Gunboats: description, characteristics, types and history. Gunboats "Korean", "Sivuch", "Beaver", "Gilyak", "Khivan", "Brave", "Usyskin", their drawings and models

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« Beaver"- seaworthy sailing screw gunboat of the Russian Imperial Navy.

Built according to the Russian project at the shipyard V:m Creighton and Co. in Abo (Finland) in 1885. Lead in a series of two ships ("Beaver", "Sivuch"). By design, it was a flat-bottomed ship with a brig rigging (later the rigging was replaced by three light masts). The bow 229-mm gun had an angle of fire of 36 degrees on board from the centreline.

"Beaver" took part in the study of the coast of the Far East. In addition, the boat was involved in patrolling the economic zone. She participated in the suppression of the Ihetuan uprising and in the Russo-Japanese War.

The drawings of the gunboat were developed by Russian engineers and approved by the Marine Technical Committee (MTK) on April 2, 1883. And steam engines with boilers were previously developed at the W: m Creighton and Co. plant. May 28, 1883 between the MTK of the Russian Empire and the plant "V: m Creighton and Co." in Abo, an agreement was signed for the construction of a gunboat. According to this agreement, everything was done at the plant, except for spars, rigging, chain steering ropes, sails, anchors with chain ropes, galleys, desalination apparatus, copper shoulder straps for machine tools, compasses and navigation devices, lanterns and lighting accessories. The cost of building a gunboat was 580,125 rubles, of which 420,375 rubles was the hull, 159,750 rubles was a steam engine with boilers. Deadline - no later than May 31, 1885. The gunboat was named "Beaver". I. E. Fedorov, ship engineer, staff captain of KIM, was appointed to supervise the construction

Construction began in January 1884. The steel used for construction was tested in the workshops of the Kronstadt port for compliance with the requirements of the ITC, and only after that it was allowed to work. The Beaver was launched on April 10, 1885. During the descent, the total displacement was 1230 tons.

On October 16, 1886, the gunboat arrived in Kronstadt, where they continued sea ​​trials. October 30 "Beaver" on the measured mile developed the highest speed of 12.14 knots. Also, weapons and spars were installed in Kronstadt.

In 1886, the "Beaver" was enrolled in the Baltic Fleet, in August 1886, under the command of Captain 2nd Rank A. Menshikov, began the transition to the Pacific Ocean.

In 1891 gunboat became part of the squadron of Nicholas II, who visited Far East, and then cruised with security targets at Commander Islands and under the flag of the head of the Pacific squadron, Pavel Petrovich Tyrtov, cruised off the coast of China and Japan. In 1891-1892, an expedition led by the head of the Separate Survey of the Eastern Ocean, Captain KFSh A.S. Stenin, explored the Ussuri Bay on the ship, and named one of the entrance capes of Tsezyvai Bay (now Veselkin Bay). On May 27, O. A. Enkvist was appointed commander.

By order of the port commander dated March 14, 1892, lieutenants K. K. Mayet and Tyrkov were appointed to the boat "Beaver" as watch commanders, midshipman Lagoda - acting auditor, Stepanov - mine officer, lieutenant V. V. Shelting - senior artillery officer, lieutenant S S. Chikhachev - senior navigator.

In the early 1890s, the boat was engaged in hydrographic work off the coast of Korea.

In the course of description and measurement work in Peter the Great Bay in 1892-1893, on the northern coast of the Peschany Peninsula, Cape Chikhachev was surveyed and named after the name of the senior navigator.

In April 1895, together with the Horseman and Gaydamak, practical exercises were carried out near small islands located between Kvelport Island and the southern coast of Korea (Hamilton Port).

In 1897, Cape Beaver was named in Semyonovsky Bucket (now Sports Harbor) of the Amur Bay - in honor of the gunboat itself, but at the beginning of the 20th century the name was changed to Cape Bobrov. Further, V. A. Boysman was appointed commander (previously, from 1892 to 1895, a senior officer).

In 1899, participation in large maneuvers of the Pacific squadron in Talienvan Bay.

May 29, 1900 - as part of a detachment of ships under the command of Rear Admiral Mikhail Gerasimovich Veselago, she participated in the transportation from Port Arthur via Tangu to Tianjin and Beijing of a land detachment under the command of Colonel Konstantin Andreevich Anisimov.

