Presentation on the topic of the history of beads. Substantiation of the topic and brief formulation of the problem

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WAYS OF BEADING

• chains;
• Chains with additional rows;
• Openwork nets;
• Mosaic;
• Spirals and leaves;
• Wings;
• block method;
• Bulky cords (bundles)

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THE HISTORY OF BEADED JEWELRY FROM EGYPT TO EUROPE

The birthplace of beads is considered to be Ancient Egypt, where for many centuries artificial beads were made from opaque glass. In Arabic, they were called "busra" (plural "buser"), whence its current name came from.

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FROM BYZANTIA TO VENICE

In Venice, glass art settled for centuries, without knowing rivals! Venetian beads flooded the whole world, bringing colossal wealth to the Venetian Republic.

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BEADS IN GERMANY AND CZECH REPUBLIC

Glass production has long existed in Bohemia (now the Czech Republic). Glass manufacturing technology was borrowed from neighboring countries, but its exceptional transparency, purity and strength brought fame to Czech craftsmen.

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BEADS IN AMERICA, AFRICA, OCEANIA

If we cast a glance at non-European countries, we will find beadwork among the natives of America, Africa, and Oceania. Beads were honored by the Mayan peoples, and the Aztecs, and the Incas.

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In Africa, in a hot zone where there are almost no clothes, for example, in Cameroon, among the Zambezi and Zulu tribes, sacred and ritual utensils are decorated with beads: magic vessels of healers and healers, headdresses for dancing, magic wands, fantastic thrones on elephant legs ...

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HISTORY OF BEAD ART IN RUSSIA

Since ancient times, glassmaking has been known in the territory Ancient Russia. A large number of glass crafts and beads of the 9th-13th centuries were found during excavations in Kyiv, Novgorod, Chernigov, Staraya Ladoga and a number of other centers.

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Therefore, M.V. Lomonosov, who owned the technique of making smalt - colored glass used for mosaic panels decided to open a bead factory. The factory was organized in 1754 in Ust-Ruditsa. In 1765, after the death of Lomonosov, the factory was closed.

The main suppliers of beads were Venice, Germany, Czech Republic. Purchases of beads were constantly growing.

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BEADS AND BUGLE IN THE 18TH CENTURY

Since the 18th century, bead art began to flourish in Russia. Beautiful and durable material was a success in interior design, was used to decorate palace halls, adorned the life of landowners' estates, and was used in folk costumes and religious objects.

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At the end of the XVIII - XIX centuries. Passion for beaded crafts in aristocratic circles was so significant that it became an integral part of the culture and life of Russia.

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Products made by secular ladies are truly magnificent. But no less impressive are the beads and pendants, necklaces and collars of peasant women.

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USE OF BEADS AND BUGLE IN ITEMS OF CHURCH FURNITURE

An independent group consists of objects of church worship decorated with beads and glass beads. These are the salaries of icons, icons and icons, ribbons on which lampadas were hung, beaded rosaries.

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BEADS AT THE END OF THE 19TH - BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

For the last three decades of the 19th century, beads were consigned to oblivion. This is the time of complete decline of beads as an art.

Among the people, the skills of needlework, taken out of bygone centuries, were lost. Beaded works of art have been preserved only in the very outback, where women have not yet lost the custom of decorating their own clothes, and in some places in women's monasteries.

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Technology project

MOU "Berezovskaya average comprehensive school No. 4"

beading

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Justification of the topic and short wording tasks History of beads and its application Work planning and product manufacturing technology Self-assessment

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Substantiation of the topic and brief formulation of the problem

I have not been doing beadwork for so long, but I really like this type of needlework. I love learning new things, learning new beading techniques, inventing and creating jewelry. Therefore, I decided to develop and implement a project on this topic.

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Learn the history of beading and beading. Design and manufacture a product using one of the many beading techniques.

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The history of beads goes into the distant past. Magnificent in its decorative qualities, the material has attracted the attention of craftsmen since time immemorial. Glass beads - the immediate predecessors of beads - adorned the clothes of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs.

