Calendar plans (their composition, structure and level of detail) depends on the composition of the organizational and technological documentation in which they are developed. As part of the POS, a calendar plan for the construction and preparatory period is developed and compiled on the basis of labor costs from estimates. As part of the PPR, a calendar plan for the production of works or a network schedule is developed, which reflects in detail the actual duration of construction.
The most common form of a calendar schedule is a network model, which allows you to more clearly reflect the order in which the work of a construction object is performed.
The order of development of calendar plans.
1. Drawing up a list of works in the technological sequence of their implementation;
2. Determination of volumes (according to working drawings);
3. Selection of a production method with a list of necessary machines and mechanisms, calculation of standard labor intensity and machine intensity;
3. Determination of the composition of brigades and units, the number of shifts.
4. Determining the estimated duration of certain types of work and identifying their possibility of combining;
5. Comparison of the received duration according to the schedule with the normative or directive; adjustment.
On the basis of the calendar plan, graphs of the need for materials and labor resources are built.
An example of filling out a calendar plan
Column 1. Name of works.
This column indicates the list of works by types and periods (preparatory, main period) in a strict technological sequence. It is allowed to consolidate some types of work, in this case, the producers of the work must be the same.
Column 2.3 Scope of work. The volumes of work calculated according to the working drawings are indicated.
Column 4. Labor costs. Man.days are indicated, according to the regulatory documents of the GESN, the same in column 6, only machine cm for machines and mechanisms.
Column 5. Required machines. They are selected in two stages: first they are selected based on technical parameters (eg, digging depth, lifting capacity, bucket capacity, etc.), and then on an economic comparison (at the lowest cost).
Column 6. Number of cars. Depending on the volume and timing of the work, the number of necessary equipment is selected.
Column 7. Duration of work. First, the duration of mechanized work is calculated according to the formula below, and then the work performed manually.
where is the required amount of mash-cm;
n M - number of cars (column 6.);
A - the number of work shifts per day (column 8.);
α - coefficient of overfulfillment of production norms (within 1.05-1.25).
The duration of manual work T p (days) is determined by dividing Q p (man. days) by the number of workers n p, the number of shifts A (usually equal to 1) and the over-fulfillment coefficient α (range 1.05-1.25) .
Column 8. The number of shifts is usually taken equal to 2 - for mechanized work, 1 - for manual work.
Column 9. The number of workers per shift. It is determined specifically by the composition of the brigade (column 10).
Column 11. Graphic part. Work performed in one shift is usually indicated by one line, 2 shifts - by two parallel ones. Above them (lines) the number of workers (drivers) and the number of shifts (for example, 2 x 1) are indicated.
Then they compare the normative or directive period with the one built on the chart. The main condition is that the actual deadline according to the calendar plan coincides with the directive or standard deadline or falls within the framework.
To evaluate the calendar plan for the consumption of labor resources, they are built under the graph in the form of a diagram, where the number of workers indicated above the lines of the work schedules is summed up in each period of time.
The calendar plan is estimated by the coefficient of uneven movement of workers Кр=N max/N cf, where N max - the maximum number of workers, N cf - the average number of workers;
If Kp does not exceed 1.5, then the schedule is satisfactory.
An example of a calendar plan (chart) in Excel
The work schedule is a table that displays all the types of work required to implement a particular project. In addition, the schedule shows the order in which the work will be performed and ties them to a specific date. In standard projects, the time period required to complete each type of work is indicated. It also contains information about what resources are needed at any stage of construction - basic materials, equipment and personnel.
Drawing up a calendar plan is the responsibility of the management of any organization in the construction industry. High accuracy and indication of all the details of future work in the schedule guarantees the high quality of the planned work. The creation of a calendar plan for the production of works belongs to the construction industry, however, knowledge of the principles of its preparation allows you to optimize the activities of any company.
Main functions
Drawing up a calendar plan for the production of works performs numerous functions:
The calendar plan of the work schedule allows you to develop a construction project for an object of any level of complexity, calculate the necessary financial, human resources, and technical support for it. The development of such documentation during the construction of a specific object takes place within the established timeframes associated with the sequence of construction work.
The plan sets specific targets. They are divided into tasks of an independent nature, which can be performed outside the development of the plan, and of a dependent nature, which, without planning impossible to perform. The plan reflects the sequence and duration of construction and installation work, installation work, electrical work, earthwork, finishing work.
Here are included the timing and sequence of all construction works, both general and special, which are necessary for the construction of construction projects. The schedule is drawn up taking into account the time required for the execution of each type of work, the composition and quantity of the main resources - people and equipment, as well as a number of individual factors are taken into account. It allows you to control the progress of work and coordinate the work of teams.
