Shaka Alesya

The emergence of judgments about the structure of the universe. Supporters and opponents of systems. Scientific justification.

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Geocentric and heliocentric systems of the world Supporters and opponents The work was done by a student of the 7th grade of the State Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1465 Shaka Alesei Physics teacher L.Yu. Kruglova

Geocentric system

Geocentric system “People from ancient times tried to explain the structure of the world, to understand the place of mankind in the Universe. The earliest theory was the geocentric system of the world. Geocentric system of the world. (from the Greek "geo" - earth) The geocentric system of the world, also known as the Ptolemaic system, is a theory that was developed by philosophers in ancient Greece and named after the philosopher Claudius Ptolemy, who lived from approximately 90 to 168 AD. It was designed to explain how the planets, the Sun, and even the stars orbit the Earth. The geocentric system of the world existed even before Ptolemy. This model was described in various ancient Greek manuscripts, and even in the 4th century BC. Plato and Aristotle wrote about the geocentric system of the world.

Geocentric system From ancient times, the Earth was considered the center of the universe, and at different times it was believed that the earth was held by some kind of mythical creature. Thales of Miletus saw a natural object as this support - the oceans. Anaximander of Miletus suggested that the Universe is centrally symmetrical and does not have any preferred direction. Therefore, the Earth, located in the center of the Cosmos, has no reason to move in any direction, that is, it freely rests in the center of the Universe without support. Anaximander's student Anaximenes did not follow his teacher, believing that the Earth was kept from falling by compressed air. Anaxagoras was of the same opinion. Anaximander's point of view was shared by the Pythagoreans, Parmenides and Ptolemy. The position of Democritus is not clear: according to various testimonies, he followed Anaximander or Anaximenes.

In the II century BC. The ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus, observing the movement of the planets, discovered a phenomenon called precession - the reverse movement of the planets. He drew attention to the fact that the planets, during their movement, seem to describe loops in the sky. Such a movement of planets across the sky is due to the fact that we observe the planets from the Earth, which itself moves around the Sun. When the Earth “catches up” with another planet, it seems that the planet seems to stop and then move in the opposite direction.

The ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy (100-165) put forward his own system of the universe, called geocentric. His reasoning was as follows. Since the Universe has a center, i.e. the place where all bodies with weight aspire, then, consequently, the Earth must be together with these bodies. Otherwise, the Earth, being heavier than all other bodies, would fall towards the center of the world, overtaking in its movement all objects on its surface: people, animals, trees, utensils - which would soar in the air. And since the Earth does not fall, it means that it is the motionless center of the Universe. Ptolemy introduced well-known improvements - the concepts of epicycle and deferent. He assumed that the planet moves along a small circle - the epicycle at a constant speed, and the center of the epicycle, in turn, along a large circle - the deferent. Thus, he reasoned that each of the planets does not move around the Earth, but around a certain point, which, in turn, moves in a circle (deferent), in the center of which is the Earth.

Ptolemy added another element to his system - an equant, thanks to which the planets could already make uneven movement in a circle, but subject to the existence of a certain point from where this movement would seem uniform. Despite all the complexity and initial theoretical incorrectness of the concept, Ptolemy, painstakingly selecting for each planet the combination of deferents, epicycles and equants inherent only to it, ensured that his system of the world predicted the position of the planets quite accurately. That was the genius of his time. The calculations made by Ptolemy were very important for contemporaries, they made it possible to draw up calendars, helped travelers navigate along the way, and served as a schedule of agricultural work for farmers. Such a system of the universe was considered correct for almost one and a half thousand years. After some time, astronomers discovered discrepancies between the observed positions of the planets and previously calculated ones, but over the centuries they thought that the geocentric system of the Ptolemaic world was simply not perfect enough and made attempts to improve it - they introduced more and more new combinations of circular motions for each planet.