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For several centuries, the Venetian Republic was the only bead production center in Europe. Prior to that, it was made in glass workshops in Germany and Gaul, from these places it migrated to Byzantium, and already from Byzantium came to Venice.

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Beads are not ignored in Russia either. The first information about its use in decorating clothes dates back to the 9th-12th centuries. Burials on the territory of Latvia date back to the same period, in which cloth crowns decorated with bronze spirals and beads were found.

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The first attempt to create a bead production in Russia dates back to the end of the 17th century. In 1670-1680, in the palace village of Izmailovo, with the assistance of Venetian craftsmen, a workshop was organized to make it. But then it was not possible to establish mass production of domestic beads. Beads and glass beads continued to be imported from abroad.

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The idea of ​​mass production of beads in Russia belongs to M.V. Lomonosov, who in 1754 organized the first factory in Ust-Ruditsy.

In 1883, the factory of Ya.B. Roniger, where the manufacture of high-quality, competitive products was established.

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Beads and glass beads are usually perceived as a material for women's jewelry. But glass grains were also used for interior decoration. So, according to the famous Russian historian I.E. Zabelina: “In 1689, in the room of Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna, the walls were upholstered with linen and primed with chalk ... and sprinkled with glass beads on the green earth.”

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The word "bead" is general concept. Beads are usually called small round or multifaceted slightly flattened beads made of various materials - polished glass, crystal, metal, ceramics - with holes for threading. Larger beads are usually called beads. Bugles, unlike beads, are pieces of a glass tube more than 3 mm long.

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"Chopped" beads - cremettes are distinguished by a square shape. Beads made from dyed glass are often called Indian beads. "White inside" - this is the name of the white inclusions in the beads, which gives them a special shine. "Red white inside" means that there are white inclusions in the red bead. These inclusions may be different.

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Some, especially beautiful beads, have their own names, for example, “rosehip” resembles ripe rose hips in color. Sometimes proper names are given to beads by the name of the countries from which they were brought. So, beautiful Indian beads are called "Indian corals".

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Looking back, we see what heights it reached ancient art in past centuries. But the era of beads has not gone irrevocably into the past. It's time to revive this amazing craft!!!

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For the manufacture of products from beads you will need: The beads themselves Needles Threads or fishing line Scissors Fasteners

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Characteristics of materials

Needles. To work with beads, you will need special long thin bead needles number 10. Threads. You can use any thread, provided that they are strong enough and not very thick. Depending on the product, single-row and double-row clasps are used, which are used for necklaces, and multi-row clasps are used for wide bracelets and necklaces.

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Product planning

Bank of ideas and suggestions. Design analysis. Materials and tools Technological part. Economic part. Safety engineering. Summary of work.

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Bank of ideas and suggestions

Before choosing a technique for making my product, I considered several of their types: Technique "Grid" Technique "Fur"

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"Free technique" "Openwork tourniquet"

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Idea selection

I decided to make a bracelet using the knowledge of the “Openwork tourniquet” and “Peyote” techniques.

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Design Analysis

Product - a beaded bracelet The bracelet will perform a decorative function. The bracelet will be bright and very beautiful. Not very expensive.

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Bracelet manufacturing technology

Technique "Openwork tourniquet" First you need to measure the thread and tie a knot. Then string seven beads of the main color. Fasten the last bead, forming a circle.

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Technique "Peyote" Eight beads of the main color should be strung on the thread. Then add beads of a different color. The first of them remains next to the last bead of the 1st row. String another bead. After skipping the bead of the 1st row, pass the needle through the next one in the row.

Purpose of the presentation: Introduce children to the history of beads.

Place of use: The presentation can be used in an introductory beading lesson for primary school students.

efficiency and practical significance presentations. With the help of a presentation, you can show and tell children that beading is one of the most fascinating types of arts and crafts, combining simplicity of techniques, availability of material and the ability to quickly see the result of your work.

A bit of history

Like any mill has its own history, beads have their own. Its history is closely connected with the emergence of glassmaking. Yes, that's right, glassware.

