Shelomentsev Nikita Romanovich
Age: 15 years old
Place of study: MBOU LAP №135
Samara city
Historical research work "Aerobatics"
Introduction
Aerobatics
It is customary to call an aerobatics figure the movement of an aircraft along a predetermined trajectory, while it is given positions that are not characteristic of horizontal flight. Complexes are formed from individual figures, which are demonstrated at air shows and competitions.
It is customary to distinguish aerobatics according to the degree of difficulty into simple, complex and higher, according to the number of participating aircraft - into single and group.
The division of aerobatics by complexity is changing as the aircraft are improved. Many of the figures that are now classified as simple aerobatics were previously considered aerobatics.
Main part
Aerobatic figures
1) Turn (with a roll up to 60 °)
2) Horizontal eight
3)Spiral
4) Slide (with pitch angles up to 45°)
5) Combat reversal (Immelman)
Turn
In aviation, a turn is a figure of simple aerobatics, during which aircraft, moving forward, turns in a horizontal plane by 360 °. The part of the turn, which has the goal of changing the direction of movement at an angle less than 360 °, is called a turn. A turn with a constant speed and bank angle is called steady; a steady turn without side slip is correct. The turn is called limiting, for which, at a given height, with maximum roll and maximum operational overload, the entire power of the aircraft propulsion system was used. The turn time and its radius are the main characteristics of the maneuverability of the aircraft in the horizontal plane.
horizontal figure eight
The horizontal figure eight is a simple aerobatics figure, it is a closed trajectory in the horizontal plane, a combination of two turns, right and left, without loss and without climb.
The figure eight is performed in the same way as the turn. When making a right turn, the engine should run at a lower speed than when making a left turn. Ultimately, it depends on the design of the aircraft and, accordingly, on the direction of rotation of the propeller group.
Spiral
Spiral - aerobatics, during which the aircraft moves along a spiral trajectory at operational angles of attack with climb or descent.
An ascending spiral is an aerobatics maneuver in which the aircraft, moving in a steady climb mode, turns in a horizontal plane with a constant radius of curvature. It is used for climbing in a limited area.
In its pure form, the ascending spiral is used for climbing in the aerobatic area during training and competitions in aircraft sports.
A downward spiral is an aerobatics maneuver in which an aircraft, moving in a steady descent mode, turns in a horizontal plane with a constant radius of curvature. Used for altitude loss in a limited area.
Slide
A slide is an aerobatics maneuver in which an aircraft gains altitude at a constant angle of inclination of the trajectory. The performance of the slide, as a rule, leads to a loss of speed.
The slide can be divided into the following stages: entry into the slide, straight section, exit from the slide. Entering the hill can be performed by pitching, transition from a turn, exit from a dive. Climbing during the slide is limited by the minimum allowable flight speed. The exit from the hill can be performed by reducing the pitch angle, going into a dive or going into a turn.
Combat reversal (Immelmann)
A combat turn is one of the types of aircraft maneuvering. It is a quick 180° turn with climb. It is used when it is necessary to quickly change the direction of flight by 180 ° and at the same time gain altitude. Climbing when performing a combat turn is mainly due to the stock of kinetic energy of movement (speed margin).
This aerobatics figure was named after the German ace pilot Max Immelmann (1890-1916). The original Immelman flip (in Soviet aviation practice - “half-loop”) consists of a half-loop and a half-barrel; as a result of performing this technique in combat, the attacking aircraft comes out above and behind the enemy aircraft if they were previously on a collision course, which provides an advantageous position for a successful attack.
Composite aerobatic figures
1) Coup
2) Dead loop
3) Dive (with a dive angle of more than 45 °)
5) Turn on the hill (ranversman)
coup
A flip is a complex aerobatic maneuver in which the aircraft turns around its longitudinal axis by 180° from straight flight to inverted flight relative to the horizon, followed by downward movement in a vertical plane and exit to level flight in the direction opposite to the entry. Also known as "reverse immelmann".