Since 1904, Captain 2nd Rank Mikhail Vladimirovich Bubnov was appointed commander, who, upon arrival in Port Arthur, was appointed commander of the 2nd detachment of destroyers. Captain 2nd rank V.V. Shelting was appointed instead of him (earlier, in the early 1890s, a senior mine officer).

February 5 "Beaver" and "Gilyak" under the cover of "Gaydamak" carried out trawling from boats in Pigeon Bay

Designed in Russia "For the needs of the Far East". The project was developed according to the tactical and technical specifications of the Marine Technical Committee (MTC), which provided for a displacement of 1100 tons, a speed of about 12 knots, an armored deck and reinforced artillery weapons. The ships were intended for stationary service and artillery support of their troops in the coastal theater of operations.

The ship's hull was made of riveted Siemens-Marten steel with a flat bottom and had a poop, upper and armored decks. The stem under water protruded forward, forming a spyron (ram). On the poop deck, a stern 152-mm gun and four deck windows were placed for additional natural lighting and ventilation of the commander's cabin and officers' mess. Along the side cuts of the upper deck, and along the length of the ship - from the bow 229-mm gun to the end of the stern, there were high box-shaped bulwarks, in which, along the sides, the crew's suspended beds were stored. The armor deck consisted of 12.7 mm thick plates, which were located slightly above the waterline. Additional protection the hulls were provided by coal pits located under the cut of the armored deck. Heating of the premises was provided by steam heating. The ship was equipped with an armored conning tower. The bow gun of the main caliber was located in the bow semi-casemate and had an angle of fire of 36 ° on board from the diametrical plane, which was characteristic feature ships of this type. The cabins of the officers and the commander of the ship were located in the stern, and the crew quarters in the bow of the gunboat. The silhouette of a gunboat had one straight chimney and two masts with brig rigging (later the rigging was changed to three light masts).

The unsinkability of the ship was ensured by dividing the hull with watertight bulkheads into 7 compartments:

  1. Cape machine compartment, ram compartment, chain box, forepeak;
  2. Crew quarters, skipper's storeroom, sailing storeroom;
  3. Command quarters, pantries, hook-chamber and bomb cellar of 229-mm guns;
  4. Boiler room, coal pits;
  5. Engine room, coal pits;
  6. Officers' cabins, aft hook-chambers and bomb cellars;
  7. Commander's cabin and officers' wardroom, tiller compartment, propeller shaft corridor.

The steering device included a steering machine, which was controlled from the steering wheels through a transmission system. The car controlled 1 semi-balanced steering wheel.

The anchor device included 2 Hall anchors, 1 spare Hall anchor, stop anchor and verp, as well as a steam windlass for sampling anchor chains. The windlass, if necessary, could also be rotated manually with the help of vymbovok.

Rescue equipment included 1 longboat, 1 steam launch, 1 rowboat, 1 whaleboat and 1 six-oared yawl.

The power plant is mechanical, two-shaft with two horizontal steam engines double expansion with a capacity of 570 liters. With. each and 4 boilers located in one engine room and one boiler room. Three-cylinder steam engine with one low-pressure, one medium-pressure and one high-pressure cylinder. The machines worked on two side bronze three-bladed propellers. The full speed of the gunboat was 11.7 knots.

The armament of the ship consisted of:

