting, researching and using evidence. 3. Development and improvement of the organizational, tactical and methodological foundations of the preliminary investigation and trial.
slide 18
4. Development of new and improvement of forensic tools, techniques and methods of crime prevention. 5. Use of positive experience accumulated abroad and its active implementation in the practice of solving crimes. 6. Development of techniques and methods for studying the conduct of a criminal in a post-criminal situation. At present, this problem has not found a sufficiently deep development. Her research basically ends at the level of studying the method of concealing a crime and its traces, the tools used in this, as well as property obtained by criminal means.
slide 19
In forensic science, two objects of knowledge are traditionally distinguished - criminal activity and forensic activity. Criminal activity - includes all types and groups of crimes, statutory. The structure of criminal activity contains such elements as: information about the offender (physiological, psychological characteristics); about the subject of criminal encroachment (victim); purpose and motive methods and means of a crime the situation of committing a crime the result of a criminal act.
slide 20
Forensic activity (the second object of forensic science) is considered in the following aspects: special methods of using forensic tools, materials, equipment, technologies. investigation planning organization and tactics of investigative actions and tactics used in this investigation methodology certain types crimes
slide 21
The science of criminology consists of 4 main sections: 1. The general theory of criminology is a system of its theoretical concepts, basic concepts, methods, terms. (history of development, subject, object, goals, objectives, system, applied methods, group affiliation, forensic diagnostics, identification theory)
slide 22
2. Forensic technology - a system of scientific recommendations for the use of technical means for collecting and examining evidence. He studies such subsections as: 2.1. Technical and forensic tools, materials; 2.2. Court photograph, videotape, computer technology; 2.3. Tracking (trasology including fingerprinting);
slide 23
2.4. Technical and forensic examination of documents; 2.5. Weapons science (forensic ballistics); 2.6. Habitology (gabitoscopy) - forensic examination of a person according to his external signs; 2.7. Forensic study of writing (graphology or handwriting); 2.8. Criminal registration (Maintaining and using forensic records).
slide 24
3. Forensic tactics - a system of scientific provisions and recommendations for organizing and planning a preliminary and judicial investigation, determining the line of conduct of persons participating in this activity.
slide 25
This includes, as constituent elements, investigative situations and tactical decisions, tactical combinations, forensic versions and planning, tactics of individual investigative actions: investigative examination, examination; interrogation; Checking and clarifying indications on the spot; search, seizure; investigative experiment; presentation for identification, appointment of the production of examinations; search and arrest.
slide 26
Forensic methodology - studies the specifics of the investigation of certain types of crimes.
slide 27
Criminalistics in the system of scientific knowledge is associated with a number of legal sciences and other branches of scientific knowledge. Forensic science is related to related legal sciences: criminal law, criminal procedure, criminology, ORD, forensic medicine, forensic psychiatry, court expertology, etc.
slide 28
Criminalistics is associated with the sciences of the social, humanitarian cycle philosophy (materialistic dialectics); psychology; logics; ethics; management science (NOT); sociology; linguistics.
slide 29
Criminalistics is connected with the natural and technical sciences of chemistry; physics; mathematics; informatics; biology, anthropology, morphology, physiology, odorology
slide 30
The second topic of the course is entirely devoted to obtaining theoretical knowledge, practical skills in the application of technical and forensic techniques and means of detecting, fixing, seizing, and investigating traces of crimes. The main objectives of the section: Mastering the basics of forensic photography. The study of methods, techniques and types of forensic photography. The study of the mechanism of trace formation and the classification of traces in forensic science. Obtaining practical skills in detecting, fixing and removing certain types of traces. Theoretical and practical development of forensic ballistic methods of investigative examination of firearms, spent shells, cartridge cases and other elements of the cartridge, as well as traces resulting from the shot. Obtaining theoretical and practical skills in examining documents to establish the facts of their complete or partial forgery, as well as carrying out identification actions in relation to handwritten texts. The study of forensic registration, its system, forms.