Heliocentric system

Heliocentric system In turn, the geocentric system of the world was replaced by the heliocentric system. Heliocentric system of the world. (from the Greek "helio" - the Sun) The heliocentric system of the world is a theory that places the Sun at the center of the universe, and the planets in orbits around it. The heliocentric system of the world replaced geocentrism (the geocentric system of the world), which was the belief that the Earth was the center of the universe. The geocentric system of the world was the dominant theory in ancient Greece, throughout Europe, and in other parts of the world for centuries. It wasn't until the 16th century that the heliocentric system of the world began to catch on because technology had advanced enough to have more evidence in its favor. Although heliocentrism did not gain popularity until the 1500s, the idea has been around for centuries around the world.

The great Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) outlined his system of the world in his book On the Rotations of the Celestial Spheres, published in the year of his death. In this book, he proved that the universe is not arranged in the way that religion has claimed for many centuries. In all countries, for almost a millennium and a half, the false teaching of Ptolemy, who claimed that the Earth rests motionless in the center of the Universe, dominated the minds of people. The followers of Ptolemy, for the sake of the church, came up with more and more "explanations" and "proofs" of the movement of the planets around the Earth in order to preserve the "truth" and "holiness" of his false teaching. But from this, the Ptolemaic system became more and more far-fetched and artificial.

An outstanding contribution to the development of heliocentric concepts was made by the German astronomer Johannes Kepler. Even from his student years (at the end of the 16th century), he was convinced of the validity of heliocentrism in view of the ability of this doctrine to give a natural explanation for the backward movements of the planets and the ability to calculate the scale of the planetary system on its basis. For several years, Kepler worked with Tycho Brahe, the greatest observational astronomer, and subsequently took possession of his archive of observational data.

At the same time as Kepler, at the other end of Europe, in Italy, Galileo Galilei worked, providing dual support for the heliocentric theory. Firstly, with the help of the telescope he invented, Galileo made a number of discoveries, either indirectly confirming the theory of Copernicus, or knocking the ground out from under the feet of his opponents - supporters of Aristotle

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Heliocentric system of the world by N. Copernicus (connection with self-knowledge) Physics teacher №22 Ospanova T.T.

The purpose of the lesson: To acquaint students with various historical teachings about the structure of the solar system and their founders through the practice of truth.

Lesson objectives: Formation of ideas about the structure of the solar system; Develop skills in working with additional literature, the ability to speak to an audience; To develop in students the ability to analyze and comprehend the truth in the surrounding nature and life, the cognitive activity of students and intelligence. To instill in students a sense of truth in nature and life.

positive attitude

The correct idea of ​​the Earth and its form did not develop among different peoples immediately and not at the same time. However, it is difficult to establish exactly where, when, among which people it was most correct. Very few reliable ancient documents and material monuments have been preserved about this.
Like a flat, worn-out coin, The planet rested on three whales. N. Olev

ancient astronomy
The Greek philosopher Thales (6th century BC) imagined the Universe as a liquid mass, inside of which there is a large bubble shaped like a hemisphere. The concave surface of this bubble is the vault of heaven, and on the lower, flat surface, like a cork, the flat Earth floats.
A contemporary of Thales, Anaximander represented the Earth as a segment of a column or cylinder, on one of the bases of which we live. Anaximander believed that the Earth is the center of the universe. He explained the sunrise and other luminaries on the eastern side of the sky and their sunset on the western side by the movement of the luminaries in a circle: the visible firmament, in his opinion, is half the ball, the other hemisphere is under his feet.

The famous ancient Greek scientist Aristotle (4th century BC) was the first to use observations of lunar eclipses to prove the sphericity of the Earth: the shadow from the Earth falling on the full Moon is always round. During eclipses, the Earth is turned to the Moon in different directions. But only the ball always casts a round shadow.
The followers of another Greek scientist - Pythagoras (r. c. 580 - d. 500 BC) - have already recognized the Earth as a ball. They also considered other planets to be spherical.
Aristotle and Plato

The achievements of ancient astronomy were summarized by the ancient Greek scientist Claudius Ptolemy. He developed the geocentric system of the world, created the theory of the apparent movement of the Moon and the five known planets.
The geocentric system of the world is a representation of the structure of the universe, according to which the central position in the Universe is occupied by the motionless Earth, around which the Sun, Moon, planets and stars revolve