  1. From 1 single-barreled 229-mm Musselius gun with a barrel length of 30 calibers, located in the bow of the upper deck. The gun was located on the central rotary machine Pestich in an armored semi-casemate and had a vertical pointing angle of the barrel from -5 ° to + 11.5 °, and a horizontal pointing angle was 72 °. The barrel is rifled, equipped with a wedge lock weighing 606 kg. The turn time for a full angle by three calculation numbers was 1 minute. The firing range at a sea or coastal target at an angle of inclination of + 11.2 ° and an initial projectile velocity of 597 m / s reached 5.5 km. Fire control was carried out visually. The weight of the artillery mount with the machine was 31.8 tons.
  2. From 1 single-barreled 152-mm cannon of the Obukhov plant with a barrel length of 28 calibers, located aft on the poop deck. The gun on a rotary machine with a friction compressor did not have an armor shield. The barrel is rifled, equipped with a wedge lock weighing 172 kg. The barrel is air-cooled, single unitary ammunition supply with manual loading. The calculation of the installation included 12 people. The vertical pointing angle of the barrel ranged from -6° to +12°, and the horizontal pointing angle - up to 130°. A cast-iron projectile weighing 37.26 kg developed an initial speed of 535 m / s and had a range of fire at a sea or coastal target at an elevation angle of + 6 ° - up to 3.9 km, and at an elevation angle of + 12 ° - up to 5.7 km. Fire control was carried out visually. The mass of the artillery mount with the machine was 8.5 tons.
  3. Of 6 single-barreled 107-mm Krupp guns with a barrel length of 20 calibers, located side by side on the upper deck. The gun was mounted on a Baranovsky rotary metal machine with a hydraulic compressor and a spring knurler and did not have an armor plate. The barrel is rifled, equipped with a wedge lock weighing 56.5 kg. The calculation of the installation included 9 people. A cast-iron grenade weighing 12.4 kg developed an initial speed of 373 m / s and had a range of fire at a sea or coastal target at an elevation angle of + 27.3 ° - up to 5.5 km. The mass of the installation with the machine reached 1.46 tons.
  4. Of 4 five-barreled 37-mm Hotchkiss revolver cannons with a barrel length of 20 calibers, located side by side on the wings of the bridge. A bundle of five barrels was combined into one by means of two copper disks, and the gunner manually rotated the block of barrels. The gun was installed in a copper cup, which was attached to the side or other part of the vessel with six bolts. The rate of fire of the gun without aiming correction was 32 rds. /min A grenade weighing 0.5 kg developed an initial speed of 442 m / s and had a range of fire at a sea or coastal target at an elevation angle of + 11 ° - up to 2.8 km. The mass of the gun with the lock reached 209 kg.

The ships were built at the Bergzund shipyard in Stockholm ("Sivuch") and at the Creighton shipyard in Abo / Turku / ("Beaver").

The lead Sivuch entered service with the fleet in 1884.


Tactical and technical data of the gunboat type "Beaver"

In total, ships were built from 1884 to 1885 - 2 units.

In addition, the boat was involved in patrolling the economic zone. Participated in suppression Yihetuan uprising and in Russo-Japanese War.

Construction

The drawings of the gunboat were developed by Russian engineers and approved by the ITC on April 2, 1883. steam engines with boilers has already been developed earlier at the Creighton and Co. plant. May 28, 1883 between Marine Technical Committee Russian Empire and the Creighton & Co. plant in Abo signed a contract for the construction of a gunboat. According to this agreement, everything was done at the plant, except spars , rigging, chain shturtros , sails , anchors With chain ropes , galleys, desalination apparatus, copper shoulder straps for machine tools, compasses and navigation devices, lanterns and lighting accessories. The cost of building a gunboat was 580,125 rubles, of which 420,375 rubles was the hull, 159,750 rubles was a steam engine with boilers. Deadline - no later than May 31, 1885. The gunboat was named "Beaver". The ship engineer, staff captain Fedorov I.E., was appointed to supervise the construction.

Construction began in January 1884. The steel used for construction was tested in the workshops of the Kronstadt port for compliance with the requirements of the ITC, and only after that it was allowed to work. The Beaver was launched on April 10, 1885. During the descent, the total displacement was 1230 tons.

On October 16, 1886, the gunboat arrived in Kronstadt, where sea trials continued. October 30 "Beaver" on the measured mile developed the highest speed of 12.14 knots. Also, weapons and spars were installed in Kronstadt.

Service

In 1886, the "Beaver" was enrolled in the Baltic Fleet, in August 1886, under the command of Captain 2nd Rank A. Menshikov, began the transition to the Pacific Ocean.

Year "Beaver" arrived in Vladivostok. On July 11, 1887, the ship was officially listed in the Siberian naval crew.

End of 1887 - Carried out stationary service in Chemulpo.

In 1890, hydrographic surveys and survey work in America Bay (now Nakhodka) under the command of the captain of the 2nd rank Pavlovsky P. S. During this expedition, the following were mapped: Bakhirev rock (by the name of midshipman Bakhirev M. K. who discovered it), Belkin bank (named by the name of the hero of the Sevastopol defense of 1854-1855 Lieutenant Belkin M.F.), Cape Erzhikovich (named after the crew member Lieutenant Erzhikovich V.K.), Cape Leaders (named after the chief engineer of the ship Liders E.A.), Cape Musatov (named after the auditor of the ship midshipman Musatov A. A.), Cape Pavlovsky (named after Pavlovsky P. S.), Cape Shvedov (named after the name of the junior engineer of the vessel Shvedov I. S.).

