Industrial property - this concept is used to denote a special right to intangible values: inventions, industrial designs, etc., as well as the right to avoid unfair competition.
Intellectual property - this concept is legal and, in turn, covers copyright and other rights that relate to mental work in the field of production, science, software, literature and art.
Industrial property objects have the following characteristics:
- 1) the invention is the latest technical solution, which has significant differences and allows you to solve any tasks in the field of the national economy. The right to an invention is confirmed by an author's certificate or patent;
- 2) an industrial design is one of the latest artistic and design solutions for a product, which determines how it will look, meet all the necessary requirements of technical aesthetics, acceptable for implementation by an industrial method and allowing to achieve a positive effect.
There are only a few forms of industrial design protection. These include: patent and certificate. Industrial design protection does not cover products whose appearance is determined solely by their function. Also among these are haberdashery, clothing, knitwear, fabrics (except decorative), shoes, hats;
- 3) utility models are new models endowed with a perfect appearance, shape, structure. In order to register a utility model, it is enough to make any changes to the models;
- 4) trademarks - an index (name, sign, symbol or combination of them), which is placed directly on the product itself or its packaging to determine who is its manufacturer. If any services are provided under a trademark, then it is called a service mark.
The key requirements for trademarks are: individuality, determinability, interest for the client and protectability, that is, the possibility of their official registration.
Intellectual property items are directly related to the information system and information work of the organization. They include: software; database; knowledge base.
Other intangible resources include:
- 1) "know-how" - production technology, scientific, technical, commercial, organizational and management knowledge, which are necessary for the normal operation of the enterprise. "Know-how" in comparison with production secrets is not subject to a patent, because it is made up of specific techniques, skills, etc.
- 2) rationalization proposal is one of many technical solutions, which in turn is quite new and useful for the organization. It involves adjustments in product designs, production technologies and techniques used, or adjustments in material composition. The author of this proposal is issued a certain certificate, which in turn is the basis of the right to authorship and remuneration;
- 3) the name of the place of production of the goods. Reflects the name of the state (or locality) to designate certain properties of the product, which is caused by natural conditions, human factors, national characteristics characteristic of a particular region;
- 4) "goodwill" - determines the image (reputation) of the organization.
Job number:
Year added:
Workload:
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….. 3
CHAPTER 1. ESSENCE OF RESOURCES IN TRADE……………………… 5
1.1. Resource concept of trade enterprises…………………………. 5
1.2. The concept of material and financial resources of trade…………... 9
CHAPTER 2. TYPES OF MATERIAL AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF TRADE……………………………………………………………………..
11
2.1. Material resources…………………………………………………. eleven
2.1.1. Non-current resources……………………………………………….. 11
2.1.2. Current resources…………………………………………………… 17
2.2. Financial resources…………………………………………………… 21
2.2.1. Essence and classification of financial resources………………… 21
2.2.2. Formation and distribution of financial resources…………… 23
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………… 27
REFERENCES…………………………………………………… 29
Excerpt from work:
Some abstracts from the work on the topic Tangible and intangible resources of trade
INTRODUCTION
In a modern market economy, trade occupies one of the leading places in the structure of the branches of the national economy. This fact puts forward increased requirements of trade enterprises to assess the effectiveness of the organization, to analyze the economic indicators of a trade enterprise. For successful analysis, diagnostics of the activities of a trading enterprise, identification of models for maximizing the achievement of strategic planning goals in trade, as well as organization and management in this industry, a detailed understanding of the significance and role of the economic resources of a trading enterprise is necessary.
Economic resources are one of the fundamental concepts of the economy, an intermediate economic good, which refers to the totality of all existing natural, material, social and spiritual forces that can be involved in the social production of consumer economic goods.
CHAPTER 2. TYPES OF MATERIAL AND INTANGIBLE RESOURCES OF TRADE
2.1. Material resources
2.1.1. Non-current resources
To carry out economic activities on a commercial basis, a trading enterprise must have an appropriate material and technical base, which is a set of material assets - the main production assets and technologies of production processes.
The fixed assets of trading enterprises are the total cost of tangible assets of production and non-production purposes necessary for the performance of their functions by trading enterprises.