Loop
A dead loop in aviation is a complex aerobatics figure in the form of a closed loop, also known in Russia as the “Nesterov loop”. It is a closed loop in a vertical plane. A loop is called regular if all points of its trajectory lie in the same vertical plane.
It got its name - "dead" - due to the fact that for some time it was calculated only theoretically on paper and was practically not carried out.
Before P.N. Nesterov, even horizontal turns on airplanes were made without a roll - “pancake”. His merit is that he began to use the wing lift for maneuver in both horizontal and vertical planes. He trusted his calculations so much that before performing the "dead loop" he did not even fasten his seat belts to the plane. The calculations turned out to be correct and at the top of the loop, he did not fall out, as some warned - the centrifugal force pressed the pilot to the seat. The first attempts to perform this aerobatics maneuver were carried out at the dawn of aviation on aircraft that could not withstand the resulting overloads and collapsed, the pilots usually did not survive. For the first time in the world, it was performed on August 27, 1913 in Kyiv over the Syretsky field by P. N. Nesterov. With this maneuver, Nesterov laid the foundation for aerobatics.
Dive
A dive is a simple aerobatics figure that consists in a steep straight-line (or close to straight-line) unsteady descent of an aircraft with trajectory inclination angles of more than 30 ° and varying speed at low angles of attack of the wing (aircraft movement along a trajectory inclined to the horizon from 30 to 90 °). A dive with an angle of inclination equal to 90 ° is called a vertical dive. A dive is a negative pitch (with a decrease in the angle of the nose of the aircraft), that is, the opposite of a nose-up - a positive pitch (with an increase in the angle of the nose).
Barrel
Barrel - aerobatics, during which the aircraft rotates about the longitudinal axis by 360 ° while maintaining the general direction of flight. By type of execution it can be fast and slow, by the number of revolutions - single, one and a half and multiple, by the slope of the flight path - horizontal, ascending and descending.
Ranversman
Ranversman-figure aerobatics, the same as turning on a hill, which allows you to quickly change the direction of flight, which is very important during air combat. The aircraft turns its nose sharply until it loses speed, then the head, heavy part of the aircraft pulls and the aircraft begins to slide onto the wing with the transition to gliding in the direction of flight opposite to the original one (that is, the aircraft quickly turns 180 ° without losing altitude, without turning around the longitudinal axis and dives in the direction opposite to the direction of the slide).
Corkscrew
A corkscrew in aviation is a special, critical mode of aircraft flight, which consists in its descent along a steep downward spiral of a small radius with simultaneous rotation about all three of its axes; uncontrolled aircraft movement at supercritical angles of attack. In this case, the aircraft switches to autorotation mode. A spin is preceded by a loss of speed and a stall. In some cases, the pre-spin state of the aircraft is characterized by warning shaking.
The corkscrew has several classifications:
There are 2 types of corkscrew:
1) normal (direct) - the aircraft moves at positive angles of attack.
2) inverted (reverse) - the aircraft moves at negative angles of attack, that is, "the pilot hangs on the belts."
According to the angle of inclination of the longitudinal axis of the aircraft to the horizon:
1) steep (50-90°)
2) flat (30-50°)
3) flat (<30°)
In the direction of the aircraft:
1) left corkscrew - counterclockwise rotation,
2) right spin - clockwise rotation.
According to the degree of change in the average parameters of the aircraft's movement in a spin from turn to turn:
1) steady (steady) - the parameters are practically unchanged,
2) unsteady (unstable) - the parameters change.
According to the nature of the change in the parameters of the aircraft movement in the process of performing one turn:
1) uniform - all parameters of the aircraft motion in the mode are close to their average values, the change in time of angular velocities, angles of attack and sideslip is small.
2) oscillatory spin - aircraft movement parameters change significantly
Aerobatics
These include all other figures and their combinations, as well as all reverse aerobatics and:
1) Chakra Frolov
2) Bell
Chakra Frolov
Frolov's chakra is a 360° turn in the pitch plane with an extremely small radius, a kind of aerial somersault. When performing this figure, the aircraft makes a "dead loop" of small radius and at very low flight speeds, practically turning around its tail. This figure can only be performed on aircraft with a deflectable thrust vector.