In 1891, the gunboat became part of the squadron Nicholas II, who visited the Far East, and then cruised with security targets near the Commander Islands and under the flag of the head of the Pacific squadron Tyrtov Pavel Petrovich cruised off the coast of China and Japan. In 1891-1892, a crew led by the head of the Separate Survey of the Eastern Ocean, Captain Stenin A. S., surveyed and named one of the entrance capes of Tsezyvay Bay (now Veselkin Bay) by the name of the commander, Captain 2nd Rank Boyle A. R. Ussuri Bay. May 27 appointed commander Enkvist Oscar Adolfovich.

By order of the port commander dated March 14, 1892, Lieutenants were appointed to the Beaver boat: Mayet and Tyrkov as watch officers, midshipman Lagoda as acting auditor, Stepanov as a mine officer, Lieutenant Shelting as a senior artillery officer, Lieutenant Chikhachev as a senior staff officer.

In the early 1890s, the boat was engaged in hydrographic work off the coast of Korea.

In the mid-1890s on the north coast Peninsula Sandy Cape Chikhachev was named after the senior navigator of the gunboat "Beaver", Lieutenant of the KFSh Chikhachev S.S.

In 1897, Cape Beaver was named in the Semyonovsky Bucket (now the Sports Harbor) of the Amur Bay - in honor of the gunboat "Beaver", at the beginning of the 20th century the name was changed to Cape Bobrov. Further appointed commander Boysman Vasily Arsenievich(earlier, from 1892 to 1895 senior officer).

Yihetuan uprising

May 29, 1900 - As part of a detachment of ships under the command rear admiral Veselago participated in the transport Port Arthur through Taka to Tianjin and Beijing ground detachment under the command colonel K. A. Anisimova.

Years for bombardment of the forts at Taku from the international coalition were singled out: from the Russian squadron - gunboats "Beaver", "Koreets", "Gilyak", destroyers No. 204 and 207; from the English - the gunboat Algerin, the counter-destroyers Fame and Whiting; from the French - the gunboat Lyon, from the Germans - the gunboat Iltis, from the Japanese - the gunboat Akagi and the destroyer Kagero. The overall command, as the senior flagship, was entrusted to the commander of the gunboat "Beaver", captain 1st rank Dobrovolsky K. R. At Dagu, they were opposed by 4 forts and four destroyers: "Hai Hua", "Hai Lun", "Hai Qing", "Hai Xi"; also on the outer roadstead was the cruiser "Hai Tien". In the evening of the same day, a meeting of ship commanders aboard the Beaver took place. Then the ships went up the river, and divided into two detachments, took up positions: the Russians and the British at the North-Western Fort; Germans, French and Japanese at Tanggu. At 0050 on June 17, the batteries opened fire on coalition ships. A little later, return fire was opened at the fort from the ships "Beaver", "Gilyak", "Korean" and "Alzherin". Further, Iltis and Lyon joined the ships. Gilyak, Fame and Whiting were attacked by Chinese destroyers, captured and taken to Tang. The Beaver blew up the fort's powder magazine with a successful shot. Later, Dobrovolsky K. R. published his book “The Capture of the Taku Forts”.

Russo-Japanese War

Since 1904, the captain of the 2nd rank has been appointed commander Bubnov Mikhail Vladimirovich, upon arrival in Port Arthur Bubnov M.V. was appointed commander of the 2nd detachment of destroyers. Instead of him, a captain of the 2nd rank was appointed Shelting Vladimir Vladimirovich.

Years under the flag of the admiral Makarova participated in repelling the Japanese attack firewalls on the Port Arthur raid. year "Beaver" accompanied by destroyers " Boyky" and " Stormy"(destroyer commanders had orders to destroy their ships if there was a threat of capture) passed through the Talienvan barriers, went into Hunuez Bay (a bay from the south on the border of the modern regions of Dalian Ganjingzi and Jinzhou) and supported by fire units of the 4th Infantry Division of General Foka A.V. in Battle of Jinzhou. The gunboat was able to delay the advance of the left flank of the Oku army (3rd Infantry Division) and repulse the Japanese attacks during the first half of the day. But after the units of the 4th Japanese division took up positions on the left flank and went to the rear of the Russians, the order was given to withdraw. After some time, the ships returned to the harbor without hindrance.