The main production assets are divided into passive and active parts. By purpose, the passive part of fixed assets consists of the following groups:
- buildings - objects that provide conditions for the trading process, preparation and sale of goods;
The presented educational material (by structure - Theoretical coursework) was developed by our expert as an example - 11/11/2011 according to the specified requirements. To download and view the short version of the term paper, you need to follow the link "download demo ...", fill out the form and wait for the demo version, which will be sent to your E-MAIL.
If you have a "LONG DATE" - fill out the form, then dial us at the hotline, or send an SMS to tel: +7-917-721-06-55 with a request to urgently consider your application.
If you are interested in assistance in writing your work, according to individual requirements - it is possible to order assistance in the development of the topic presented - Tangible and intangible resources of trade ... or similar. Our services will already be covered by free revisions and support until defense at the university. And it goes without saying that your work will be checked for plagiarism without fail and guaranteed not to be published early. To order or estimate the cost of individual work, go to
Resources are tangible and intangible. They are the primary factors that enable an organization to carry out its activities. Tangible assets include inventories, materials, equipment, buildings, human resources, finance, etc. Intangible assets include skills, knowledge, brands, the goodwill of the organization, its patent rights, etc. (see: Coyne, 1986; Hall, 1992). Intangible resources are produced within the company itself, while tangible resources come into the organization from external sources. The latter are acquired in the resource markets in a competitive environment with those companies that operate in the industry market and beyond. Relationships with resource providers can be a very important part of an organization's core competence (for example, the company's ability to attract the most qualified human resources).
34 Strategic management
Resource Analysis
When examining a company's resources as part of an internal analysis, several models can be used to get a more complete picture.
First, the analysis of resources can be carried out according to categories: human, financial, production and technological, information, communication, as well as material resources. They can then be assessed both quantitatively (how much) and qualitatively (how effectively these resources are used) points of view. This analysis is discussed in more detail in chapters 3, 4 and 5. Material resources - buildings and equipment - are usually analyzed in order to determine their capacity, service life, condition, ability to participate in the production process, etc.
Materials and inventories are evaluated in terms of their quality, reliability, availability, number of suppliers, lead times, and unit costs. Human resources are analyzed according to the following positions: the number of employees, the level of education, skills, training, work experience, age composition, motivation, wage costs and labor productivity, the organization's need for labor force.Analysis by Specificity
Secondly, the analysis of resources can be carried out in accordance with their specificity. Resources can be specific or non-specific. For example, skilled workers may have specialized and highly specific knowledge and skills that are applicable only to a given industry. Some technologies, such as computer software, have been designed for broad application in the business world (rather than for narrow industries). This is computer word processing, database storage, the use of spreadsheets. Other computer programs (airline booking system) are designed for highly professional use. While non-specific resources, being more flexible, form the basis of competencies, industry-specific resources rather act as the basis for core competencies (for example, the special knowledge of scientists in the chemical industry).
Analysis by result
Thirdly, resources can be evaluated in terms of their role in the analysis of internal and external indicators. performance results. Internal indicators reflect the role of resources in:
Formation of goals and objectives (financial indicators, performance indicators, indicators of production volume);
Historical retrospective (performance indicators of the company for a certain period of time - for example, compared to previous years);
Comparison of the work of divisions and departments of the company.
External indicators may include:
Comparison with competitors, especially with those companies that are market leaders in the industry, are the closest rivals and are included in the strategic developments of the organization (see Chapter 5);
Comparison with companies in other industries.
Chapter 2. Business organization: competencies and activities 35
Using internal and external methods of analysis, the company can evaluate the results of its activities and, based on this, outline ways to improve its activities in the future. However, the activity of the organization is provided not only at the expense of resources. Competencies should also be studied and assessed.
1. Property and capital of the organization
The property of the enterprise is the tangible and intangible elements used by the enterprise in production activities.
Property can be: owned, in operational management, in economic management, leased; immovable and movable. The property of the enterprise is divided: into non-current and current assets; into tangible and intangible elements.
The capital of an enterprise can act in the form of: real (means of production); monetary (a set of sources of funds); own (authorized capital, additional capital, reserve capital, various contributions and donations, profit); borrowed (loans, financial assistance, bail amounts); the main (funds invested in durable material factors); working capital (spent on the current needs of the enterprise).
Non-current assets include: long-term immobilized funds (fixed assets, intangible assets); temporarily immobilized funds (construction in progress, long-term financial investments) + other non-current assets.
Current assets include: stocks; value added tax on acquired valuables; long-term accounts receivable; short-term accounts receivable; short-term financial investments; cash; Other current assets.