The Frolov Chakra was first demonstrated by Evgeny Frolov.
The practical significance of this aerobatic maneuver for fighter aviation lies in the possibility of attacking the enemy "behind his back" or, if he is very close, let him go forward, taking up the attacking position himself.
Cobra
The Cobra is an aerobatic maneuver that demonstrates pitch control in flight dynamics, stability at high angles of attack, and the super-maneuverability capabilities of a jet aircraft.
For the first time, this aerobatics maneuver began to be performed in test flights on a Su-27 aircraft by Igor Petrovich Volk, Honored Test Pilot of the USSR, Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR, Hero of the Soviet Union. The first performance of the figure, then called the “cobra”, occurred in 1989 involuntarily when I.P. Volk worked out the technique of bringing the aircraft out of a spin over the Gromov airfield in the city of Zhukovsky, and only then was repeated by him many times in subsequent flights. Later, I. P. Volk demonstrated the performance of this figure and taught Honored Test Pilot Viktor Georgievich Pugachev to perform it on the Su-27UB aircraft. Subsequently, V. G. Pugachev demonstrated its performance to the general public abroad at the air show in Le Bourget in 1989. After that, this figure mistakenly acquired the name as "Pugachev's cobra." Bearing in mind the above facts, it would be more correct to speak of this aerobatics as "Igor Volk's cobra", or at least as "Wolf-Pugachev's cobra", given that V. G. Pugachev subsequently gave a lot of time and effort to hone the technique of performing this aerobatics.
When performing a “cobra”, the aircraft sharply lifts its nose, up to tipping back, but at the same time retains the same direction of flight. Thus, the aircraft reaches angles of attack greater than 90 degrees. The aircraft then returns to normal flight with little or no loss of altitude. The practical significance of this figure in combat lies in the possibility of an emergency speed drop (aerodynamic braking is the second name for the “cobra”), which allows you to “shake off the tail” of an enemy fighter in close combat.
Bell
The bell is an aerobatics maneuver in which the aircraft is nose up at zero speed, after which, sagging down, it tips over with its nose down, simulating the swing of the bell tongue. After the aircraft passes zero speed (that is, the speed changes from the set entry speed to zero), when falling on the “tail”, the speed has a slight negative value, and after tipping the nose down, it increases to the exit speed in level flight.
The practical significance of this figure in combat lies in the fact that during the passage of zero speed the aircraft becomes invisible to radars and missile heads with radar guidance on the target. It is also used when working on the surface to reduce speed and subsequent aiming. Nowadays, this figure can be seen not in air battles, but during the performances of the Swifts, Russian Knights, and Rus aerobatic teams.
What is overload?
The most general definition of overload was given by Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, calling it relative or apparent severity.
Overload shows the stress in the "system of material points", which is affected by external surface forces. Since overload is the ratio of the resultant of these forces to the weight of the system, it seems to show how many times the entire system has become heavier.
The overload is directed in the direction opposite to the acceleration, and numerically usually coincides with the magnitude of the acceleration.
The effect of overload on the body depends mainly on its magnitude, time of action and direction, that is, on the position of the body in relation to the acting force.
Significant overloads have a rather strong effect on the body, and at some critical values lead to serious consequences. The famous Soviet pilot A.I. Pokryshkin, recalling one of the air battles, writes: “Here an unfortunate nuisance happened to me. Having broken the car too sharply because of the danger of a direct collision with a lit Messer, I lost consciousness for a moment from a large overload.
When overloaded, the human body becomes heavier, as it were, every movement requires great effort. The fact is that the human body consists of heterogeneous tissues, it has cavities, blood pulsates through elastic vessels. Under the influence of acceleration, the internal organs begin to shift, blood rushes to the legs or head (depending on the direction of acceleration). With an acceleration of 14-15 g, the blood becomes, as it were, heavier than mercury, and the heart hardly pushes it through the vessels.