Modern understanding of the structure of the solar system.
COPERNICK Nicholas (19.II 1473 - 24.V 1543) Polish astronomer, creator of the heliocentric system of the world, reformer of astronomy. Reflecting on the Ptolemaic system of the world, Copernicus was amazed at its complexity and artificiality, and, studying the writings of ancient philosophers, especially Nikita of Syracuse and Philolaus, he came to the conclusion that not the Earth, but the Sun should be the motionless center of the Universe. Based on this assumption, Copernicus very simply explained all the apparent intricacy of the movements of the planets.
The main and almost the only work of Copernicus, the fruit of more than 40 years of his work, is “On the rotation of the celestial spheres”

The outstanding Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno (1548–1600), developing the heliocentric cosmology of Copernicus, defended the concept of the infinity of the universe and an innumerable multitude of worlds. He published the work "On infinity, the universe and the worlds." Giordano Bruno was accused of heresy and burned by the Inquisition in Rome.
Giordano Bruno

The Italian physicist and astronomer Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), who first aimed a telescope at the sky, made discoveries that confirmed the teachings of Copernicus.
Galileo Galilei

The invention of the telescope allowed Galileo to discover the satellites of Jupiter, the phases of Venus and make sure that the Milky Way consists of a huge number of stars. Having discovered sunspots and observed their movement, he correctly explained this by the rotation of the Sun. The study of the surface of the moon showed that it is covered with mountains.
Leaning Tower in Pisa. This is where Galileo refuted Aristotle
Telescopes of Galileo

In 1633, Galileo appeared before the court of the Inquisition. Interrogations, the threat of torture broke the sick scientist. He renounces his views and brings public repentance. He was kept under the supervision of the Inquisition until the end of his life. Only in 1992, Pope John Paul II declared the decision of the Inquisition court erroneous and rehabilitated Galileo.
Galileo before the court of the Inquisition

EPICGRAPH: "In random variety A searching thought rushed about On the verge of happiness and despair A hidden meaning was born." I.N. Galkina

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Geocentric system of the world. The Ptolemaic system of the world.

The first global natural scientific revolution was the creation of a consistent doctrine of the geocentric system of the world. The beginning of this doctrine was laid by the ancient Greek scientist Anaximander, who created in the 6th century. BC. a rather harmonious system of circular world structures. However, a consistent geocentric system was developed in the 4th century BC. BC. the greatest scientist and philosopher of antiquity, Aristotle, and then, in the 1st century. mathematically justified by Ptolemy.

The great astronomer and mathematician Claudius Ptolemy chose the geocentric model of the World. He tried to explain the structure of the universe, taking into account the apparent complexity of the movement of the planets. Ptolemy considered the Earth to be spherical, and its dimensions negligible compared to the distance to the planets and especially the stars. Ptolemy, however, following Aristotle, argued that the Earth is the fixed center of the universe.

The earth is at the center of the universe. The earth is motionless. All celestial bodies move around the earth. The movement of celestial bodies occurs in circles at a constant speed, i.e. uniformly. Since Ptolemy considered the Earth to be the center of the universe, his system of the world was called geocentric. Around the earth, according to Ptolemy, move (in order of distance from the Earth) the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, stars. Ptolemy's geocentric system of the world is based on four statements:

The circle described by a planet around a moving point is an epicycle. The circle along which the point moves around the Earth is the deferent.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Presentation "Formation of the heliocentric system of the world"

The presentation "Formation of the heliocentric system of the world" can be used both in astronomy lessons and in physics lessons....

Lesson fit exemplary program L.E. Gendenstein, Yu.I. Dick. Lesson material can be used in the study of astronomy....

The lesson was developed as part of the implementation of the program for studying physics in the 10th grade Gendenshtein L.E., Dick Yu.I ....

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Nicolaus Copernicus 1473 - 1543

Heliocentric system of the world

slide 2

The great Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) developed the heliocentric system of the world. He made a revolution in natural science, abandoning the doctrine of the central position of the Earth, accepted for many centuries. Copernicus explained the visible movements of the heavenly bodies by the rotation of the Earth around its axis and the revolution of the planets, including the Earth, around the Sun.