Own capital includes the following elements: authorized capital; Extra capital; Reserve capital; retained earnings (uncovered loss).
Borrowed capital is divided into: 1) long term: loans and credits; deferred tax liabilities; other long-term liabilities; 2) short term: loans and credits; accounts payable; debt to the participants (founders) for the payment of income; - deferred income; reserves for future expenses; other short-term liabilities.
2. Fixed assets: essence, composition, structure, methods of evaluation and revaluation
Fixed assets - a monetary value of the means of labor used in the production of products for a period exceeding 12 months, transferring their value to the created product in parts over a number of years in the form of depreciation.
Classification of fixed assets: buildings (without residential); structures; transmission devices; cars and equipment; vehicles; tools, production and household inventory (including furniture); working cattle; productive livestock; perennial plantations; other types of fixed assets.
Evaluation of fixed assets is carried out at cost: initial; restorative; residual; liquidation.
There are 2 main methods of revaluation: 1) index (the initial cost of fixed assets is multiplied by revaluation factors, and the previously accrued depreciation is adjusted so that its total amount corresponds to the actual physical depreciation of the corresponding object); 2) direct recalculation (the new value of fixed assets is actually determined by an expert using information on the level of market prices for similar objects at the time of revaluation).
3. The essence of wear and tear. Methods for calculating depreciation
Depreciation is a process of gradual and expected loss of functional qualities by any artificially created object associated with its operation and/or obsolescence.
Depreciation of fixed assets is moral and physical. Two forms of obsolescence: depreciation of the first kind - is determined by a decrease in the value of these fixed assets due to a reduction in the socially necessary costs for their reproduction; wear of the second kind – depreciation due to the creation of more productive fixed assets of this kind and purpose, which leads to the depreciation of less advanced equipment.
Two forms of physical wear: production wear - wear due to the functioning of the means of labor (deformation); natural wear and tear - wear due to the influence of natural forces of nature (corrosion).
Depreciation - certain actions related to accounting for depreciable property, applied during the useful life of the relevant items and ensuring the transfer of their value to the manufactured products (works, services).
Depreciation deductions - a monetary expression of the amount of depreciation corresponding to the degree of depreciation of fixed assets.
Depreciation rate - the ratio of the annual depreciation amount to the cost of fixed assets, in%.
For the purposes of taxation, an organization may apply the following methods (Article 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation): 1) linear; 2) non-linear.
In accounting, four methods of depreciation can be used: 1) the straight-line method; 2) reducing balance method; 3) the method of writing off the cost by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life; 4) the method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works).
Currently, most enterprises charge depreciation using the straight-line method (in this case, tax and accounting data largely coincide).
4. Forms of reproduction of fixed assets. Key indicators of the use of fixed assets
Simple reproduction - replacement of obsolete means of labor and major repairs.
Expanded reproduction - new construction, expansion of existing enterprises, their reconstruction and technical re-equipment, equipment modernization.
Table 1 - Indicators of the movement of fixed assets
| Coefficient | Formula |
| asset upgrades | |
| disposal of property, plant and equipment | |
| increase in fixed assets |  |
| depreciation of fixed assets | |
| validity of fixed assets |  |
Technical and economic indicators of the use of fixed assets:
1) coefficient of extensive use of equipment:
,
2) coefficient of intensive loading of equipment:
3) coefficient of integral use of equipment:
.
Indicators of endowment with fixed assets:
1) capital ratio:
2) capital-labor ratio:
Indicators of economic efficiency of the use of fixed assets:
1) return on assets ratio :
2) capital intensity ratio:
3) profitability of fixed assets:
5. Economic essence, composition and structure of working capital
Working capital - a set of cash and material resources advanced to the means of production, once participating in the production process and fully transferring their value to the finished product.
Current assets of the enterprise constantly make a circuit in the following stages: cash; productive; commodity.
The company's working capital includes:
1) working capital assets, including:
a) inventories;
b) work in progress;
c) deferred expenses;
2) circulation funds , including:
a) finished products in stock;
b) goods for resale and goods shipped;
c) accounts receivable;
d) cash.
Working capital 100%: circulating production assets 70%, circulation funds 30%.
Working capital assets 100%: inventory 70%, work in progress 25%, RBP 5%.
Funds of circulation 100%: finished goods 31%, goods shipped 29%, cash 26%, accounts receivable 14%.