Usually, four directions of the impact of overloads on a person are distinguished: head - pelvis, pelvis - head, chest - back and back - chest.
If the overload acts in the direction "head - pelvis", all our internal organs that are not fixed "rigidly" tend to go as low as possible, as far as the structure of the body allows, the blood also rushes down - from the head, heart and lungs to the organs of the abdominal cavity and legs, the face retracts, as if losing weight, and the volume of the lower leg, on the contrary, increases much. The brain is bled. The person loses consciousness. The action of overload from the legs to the head causes a rush of blood to the upper body, bleeding from the nose, hemorrhage in the vessels of the eyes. The most painlessly tolerated are overloads acting across the human body, however, even with a large acceleration value or a significant duration of exposure, they cause serious disturbances in the body's vital functions.
As shown by experiments carried out abroad, in the usual position in the aircraft seat, trained pilots can satisfactorily endure seven to eight times G-forces within one or two seconds; up to 5 units - within 15 - 20 seconds. Instantaneous, so-called shock overloads, which last no more than one tenth of a second, are transferred even when they reach 20 units. A person at this moment, as it were, weighs 1.5 tons! And when g-forces act in the “chest-back” direction, you can withstand the instantaneous action of accelerations of 40g!
Supermaneuverability
The ability of some aircraft to maintain stability and controllability at supercritical angles of attack with high g-forces, which ensures the safety of combat maneuvering, as well as the ability of an aircraft to change position relative to the flow, which makes it possible to aim a weapon at a target outside the current trajectory vector, is called supermaneuverability.
Su-27, MiG-29, Su-30, Su-35, MiG-35, F / A-18E / F, F-22 should be attributed to serial super-maneuverable aircraft. On these aircraft, due to the use of a special aerodynamic configuration based on the widespread use of vortex aerodynamics, and engines with a controlled / deflected thrust vector, stability at supercritical angles of attack was achieved, which makes it possible to perform such unique maneuvers as the Cobra, Chakra Frolova, Kolokol and others. These maneuvers require highly qualified pilots and must be performed at relatively low speeds, up to about 500 km/h, due to airframe strength limitations, therefore, in real combat conditions, their use with a high degree of probability can lead to defeat in battle. In addition, modern short-range air combat missiles and helmet-mounted target designation systems make it possible to attack a vigorously maneuvering enemy in any hemisphere without resorting to a sharp decrease in flight speed and reaching supercritical angles of attack, which inevitably leads to an even greater and rapid decrease in flight speed.
What is aerobatics, what figures and how are drawn in the sky? The editors of "Defend Russia" figured out the celestial loops and turns.
Piloting is divided into simple, complex and higher. Simple aerobatics is the basics like not too steep turns, slides and dives at a small angle. This is what the pilot masters first.
Complex aerobatics includes a number of more difficult figures to perform. Let's say the same turns and slides, but with large roll and pitch angles. As well as special figures like the well-known "Nesterov's loop", "Immelmann", combat reversal and corkscrew.
- these are, mainly, simultaneously performed combinations of two or more elements of complex aerobatics. Aerobatics includes a number of spectacular figures, such as "cobra", "bell", "ear", "knife", "somersault". To perform some of them, individual training is required not only, but also for the aircraft - in particular, a change in centering. Air Force combat units do not do this, usually this is the lot of test pilots.
Here are descriptions of several "heavenly" figures.
Turn
A simple aerobatic maneuver in which the aircraft, moving forward, turns 360 degrees in a horizontal plane. If the change in the angle of movement of the aircraft is less, then it is considered a turn. A turn with a constant speed and bank angle is called a steady turn, and a steady turn without side slip is called a right turn. According to the piloting technique, the turn is one of the most difficult maneuvers. A small degree deviation can turn this “simple” figure into a “complex” one - turns with a bank of more than 60 degrees are considered difficult aerobatics. And the combination of two aerobatic figures into one is already aerobatics.
The most difficult figure is a turn in the afterburner mode of operation of the engines. At speeds over 700 km/h, it may exceed the maximum G-force limit.