How is it compiled
How to draw up a calendar plan for the production of work, the head of any company whose field of activity is related to construction must know. Design has its own sequential execution plan. Initially, the initial data are selected on the basis of a specific project, then the work is detailed, the production norms of labor intensity and material costs are determined.
Then the initial network model is developed. His role is played by the schedule, consisting of the design, preparation, basic workflow and material equipment of each facility. They are broken down into stages, and the plan is put into operation.
After that, using the initial data, specialists develop local, more detailed graphs, and then the local and general network. The anchor points serve as the basis for their connection. The created plan is calculated and analyzed. At the final stage, it is optimized (corrected). The lower part of the graph shows how capital investments are being mastered and the labor force is moving.
The processing of the following data is taken as the initial data:
- projects to be completed by the organization;
- directive tasks, standards for the duration of each construction stage;
- working drawings and estimates;
- data about companies, the number of people involved, financial resources, technical base.
The calendar plan is developed according to the following plan:
Construction example
Certain formulas are used to calculate network diagram parameters. Two parts are used in the calendar production plan - calculated and graphic (linear, cyclogram or network).
Column 1 indicates the sequence of work, they are grouped depending on the types and periods. Due to the compressed volume of the schedule, the works are combined regardless of their performers. Parts that link the work of different brigades are indicated exclusively.
Columns 2 and 3 indicate the amount of work required. Uniform norms and prices provide a common nomenclature. The volume of specialized processes is determined by their cost (production or performance indicators).
Column 4 consists of the complexity of the work, and 5 and 6 - the cost of machine time. This uses the above units of measurement and takes into account possible productivity growth. It is also possible to use departmental norms and rates. To simplify the calculations, production cost estimates are used in the form of aggregated norms, taking into account the achieved production level.
By the time the plan is developed, the choice of production methods and the choice of equipment and mechanisms takes place, their intensive operation is taken into account, in accordance with productivity. Therefore, first, the duration of work is determined using technology, on which the constructed schedule completely depends, and then the duration of work performed by the manual method is established.
The duration of the work process using mechanized equipment is determined by a certain formula. From the number of machine shifts (can be seen under point 6), the figure obtained by dividing the number of units by the number of shifts per day is subtracted. The required amount of equipment is determined by the quantity and nature of construction and installation.
The duration of manual work also has a formula - the labor capacity is divided by the number of people involved in the work process. Column 8 indicates the number of shifts. If special technical devices are used, a two-shift workflow is optimal. This figure depends on the requirements of a particular project and the period of its implementation.
Columns 9 and 10 indicate the number of workers and the composition of the team. The required amount depends on the complexity and duration of the work. At the same time, it is taken into account that the numerical and qualification composition does not change. Professions and qualification levels in one group are placed as rationally as possible.
The brigade is formed after drawing up an indicative set of works, in accordance with column 1, calculating their labor intensity, in accordance with column 4. Then the necessary professions and categories are selected, their optimal combination is determined. The duration of the workflow is set, and the number, professional and qualification level of the workforce is calculated.
Method of development taking into account the reduction of construction time
Construction time is reduced by the method of ceiling-parallel and simultaneous construction and installation. If certain types of work are not related to each other, they are performed simultaneously. However, the workflow remains independent. If technologically there is between certain types of work, combined sections are performed together. At the same time, strict control over compliance with labor protection rules is necessary. For example, if installation and finishing are captured at the same time, finishing is done in the morning, and then the structures are mounted, or vice versa.
As already noted, at certain stages of design in the section "Organization of construction", projects for the organization of construction (POS) and projects for the production of works (PPR) are developed. The composition of the POS and PPR contains calendar plans.
Calendar plan- this is a project document that determines the sequence and timing of the implementation of individual works, establishes their technological relationship in accordance with the nature and volume of construction and installation works. As part of the POS, a consolidated construction calendar plan is developed, and as part of the PPR, calendar plans for the production of works for individual facilities are developed.
The initial data for the development of the schedule are working drawings, construction survey data, information on material and technical resources and regulatory (directive) construction time. When drawing up calendar plans, the use of advanced technology for the production of work is envisaged; with maximum combination of work, uniform loading of the main performers and uniform consumption of resources; compliance with the requirements of technical conditions and safety regulations.
In the consolidated calendar plan, objects with the volume of construction and installation work in monetary terms and the definition of construction periods by years, quarters and months are accepted as planned units. In the calendar plans for the production of work on individual objects, the planned units are the types of construction and installation works, expressed in natural meters. Calendar plans are performed in the form of a linear or, as well as cyclograms.
Drawing up a calendar plan is carried out in a certain sequence: design materials are studied in detail with the appointment of methods for erecting a construction object and the choice of basic construction mechanisms; the volumes of work are calculated with the determination of the standard labor intensity for performing work according to the established nomenclature, the number of machine shifts and the composition of work teams; the nomenclature of stages and complexes of construction and installation works to be included in the calendar plan is established; the shift of work, construction machines is determined, the composition of complex teams is calculated, the duration of individual work and the total duration of all work at the facility are calculated.