6. Planning and regulation of working capital at the enterprise
Planning goals: 1) reduction of equipment and workforce downtime; 2) increasing the uniformity of work and reducing unproductive costs; 3) increase in labor productivity; 4) improving the efficiency of the enterprise.
One of the most important tasks in planning and managing working capital is their rationing.
Rationing of working capital is the development of reasonable norms and standards for the purpose of uninterrupted and rhythmic operation of the enterprise.
Principles of normalization of working capital: 1) the principle of planning; 2) the principle of consistency; 3) the principle of scientific validity; 4) the principle of progressiveness.
The working capital ratio is the minimum planned amount of cash that is constantly needed by the enterprise to organize production activities.
The following types of working capital stocks are distinguished: 1) production stock; 2) preparatory stock; 3) current stock; 4) safety stock; 5) transport stock; 6) warehouse stock.
The calculation of working capital ratios is carried out using the following methods: 1) direct account method; 2) analytical method; 3) coefficient method; 4) economic and mathematical methods; 5) experimental laboratory method.
Determination of the total working capital ratio (direct account method):
W obS \u003d W pz + W np + W rbp + W gp.
Rationing of working capital in inventories:
1) the norm of working capital in production stocks (transport, preparatory, current, insurance stocks) is determined; 2) the standard of working capital is determined as the product of the norm and one-day consumption of materials (W pz).
Rationing of working capital in work in progress
1) the coefficient of increase in costs in work in progress is determined as the ratio of the cost of work in progress to the planned cost of the product, taking into account the duration of the production cycle:
where Z i - costs for the i-th period of time on an accrual basis; C - the planned cost of the product; T is the duration of the complete production cycle of the product, days.
2) the rate of working capital in work in progress is calculated for the enterprise as a whole or for divisions with subsequent summation:
,
where N np - the rate of working capital in work in progress for the enterprise; T i - the duration of the production cycle of the i-th product or in the i-th division; K i - the coefficient of increase in the costs of the i-th product or in the i-th division; n is the number of product groups, divisions.
3) the standard of working capital of work in progress is calculated:
where C is the planned cost of production; T is the number of calendar days in the period.
Rationing of working capital in deferred expenses
1) the standard is determined by the formula:
where ∑R n - the amount of expenses at the beginning of the planned year (taken from the balance sheet); ∑R pl - the planned amount of expenses in the coming period (calculated on the basis of the plan for the scientific and technical development of the enterprise); ∑P n - the amount of expenses attributable to the cost of production in the planned period (determined on the basis of the planned cost estimate for production).
Rationing of working capital in finished products in stock
1) the rate of working capital in finished products in the warehouse is determined; 2) the norm of working capital is determined as the product of the norm for finished products and the daily output of products at cost:
7. Sources of formation and indicators of the use of working capital
Working capital of an enterprise can be formed at the expense of:
1) own funds (authorized capital, net profit);
2) borrowed and borrowed funds (bank loans, stable liabilities).
The material yield of a particular type of resource is determined by the formula:
For a general characteristic of the consumption of material resources, the indicator of material consumption (m) is used.
To develop production programs, indicators of the level of useful use of material resources are used: the content of a useful substance in the feedstock (sugar in beets, for example); the degree of use of the useful substance and the percentage of losses in the processing process; final yield of suitable products; metal utilization rate, etc.
The indicators of the use of working capital include:
1) turnover ratio;
2) the duration of the turnover;
3) load factor.
The turnover ratio is the ratio of the volume of products sold to the average balance of working capital.
Turnover duration is the ratio of the number of days in a period to the turnover ratio.
The load factor is the ratio of the average annual balance of working capital to the volume of products sold.
8. Intangible resources of the organization
Intangible resources are part of the potential of an enterprise that brings economic benefits over a long period and has an intangible basis for generating income.
Industrial property is a concept used to denote the exclusive right to intangible assets: inventions; industrial samples; useful models; trademarks and service marks;
Intellectual property is a legal concept covering copyright and other rights related to intellectual activity in the field of production, science, software, literature and art.
These include: software; database; knowledge base.
Other intangible resources: 1) "know-how" 2) rationalization proposal 3) appellation of origin of goods 4) "goodwill" is the difference between the market value of an enterprise as an integral property complex and its book value.