Nicholas Copernicus

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Historical information about N. Copernicus

The famous astronomer, the transformer of this science and laid the foundation for the modern idea of ​​​​the world system. They argued a lot about whether K. was a Pole or a German; now his nationality is not in doubt, since a list of students at the University of Padua has been found, in which K. is recorded among the Poles who studied there. Born in Thorn, in a merchant family. In 1491 he entered the University of Krakow, where he studied mathematics, medicine and theology with equal zeal. At the end of the course K. traveled to Germany and Italy, listened to lectures on various universities, and at one time even he himself was a professor in Rome; in 1503 he returned to Krakow and lived there for seven whole years, being a university professor and doing astronomical observations. However, the noisy life of university corporations was not to K.’s liking, and in 1510 he moved to Frauenburg, a small town on the banks of the Vistula, where he spent the rest of his life, being a canon of a Catholic church and devoting his leisure time to astronomy and gratuitous treatment of patients

slide 4

Copernicus believed that the Universe is limited by the sphere of fixed stars, which are located at unimaginably huge, but still finite distances from us and from the Sun. In the teachings of Copernicus, the vastness of the universe and its infinity were affirmed. Copernicus also for the first time in astronomy not only gave the correct scheme of the structure of the solar system, but also determined the relative distances of the planets from the sun and calculated the period of their revolution around it.

Slide 5

Heliocentric system of the world of Copernicus The sun is in the center of the world. Only the Moon moves around the Earth. Earth is the third planet farthest from the Sun. It revolves around the Sun and rotates around its own axis. At a very great distance from the Sun, Copernicus placed the "sphere of the fixed stars."

slide 6

Copernicus simply and naturally explained the loop-like motion of the planets by the fact that we observe planets revolving around the Sun not from a stationary Earth, but from an Earth that also moves around the Sun.

Slide 7

Heliocentric system of the world The great Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) outlined his system of the world in the book “On the Rotations of the Celestial Spheres”, published in the year of his death. In this book, he proved that the universe is not arranged in the way that religion has claimed for many centuries. In all countries, for almost a millennium and a half, the false teaching of Ptolemy, who claimed that the Earth rests motionless in the center of the Universe, dominated the minds of people. The followers of Ptolemy, for the sake of the church, came up with more and more “explanations” and “proofs” of the movement of the planets around the Earth in order to preserve the “truth” and “holiness” of his false teaching. But from this, the Ptolemaic system became more and more far-fetched and artificial.

Slide 8

Long before Ptolemy, the Greek scientist Aristarchus argued that the Earth moves around the Sun. Later, in the Middle Ages, advanced scientists shared the point of view of Aristarchus on the structure of the world and rejected the false teachings of Ptolemy. Not long before Copernicus, the great Italian scientists Nicholas of Cusa and Leonardo da Vinci argued that the Earth moves, that it is not at all in the center of the Universe and does not occupy an exceptional position in it. Why, in spite of this, did the Ptolemaic system continue to dominate?

Because it relied on the all-powerful church authority, which suppressed free thought, hindered the development of science. In addition, scientists who rejected the teachings of Ptolemy and expressed correct views on the structure of the Universe could not yet convincingly substantiate them.

Slide 9

This was done only by Nicolaus Copernicus. After thirty years of hard work, long reflections and complex mathematical calculations, he showed that the Earth is only one of the planets, and all the planets revolve around the Sun. With his book, he challenged church authorities, exposing their complete ignorance in matters of the universe. Copernicus did not live to see the time when his book spread throughout the world, revealing to people the truth about the universe. He was near death when friends brought and put the first copy of the book into his cold hands.

Slide 10

Copernicus was born in 1473 in the Polish city of Torun. He lived in a difficult time, when Poland and its neighbor - the Russian state - continued the centuries-old struggle against the invaders - the Teutonic knights and the Tatar-Mongols, who sought to enslave the Slavic peoples. Copernicus lost his parents early. He was raised by his maternal uncle Lukasz Watzelrode, an outstanding public and political figure of that time. The thirst for knowledge possessed Copernicus from childhood. At first he studied at home. Then he continued his education at Italian universities. Of course, astronomy was studied there according to Ptolemy, but Copernicus carefully studied all the surviving works of great mathematicians and ancient astronomy.