August 8 Russia as part of the cruiser " Novik", gunboats "Beaver" and " Thundering"reinforced by destroyers during the shelling of Japanese ground units, entered into battle with Japan's OBK as part of cruisers" Matsushima », « Itsukushima » .

On October 20, 1904, she received heavy damage from the fire of Japanese siege artillery, after which it was decided to remove the guns from the gunboat, and transfer the crew to the coastal defenses of the fortress. For military operations during the war, the commander of the boat Shelting VV was awarded the orders of St. George IV degree, St. Stanislav II degree with swords and St. Anna II degree with swords.

December 2, 1904 Misnikov Nikolai Fyodorovich on a 10-oar boat from the Beaver, he delivered dispatches from Port Arthur to Chifa to the commander-in-chief, General Kuropatkin, and the commander of the fleet, Vice Admiral Skrydlov.

On December 13 (26), 1904, the gunboat sank from a hit by a Japanese 280-mm projectile on raid Port Arthur. In 1905 she was raised by Japanese divers and scrapped.

Commanders of the MKL "Beaver"

In 1646, for the first time in France, combat maneuverable ships with powerful weapons were used. These are gunboats that had several powerful guns on their bows, usually from one to three. The ship was a rather large boat of a sailing and rowing type. In most cases, boats were used to guard harbors, battles in lakes and rivers, as well as the coastal zone.

Appearance in the Russian fleet

Since in Russia at that time it was great amount long rivers and water areas, as well as lakes, the construction of gunboats can be called traditional. This is due to the fact that no other ship could fight in such conditions. The first boats of this type appeared during the war with Sweden (1788-1790). Not only was it the basis of the rowing fleet, but the gunboats were a great success and became the most effective tool for firing on rivers and skerries.

In fact, this is an artillery ship that was used both for defense and for attack and support of allied forces. The presence of falconets and large-caliber guns on board provided excellent fire support. Later, the so-called shestakovkas appeared, which were already equipped with a steam engine. They were used during the Crimean War.

Main Models

After the battle boats showed themselves with better side, the decision was made to mass production. In particular, gunboats were delivered to the Far East, where they were most needed. The first and most famous models were called "Brave", as well as "Khivinets". Over time, engineers began to make improvements and produce boats of the Gilyak type, but this did not bring success. The design had many flaws and did not allow for effective combat. Due to the lack of normal armament, such gunboats did not receive further distribution.

But there were new models "Ardagan", "Kare" and others. A distinctive feature was that they were equipped with diesel powerful engines. Although this significantly increased the weight and complexity of the design, it made it possible to achieve high power, and, consequently, speed, which often became the determining factor during a naval battle. But soon the cost-effective "Ardagan" and "Kare" decided to improve. And it happened already during their launch. For this reason, almost half of the fleet went for modernization. A new type of gunboats appeared - "Buryat".

Gunboat "Korean"

This warship immediately after construction was sent to the Far East, where he, in fact, served. "Korean" took an active part in the hostilities of 1900-1905. So, it was used against the Yihetuan uprising, better known as the Boxer uprising, in addition, it took part in the shelling of Fort Taku. During the Russo-Japanese War, "Varyag" and "Koreets" were in the port of Chemulpo and defended Russian interests there.

So, in February 1904, "Varyag" and "Koreets" opposed the whole Japanese squadron of ships. As a result of the battle, there were no losses, since it was fought at a great distance. The gunboat "Koreets" did not reach the enemy, while the Japanese shells for the most part flew over. Since the boat was combat, it was impossible to prevent it from being captured by the enemy. When the crew transferred to the French "Pascal", "Korean" was blown up and, consequently, flooded.

Battle path traveled

During the battle, the Korean was hit by a single Japanese shell. A fire started in the bow, which was extinguished within 15 minutes. There were no casualties among the personnel. When the crew arrived in St. Petersburg, the officers and command were awarded the Order of St. George of the 4th degree, and the sailors were awarded the corresponding insignia.

In 1905, the Koreans raised the gunboat from the bottom and scrapped it. But we can say that the combat path did not end there, since in 1906 the Korean-2 was launched. The upgraded version was equipped with more powerful weapons and had at least some protection. In 1915, this boat was also blown up to exclude the possibility of capture by enemies. It happened during the battles for the Gulf of Riga.