"Loop"
Figure complex aerobatics in the form of a closed loop. It got its name - "dead" - due to the fact that for some time it was calculated only theoretically on paper, but in practice it was not carried out. Before even horizontal turns on airplanes were made without a roll. The pilot, on the other hand, began to use the wing lift to maneuver both in the horizontal and vertical planes. For the first time in the world, the "Nesterov loop" was performed on August 27 (September 9), 1913 on the Nieuport-4 aircraft with a 70 hp Gnome engine. With this maneuver, Pyotr Nikolaevich laid the foundation for aerobatics. Nesterov trusted his calculations so much that before performing the "dead loop" he did not even fasten his seat belts to the plane. The calculations turned out to be correct, and at the top of the loop he did not fall out, as some warned - the centrifugal force pressed the pilot to the seat.
Nesterov himself outlined the idea of this maneuver in a poem:
I don't want to surprise the world
Not for fun or enthusiasm,
But I just want to convince you
That there is support everywhere in the air.
"Corkscrew"
An aerobatic maneuver in which the aircraft descends in a steep downward spiral of small radius.
It is worth noting that at the beginning of the 20th century, a corkscrew was the main cause of the death of pilots. It was believed that it was impossible to get out of the corkscrew. But on September 24, 1916, the pilot, the grandson of the artist Ivan Aivazovsky, on the Nieuport-XXI plane at an altitude of 2000 meters deliberately put the plane into a tailspin and got out of it.
Here is what Konstantin Konstantinovich himself said about this maneuver: “The plane easily rises, I scored about two thousand meters in height. I made a turn, such a circle, in order to once again remember all my tricks, which, I assumed, would bring the plane out of a tailspin. Then he slowed down, lifted the plane, turned off the engine - the plane swayed and it was enough to touch it a little with one foot, as it fell on the left wing, and spun in a tailspin. All objects on the ground merge into an overturned cone, at the top of which the school building flickers. On the control stick, the feeling of support has disappeared.
Of course, the first impression I got into a tailspin was not very pleasant. And therefore, as soon as I was convinced that it was really a corkscrew, I immediately applied the proposed methods to bring the plane out: I gave the handle “away from me” and strongly kicked my foot in the rotation of the corkscrew. And I felt that air pressure appeared on the rudders - I stopped the plane.
The next day, Artseulov submitted a report to the authorities of the Sevastopol Aviation School, in which he proposed to introduce a corkscrew into the training program. Nowadays, this figure is practiced in all aviation educational institutions on propeller-driven machines, however, the execution of a corkscrew on jet fighters is prohibited in Russia for safety reasons.
My favorite figures: extreme thrust turn in afterburner on a simple plane. And the "bell" on a simple plane. As well as the “flat corkscrew” on the Su-30SM and the “bell” on the Su-30SM, performed differently than on a conventional aircraft - it falls on the tail for a long time without lowering the nose, while maintaining the maximum engine operation. A regular plane does not allow this. The task of the pilot at this moment is to maintain the angle. The slightest mistake here can lead to the development of an emergency. An angle of 70 degrees is still acceptable, but at 80 degrees the plane will go into an inverted spin.
Alexander Gostev, colonel, sniper pilot, leading flight of the Russian Falcons air group
"Barrel", "tub"
The aircraft rotates 360 degrees around its horizontal axis. Depending on the number of revolutions, the barrel is single, one and a half and multiple. For the first time this figure of complex aerobatics was performed by the American Daniel Maloney in 1905. During World War II, this maneuver saved more than one life.
One of the varieties of the "barrel" is the "smeared barrel", or "tub". It is known that he once watched the flight of inexperienced pilots. One of them decided to make a barrel, but at the same time he significantly lost speed and dived down. At that moment, the pilot flying behind him jumped forward and the first pilot was on his tail. This is how the “tub” figure appeared - a flip of the aircraft 360 degrees around the longitudinal axis with the aircraft fuselage moving in space around the circumference. To perform a smeared roll, you need to slightly lift the nose of the aircraft, pulling the steering wheel towards you about a third of the way and tilt it to the side - just like when performing a regular roll.