But let's start in order. Until now, no one knows exactly when and where the glass was obtained. There is a legend according to which the Phoenicians (an ancient people, the inhabitants of Phoenicia) were the first to discover the secret of its manufacture.

The legend says that the Phoenician merchants, returning from Africa on a ship loaded with soda, ended up in Syria. They landed on the shore and, deciding to cook their own food on the fire, they began to look for large stones to put a pot on them. Finding nothing, the merchants used for this purpose large pieces of saltpeter (natural soda) from the cargo of the ship. From the intense heat, the saltpeter melted, combined with river sand and flowed like a stream of liquid glass.

One way or another, glass was invented, but it is reliably known that Phoenician merchants sold products from it in all Mediterranean countries.

According to another version, ancient Egypt was the birthplace of glass. Glass beads, amulets, dishes are found in tombs that date back to the 4th century BC.

By adding natural dyes to the glass mass, the Egyptians obtained glass of blue, green and purple colors. Beads made from such glass were very fashionable. They were worn by both men and women, often with white clothes. At home, the Egyptians did not wear clothes, but adorned themselves with necklaces of colored beads.

Beads in Russia

Since ancient times, glassmaking has been known in the territory of Ancient Russia, this is confirmed by archaeological finds. A large number of glass crafts and beads of the 9th-13th centuries were found during excavations in Kyiv, Novgorod and a number of other centers.

The small beads found, resembling beads of various colors, could well have been locally produced, as evidenced by the excavations of glass workshops with the remains of raw materials, semi-finished products, and various handicrafts, including beads.

Presentation "Magic Land of Beads"

KSU "Complex Belousovskaya

elementary school - kindergarten "

Weaving with beads

Research objectives:

one . Learn the history and some techniques of beading, create beadwork.

2. To substantiate the influence of beading on the development of fine motor skills of the hands and the creative growth of the child's personality.

Hypothesis

Weaving with beads trains fine motor skills of the hands and contributes to the development of the creative potential of the child's personality. The origins of human creative forces go back to childhood - to the time when creative manifestations are largely non-arbitrary and vital. The abundance of publications on the development of creative abilities and the formation of creative thinking indicates, if not the relevance, then the fashion of this topic.

There is a legend that Phoenician merchants, returning from Africa on a ship loaded with soda, moored in Syria in order to spend the night on a sandy shore. And at the same time have dinner, warm up near the fire. But there was nothing to put the pot over the fire. There were no cobblestones of suitable size on the shore. However, enterprising merchants did not lose their heads and brought large pieces of saltpeter (sodium compound) from the ship, put them in a fire under a pot.

In the morning, waking up and getting ready for the ship, they suddenly noticed an ingot, unusually gleaming in the rays of the morning sun. The ingot could not help but attract attention, and they became interested in it. He was hard as stone and clear as water. In addition, he sparkled and shimmered.

Since this all started.

The following types are usually distinguished

1. Round, slightly flattened, beads.

2. Cylindrical beads.

3. Trihedral.

4. Triangular.

5. Hexagonal.

6. Drop shape

(English name Drop).

Beading develops complex motor skills of brush movement , develops performance skills. The manufacture of beaded products is an activity that is unique in its perspective vision of the whole process. Thinking through the model, the guys have a good idea of ​​the object of their work. Children master various techniques of weaving, embroidery and weaving, which stimulates independent creative activity and, as a consequence, the development of creative abilities and the disclosure of the creative potential of the individual.

Sources

• Donatella Ciotti "Beads" - M., 2000;
• I. N. Naniashvilli "Fantasy from beads" - St. Petersburg, 1998;
• Bozhko L. "Beads, mastery lessons" - M., 2002;
• Isakova E.Yu., Starodub K.I., Tkachenko T.B. “Fairytale world of beads. Weaving on a fishing line ”- Rostov-on-Don, 2004;
• http://www. sekretyzolushki. ru/index. htm.

The project was made by

Pidzhakova Alina and Permyakova Anastasia

Pupils 4 "A" class

Project Manager: Byvsheva E.P.

2013 – 2014 academic year