"Hininets" and "Sivuch"

The composition of the Baltic Fleet in tsarist times included the youngest gunboat - "Khivinets". She passed the preliminary tests successfully. In the process of operation, it withstood various adverse conditions. "Khivinets" was built in 1904-1914, during the strengthening of the Russian fleet. But the design was developed back in 1898. Since no modification was provided, such gunboats, the drawings of which you can see in this article, had a very narrow functionality and were not used everywhere. But for quite a long time it served as a base for the construction of other warships. This is due to the fact that she survived in such battles in which other boats went to the bottom.

"Sivuch" is known for its battle in the Gulf of Riga, where it was destroyed in an unequal battle German battleships. It happened in 1915 near the island of Kihnu. Although the German ships destroyed the Sivuch, they were forced to abandon further hostilities in the bay and retreated. The heroism of the personnel saved Riga from the German invaders. The gunboat was called the Baltic "Varangian" for its feat.

The history of the ship "Borb"

If the cruiser "Varyag" and the gunboat "Koreets" were intended more for attack, then the "Borb" was created exclusively for defensive purposes. This ship had a Gilyak base and left the shipyard in 1907, and the development project began in 1906. For the most part, it was used to protect the Amur River almost to Khabarovsk itself. The designers put emphasis on autonomy and cruising range. But during the operation, seaworthiness turned out to be at a rather low level.

"Varyag" and the gunboat "Korean" were of great value to the country. These ships possessed high firepower, which cannot be said about the Bobr boat. There were no special weapons on board, so it was often used as a swimming base. After 21 years of service, she was scrapped. Prototypes for this project were not created.

"Varyag" and gunboat "Korean": functionality and features

Data warships were among the most versatile during the fighting. The design was quite competent, which provided a high degree of buoyancy even if the hull was damaged. The functionality of the cruiser and gunboat was very extensive, but most often they were used:

  • for the defense of coasts and ports;
  • ground forces support;
  • landings;
  • fight against enemy infantry and navy;
  • performance of transport functions.

We can safely say that these were unique vessels.

Ships of such a plan could be reconstructed depending on the purpose of use. So, there are unarmored options, boats with armored decks and battleships. It is quite logical that they were used for various purposes. Armored deck gunboats were the most widely used. With a small mass, they had sufficient protection. "Varyag" (cruiser) and the gunboat "Korean" differed significantly from each other. The second was more maneuverable and mobile, and ensured the operational transfer of troops if necessary. The second was equipped with serious weapons and protection, which made it possible to enter into battle even with several opponents.

About the main characteristics

The designers paid the greatest attention to such an indicator as speed and firepower. The larger the caliber of the gun and the number of guns, the more efficient the use of the vessel was considered. As for speed, it has always been an important characteristic. Usually ranged from 8 to 15 knots. Depending on the purpose of use, the gunboat could be unarmored, which ensured maximum mobility. Protecting the most vulnerable places with armor plates is the most acceptable option. It was possible to achieve optimal speed and survivability. The battleship was protected from all sides, but swam rather slowly. On the one hand, he could survive many direct hits, and on the other hand, he became an easy target for more mobile warships.

Most often, gunboats were equipped with main caliber guns from 200 to 350 mm and auxiliary guns. As the latter, 76-150 mm were often used, but this was more typical of river gunboats. Automatic guns were installed, such as the Zenith. They tried to use machine guns as rarely as possible due to the low firing range.

Unique design solutions

At a time when artillery ships, that is, gunboats, dominated the sea, it was extremely important to constantly develop them specifications. That is why there are a huge number of models. The designers tried to constantly make any changes in terms of weapons or protection. The improvement of power units significantly influenced the cruising range and autonomy of the vessel.

For example, river gunboats tried to make it as light as possible. This significantly reduced the displacement and allowed the vessel to be in shallow water areas. At the same time, naval warships were more massive and powerful. Special attention was not paid to displacement here, where it was more important to ensure a high cruising range and impressive firepower.

Finally

Gunboats Russian production famous for joining unequal bouts with the enemy and often emerged victorious from the battle. This is a merit not only of the ship's designers, but also of the crew, who bravely fought for their homeland. In such cases, the Americans or Germans immediately retreated, not wanting to lose equipment and manpower. The Russians stood to the end. It was thanks to this that more than one naval battle was won. Plus, ours often used outdated weapons, which sometimes did not even allow them to penetrate the enemy’s armor. But all this did not stop him from fighting to the last. Vivid examples of this are "Korean" and "Varyag".

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