A very difficult figure to perform on the “cad”, when piloting is performed at angles of 30-40 degrees, followed by reaching the minimum speed.
Alexander Gostev, colonel, sniper pilot, leading flight of the Russian Falcons air group
"Bell"
Aerobatics, in which the aircraft is nose up at zero speed, after which, sagging down, it tips over with its nose down, simulating the swing of the bell tongue. For a long time, the "bell" was considered a figure available only to propeller-driven aircraft, since most jet engines cannot operate at high angles of attack. For the first time, the maneuver was presented in 1988 at the air show in Farnborough, England. At the helm of the fourth generation fighter was test pilot Anatoly Kvochur.
The first jet aircraft that managed to complete the "bell" were the Soviet Su-27 and MiG-29 fighters. Currently, this figure is also performed by the American F-16, F / A-18 and F-22 fighters.
The figure "bell" is made, basically, on all aircraft of combat units, but at the same time it is done only by specially trained pilots and at zero speeds.
Alexander Gostev, colonel, sniper pilot, leading flight of the Russian Falcons air group
"Cobra", or "Pugachev's cobra"
A maneuver in which the aircraft abruptly lifts its nose, up to tipping back, while maintaining the same direction of flight. Thus, the aircraft reaches angles of attack greater than 90 degrees: for the Su-27 - 110 °, for the Su-37 - up to 180 ° (that is, the Su-37 can fly tail first). The aircraft then returns to normal flight with little or no loss of altitude.
The first performance of the figure, then called the “cobra”, occurred in 1989, involuntarily, when test pilot Igor Volk was practicing on the Su-27 the technique of bringing the aircraft out of a spin over the airfield of the LII named after. Gromov in Zhukovsky. In the same year, Viktor Pugachev demonstrated the performance of this figure at the French air show in Le Bourget.
To perform the “cobra” and “somersault”, a special alignment of the aircraft is needed, and often the technique is being finalized for these figures.
Alexander Gostev, colonel, sniper pilot, leading flight of the Russian Falcons air group
Aerobatics at all times were performed by cadets of military educational institutions and experienced pilots during a serious air battle with the enemy. Currently, aircraft are being modernized and are almost completely under automatic control, and therefore air maneuvers are used mainly for competitions, festive shows and training of future pilots.
The difference in aerobatics
After 3-4 swings in different directions, the aircraft turns 180 degrees and performs the same maneuvers in the other direction.
Performing aerobatics "Dead loop"
"Nesterov's loop" is considered one of the most difficult figures. The second name is "Dead Loop". The maneuver got its name because the project was not put into practice for a long time, but existed only on paper. For the first time it was performed by the pilot Nesterov, after which the name changed. The maneuver is a figure of a vicious circle. Before the start of the maneuver, the ship picks up speed up to 450 km/h. After passing 3 points, the speed drops to 340-360 km / h. Entry and exit from the ring are made at an acute angle.
The execution is considered correct when all points of the trajectory are in the same vertical plane. All cadets of flight and military educational institutions study the Nesterov Loop maneuver and other aerobatics with names.
Appointment of figures
Each of the maneuvers has a combat purpose.
For example:
- "Bell". The figure, during which the ship rises with its nose up at zero speed and capsizes down, was created in order to hide the fighter from homing missiles.
- "Hammerhead". The maneuver, in which the apparatus rises into the air in a vertical position, is fixed in a certain place and the nose is directed to the ground, is performed only in demonstration performances. The thing is that a hovering plane is an ideal target for the enemy.
- "Ranversman" also applies to aerobatics. The vessel is gaining altitude at a constant angle of inclination. It is used to attack enemy ships and retaliate. The maneuver allows you to quickly change the direction of flight without losing altitude.
The most dangerous air maneuver
One of the most difficult aerobatics on an airplane is considered to be a group maneuver - "Mirror Flight". When performing such a flight, two aircraft are involved. The execution consists in the simultaneous movement of the vessels with the landing gear extended.