Intangible assets are the rights to use intangible resources. The owners of industrial property objects receive the exclusive right to use them with the help of patents. Utility models are not granted patents. The model is entered in a special register, which is published in an official publication, and the applicant receives a certificate of exclusive right to a utility model for a period of 5 years. Legal protection of a trademark is also carried out on the basis of its state registration. A copyright is established on an intellectual property product. Legal protection of the place of origin of goods arises on the basis of its registration. Know-how, rationalization proposals, goodwill are the property of the enterprise and do not have special legal protection, therefore they are an integral part of the so-called trade secret of the enterprise.
In most companies, intangible resources contribute much more to the total value of an asset than tangible ones. Nevertheless, intangible resources hardly appear in the financial statements of companies - especially in the US, where R&D is considered an expense item, and intellectual property is often underestimated.
The exclusion or underestimation of intangible resources from a company's balance sheet is the main reason for the striking and ever-increasing discrepancy between the valuations on the balance sheets of companies (in the column "value of fixed capital") and valuations on the stock exchange (Table 5.2). One of the most important undervalued or generally unvalued intangible resources is the brand name. In table. Table 5.3 lists companies that own brands valued at $20 billion or more.
Brand names and other trademarks are an asset in the form of a company's reputation: their value lies in the trust they inspire with consumers. Brand value is reflected in the price premium that customers are willing to pay extra for a branded product (branded product) compared to a non-branded or unknown brand product. Brand value (or "brand equity") can be measured by multiplying the price premium inherent in a brand by the annual sales of those products, and then calculating the present value of the revenues generated. The assessment of brands given in table. 5.3 includes measuring the operating income for each brand (after taxes and capital expenditures), measuring the share of net operating income attributable to each brand, and finally capitalizing those earnings. The value of a company's brands can be increased by expanding the range of products or markets. Philip Morris is a recognized expert in the international sale of licenses (franchises) to use its brands. The strength of the Harley-Davidson’s brand has not only allowed the company to charge nearly 40% more for its motorcycles than competitors, but also to license its name to clothing, coffee mug and cigarette makers, and restaurant owners.
Reputation can become as integral to a company as its brand. Charles Fombran argues that a company's prosperity and survival depend on the support it can receive from its employees, customers, investors, and government. A company's reputation is its most valuable resource, and it's not just about customers, it's about company employees, suppliers (including financial institutions), and government. In 2003, a survey conducted by Harris-Fombrun showed that Johnson & Johnson, Harley-Davidson and Coca-Cola have the highest "reputation scores".
Technology is as much an intangible asset as reputation. Its value also cannot be determined on the basis of an analysis of the balance sheets of most companies. Intellectual property - patents
Table 5.2. Large corporations* with the highest price ratio
per share to book value
| Company | Ratio of market value to book value | Industry | Country |
| 1. Accenture | 27,6 | Consulting | USA |
| 2. Gillette | 17,9 | Body care | USA |
| 3. Anheuser Busch | 16,8 | Brewing | USA |
| 4.Gap | 17,0 | Retail sales | USA |
| 5. Kellogg | 16,0 | Food | USA |
| 6. Dell Computer | 15,9 | Computers | USA |
| 7.Oracle | 12,2 | Software | USA |
| 8 GlaxoSmithKline | 11,0 | Medicines | Great Britain |
| 9 Hennes & Mauritz | 10,5 | Retail Promotions | Sweden |
| 10. SAP | 10,1 | Software | Germany |
| 11.SCM | 10,0 | Computers | USA |
| 12.Pfizer | 9,9 | Medications | USA |
| 13 Unilever | 9,6 | Consumer goods | UK-Netherlands |
| 14. Coca Cola | 9,3 | Soft drinks | USA |
| 15. Sysco | 9,1 | Catering | USA |
| 16 Forest Labs | 8,5 | Medications | USA |
| 17. E-Bay | 8,2 | Electronic commerce | USA |
| 18. Pepsico | 8,0 | Soft drinks | USA |
| 19.Medtronic | 7,9 | Medical equipment | USA |
| 20.3M | 7,8 | Very diversified | USA |
| 21 Procter & Gamble | 7,8 | Consumer goods | USA |
| 22 France Telecom | 7,6 | Telecommunications | France |
| 23. Smith & Nephew | 6,7 | Medications | Great Britain |
| 24. Johnson & Johnson | 6,7 | Medications | USA |
* These companies are among the world's top 300 companies by market capitalization with the highest market to book value ratio in May 2003.