Slide 11

Even then, he had thoughts about the correctness of Aristarchus' guesses, about the falsity of Ptolemy's system. But Copernicus was not engaged in a single astronomy. He studied philosophy, law, medicine and returned to his homeland a comprehensively educated man for his time.

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What does the book of Copernicus “On the rotation of the celestial spheres” contain and why did it deal such a crushing blow to the Ptolemaic system, which, with all its flaws, had been kept for fourteen centuries under the auspices of the omnipotent church authority in that era? In this book, Nicolaus Copernicus argued that the Earth and other planets are satellites of the sun. He showed that it is the movement of the Earth around the sun and its daily rotation around its axis that explains the apparent movement of the Sun, the strange entanglement in the movement of the planets and the apparent rotation of the firmament.

slide 13

Brilliantly simple, Copernicus explained that we perceive the movement of distant celestial bodies in the same way as the movement of various objects on Earth when we ourselves are in motion. We slide in a boat along a calmly flowing river, and it seems to us that the boat and we are motionless in it, and the banks “float” in the opposite direction. In the same way, it only seems to us that the Sun moves around the Earth. But in fact, the Earth with everything that is on it moves around the Sun and during the year makes a complete revolution in its orbit.

Slide 14

And in the same way, when the Earth overtakes another planet in its movement around the Sun, it seems to us that the planet is moving backward, describing a loop in the sky. In reality, the planets move around the Sun in regular, although not perfectly circular orbits, without making any loops. Copernicus, like the ancient Greek scientists, that the orbits along which the planets move can only be circular.

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Literature used: Dagaev M.M. Astronomy Reading Book, Enlightenment, 1980; Internet resource

"History of Astronomy" - "Ionian Awakening". Eratosthenes Why? Mistakes in the angle bisection scheme. Equant. I figured out how to set distances in the Sun-Earth-Moon system. Music of the Crystal Spheres Eudoxus of Knidos. Ecliptic. Ptolemy The system of the world according to Ptolemy (Gorbatsky, p. 57, Idelson's words). Hypothesis of simple eccentricity.

"System of the World" - Halle around 1520. History of astronomy. Aristotle considered the earth to be the center of the world. The system of the world according to Aristotle. Representation of the world of ancient Egyptians. The cultural heritage of the Maya was destroyed by conquerors and monks. The main structures of the Maya have survived to this day. An astronomer's office from the early 16th century. Egypt is in the center of the earth.

"History of the Development of Astronomy" - Both for time and for angles (Ptolemy - a finer division. History of Stonehenge astronomy. During field work, it was necessary to take into account the onset of different seasons of the year. (1) The appearance of initial information on astronomy - economic activity. White, Unraveling the Stonehenge Mystery, 1984. Hawkins, J.

"Man's conception of the world" - Isaac Newton was solemnly buried in Westminster Abbey. Bell tower of the cathedral in the city of Pisa. Burnt at the stake in Rome. The birth of a new European science. The system of the world according to Ptolemy. Problem. Tomb of Galileo Galilei. Galileo Galilei. Creator of the heliocentric system of the world. Monument to J. Bruno.

"Heliocentric system" - Ancient Greece. Heliocentric system of the world. Loop-like motion of the planets. Scientific explanation of the heliocentric system of the world. Bruno refused to recognize as false the main of his theories. Heliocentric system of the world of Copernicus. Proof of the heliocentric system of the world. Planets revolving around the Sun.

"World of Astronomy" - Daily parallax< неск. минут дуги “О новой звезде”. Инструменты Тихо Браге 194 см литая латунь 10” – метод трансверсалей. Николай Коперник (1473-1543). Родился 19 февраля 1473 г. Умер 24 мая 1543 г. Тихо Браге остров Вен. Падуанский университет (медицина, но изучал право) - 1501-1503, без степени.

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