The leading apparatus in the air makes a "half roll" and continues to fly in an inverted position. This maneuver got its name due to the fact that ships in flight “reflect” each other for a while. The distance between the devices does not exceed a few tens of centimeters.
Tuesday 27 August air show - MAKS-2013 opens in Zhukovsky near Moscow. In honor of this event, we talk about who, when, why and how invented the most spectacular and complex aerobatics
Bell of Kvochura
How
The aircraft lifts its nose up at zero speed and then tips it down, simulating the movement of a bell's tongue. Hence the name of the figure.
When
The figure was first presented in 1988 at the air show in Farnborough, England. Test pilot Anatoly Kvochur sat at the helm of the fourth-generation MiG-29 fighter.
Why
Initially, the bell was regarded as a maneuver in which the fighter aircraft becomes invisible to radar-guided missiles. Nowadays, this figure can be seen not in battles, but during the performances of the aerobatic teams "Swifts", "Russian Knights", "Rus".
Barrel
How
The aircraft rotates 360 degrees around its horizontal axis. Depending on the number of revolutions, the barrel is single, one and a half and multiple.
When
The maneuver was first performed by American Daniel Maloney in 1905. During World War II, this figure saved more than one life.
Why
Three times Hero of the Soviet Union Alexander Pokryshkin once watched the flight of inexperienced pilots. One of them decided to make a barrel, but at the same time he significantly lost speed and dived down. At that moment, the pilot flying behind him jumped forward and the acrobat was on his tail. Pokryshkin and his colleagues dubbed the figure a “boiler” and more than once used the technique in the fight against Nazi aircraft. Now the barrel is included in the complex of figures performed at competitions in aircraft sports.
Immelman
How
The aircraft makes a combat turn - a half-barrel at the top of the half-loop.
When
The figure was first made on a Fokker E.III monoplane by 25-year-old German Max Immelmann in 1915 during the First World War. This maneuver allowed Immelmann to be above and behind the enemy aircraft, although they had previously been on a collision course. During the year of flights, Immelman shot down 15 enemy aircraft, and the British pilots, only seeing that the German had taken off, went to land.
Why
The figure of Immelmann began to be taught in flight schools. And today it is included in the basic figures that all military pilots should be able to do.
flat corkscrew
How
The aircraft descends in a steep downward spiral with a small radius.
When
At the beginning of the 20th century, a corkscrew was the main cause of the death of pilots. It was believed that it was impossible to get out of the corkscrew. But on September 24, 1916, pilot Konstantin Artseulov on a Nieuport-XXI aircraft at an altitude of 2000 meters deliberately put the plane into a tailspin and got out of it. The next day, Artseulov submitted a report to the authorities of the Sevastopol Aviation School, in which he proposed to introduce a corkscrew into the training program.
Why
Nowadays, this once deadly figure is practiced in all aviation educational institutions on propeller-driven machines; it is included in the regulations for aircraft sports competitions. However, in Russia, the performance of a spin on jet fighters is prohibited for safety reasons, they perform only a flat spin. Despite the fact that they learned to fight with a corkscrew, it still claims lives to this day.
Chakra Frolov
How
A figure in which the aircraft turns around its tail at low speed, forming a dead loop with a very small turning radius.
When
It was first shown to the public on a Su-37 fighter by Evgeny Frolov in 1995 at the air show in Le Bourget.
Why
The figure is named after an ancient Indian weapon, which is a ring with a cutting inner edge. The Frolov Chakra can only be performed on aircraft with variable thrust vectoring. The figure was not used during air combat. It is demonstrated during demonstration performances at exhibitions and aviation festivals, proving the aerodynamic perfection of Russian 4+ generation fighters.
Hammerhead
How
The plane goes up like a candle, hangs in the air and, turning its nose to the ground, goes down.
When
It is believed that the figure was first performed by a German pilot, world champion in aerobatics and aircraft designer Gerhard Fieseler in the late 1920s.
Why
The use of this figure during an air battle is tantamount to signing a death sentence on oneself. An aircraft hovering in the air becomes an ideal target for the enemy. But during demonstration flights, the vertical turn causes a stir among the audience, because it looks very impressive. This figure is included in the complex of exercises in aircraft sports, but jet fighters do not perform it.
The figure of Pugachev
How
A figure in which the nose of the aircraft rises up 110 degrees (on the Su-27, on the Su-37 - up to 180 degrees) relative to the direction of movement, and then falls back.
When
It was first performed in a test flight by Igor Volk, Honored Pilot of the USSR. The cobra was demonstrated to the general public by Viktor Pugachev at the international salon in the French Le Bourget in 1989. When the Russian pilot's Su-27 fighter turned up its nose sharply, the organizers of the air show decided that there was a malfunction in the system and the aircraft was about to fall. But the plane did not fall into a tailspin, but flew in the same direction. Pugachev received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for the development of new technology, and the figure, despite the fact that it was invented by another pilot, received the name of the first demonstrator.
Why
The maneuver is suitable for avoiding not only an enemy fighter, but also missiles with infrared homing heads. However, the cobra has not yet been used in combat.
Ranversman
How
The figure is done in much the same way as a hammerhead, but not with a hover, but with a turn on a hill (aerobatics figure, when the plane is gaining altitude with a constant angle of inclination).
When
Presumably overturning (as the name of the figure is translated from French), or turning on a hill (under this name the figure is known in Russia), appeared in the 1930s. The difference between the Ranversman and the Hammerhead maneuvers is that the aircraft moves away from the enemy in the opposite direction, not strictly vertically, but at an angle of 50-60 °, uphill.
Why
Those pilots who could cope with this complex figure gained an advantage in battle. After all, it can be used during attacking and counterattacking actions, it allows you to quickly change the direction of flight without losing altitude.
The swallows soaring over the airfield proudly performed aerobatics...
Visitors to aviation holidays always watch with bated breath the turns, loops, and turns performed by the highest. Russian aerobatic athletes win prizes at international competitions. This is not surprising, since the Russian pilot Pyotr Nesterov is considered the founder of aerobatic art. Many aerobatics are named after their aviators. So, we present the most difficult of them:
1
This aerobatics received the name "dead loop" because for a long time it existed in the drawings, that is, "on paper". Piotr Nesterov was the first to demonstrate it on September 9, 1913 over the Syretsky field in Kyiv. By the way, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the birth of the “Nesterov loop”, the National Bank of Ukraine issued a jubilee coin with a face value of 5 hryvnias.
2
It was first demonstrated by Evgeny Frolov. He performed this aerobatics on a Su-37 aircraft in 1995. Reminiscent of a turn of an aircraft hung in the air by 3600 around its axis.
3
In 1987, the pilot of the Su-27 aircraft, Igor Volk, for the first time depicted this aerobatics, resembling the position of a snake in an aggressive state.
4
A complex and rather dangerous aerobatics. It was first performed by Anatoly Kvochur in 1988.
"Barrel" is an aerobatic maneuver in which the aircraft makes a turn about the longitudinal axis by 3600 without changing the general direction of flight.
6
A more complex variation of the previous aerobatic figure. It is a fixation of the aircraft in any position at the time of the roll.
7
The opposite of picketing figure. It is carried out in different versions: along a straight path, along a helix - a spiral slide. Spirals, in turn, can be ascending and descending.
8
Represents the vigorous rotation of the aircraft in a sharp spiral. This figure was first accidentally demonstrated by Wilfred Park on an Avro-G biplane in 1912.
9
When performing this figure, the pilot, increasing the speed, turns the aircraft in a horizontal plane by 3600.
10
Flight in a horizontal plane (flight angle is close to 900). In this case, the direction of flight remains unchanged.
It is interesting! On June 19, 2013, test pilot A. Pavlov lifted the Su-27 aircraft into the sky, which in the air demonstrated a set of aerobatic maneuvers in automatic mode.