The study of design materials is carried out in order to appoint the most progressive technological and organizational solutions. The possibility of continuous flow of work is determined both in specialized (private) flows and in the complex flow of construction of an object. Structural elements and building products are the initial data for determining the number of captures, the number of specialized and integrated teams, etc.
The complexity of construction and installation works is determined in accordance with the current ENiR in accordance with the volumes calculated according to the working drawings. When performing work in specific conditions that are not provided for by the ENiR, the calculation of labor intensity is performed according to local standards. Since the magnitude of labor costs is significantly influenced by the methods of production of construction and installation works, they are determined and assigned before calculating the labor intensity. In the presence of many methods of work, a feasibility comparison of options is carried out. After calculating the labor intensity of certain types of construction and installation works, they begin to draw up a calendar plan with the determination of the timing and technological sequence of their implementation.
The calculation of the labor intensity according to the UNiR of the entire list of works containing a lot of positions would lead to unnecessary detail in the calendar plan, therefore, the same type of work is combined in the plan and their new name is indicated.
The deadlines for performing certain types of work are determined based on their labor intensity and depend on the scope of work, production methods, the number of workers and mechanisms, and the number of shifts. The required number of workers per shift working with mechanisms (pipelayers, hydraulic jacks, etc.) is determined according to the ENiR; for the performance of work not related to the use of heavy machinery, the number of workers per shift is calculated depending on the scope of work.
The number of shifts is assigned depending on the normative (directive) terms of construction and is taken equal to two or three. When performing some types of work, technological breaks are not allowed, which can reduce the quality of building structures. In these cases, work is carried out in three shifts. The excavation of trenches in winter for laying external water supply and sewerage networks in order to avoid re-freezing of the soil is also carried out in three shifts.
The duration of mechanized work is set on the basis of the conditions for the full load of the leading construction machines, taking into account the overfulfillment of production output standards. The duration of manual work is determined depending on the maximum number of workers on one grip. The sequence of execution and technological linkage of works are aimed at reducing construction time, maximizing the combination of work in time in compliance with the established technology and the requirements for safe performance of work with their high quality.
During the construction of standard facilities, the WEP includes standard technological maps for certain types of work or stages of construction. As part of each technological map there is a design document called a technological normal. Technological standards determine the technology of specific construction processes, indicating the sequence and duration of their implementation, for each process, the volume of work, labor intensity and composition of the link or team are given.
If the standard project does not meet the conditions of the object under construction, then a new schedule is developed, which is based on the data of the standard project with its technological standards.
The sequence of work is established taking into account many factors. So, for example, the sealing of the joints of pipelines of external sewer networks is performed only after checking the correct laying of pipelines in a given direction and slope using permanent and running sights. Before hydraulic testing of external water supply networks, concrete stops must be installed at the corners of the turns.
The flow of above-ground works started after completion of the zero cycle works is divided into sections. This is especially important when performing work in winter, when a break between earthworks and foundations can lead to freezing of the bottom of trenches and pits.
Installation of internal sanitary systems in multi-storey buildings is allowed to be carried out in parallel with the construction of the building, with a delay of at least two floors and provided that there is no installation of building structures or laying walls above the room where the sanitary equipment is installed. internal sanitary systems must be completed before the start of finishing work (with the exception of the installation of sanitary appliances).
They are carried out only after the installation above the finished premises.
The calendar plans for the construction of industrial buildings provide for the completion of construction and installation work ahead of the commissioning of buildings to organize the adjustment and commissioning of process equipment. The organization of the sequence of works is based on their production by the in-line method, the continuous and uniform execution of leading works, the combination of general construction works with special ones and the installation of process equipment.
For simple construction processes, the composition of the workers' units is taken according to the ENiR. When performing mechanized and non-mechanized complex construction processes, the quantitative, professional and qualification composition of complex teams of workers with related professions is calculated. In the case when the construction process is carried out with the help of a set of machines, a leading machine is allocated from the set, the operation of which determines the cost of machine time, shift work and its duration. For the production of simple processes of the same name (for example, the laying of reinforced concrete pipes by a pipelayer), a specialized link of installers is assigned.
The calculation of the total time spent by the leading machine is carried out according to the complexity of the work of the link of each simple process performed with the help of the machine.
The professional composition of the brigade is established by the percentage of labor costs for each type of work and the total labor costs for the complex process. The qualification composition is determined by the components of simple processes, in accordance with the relevant ENiR.
The composition of an integrated team can be adopted according to the recommendations of the technological map or according to the work process map.
On the basis of the calendar plan, a schedule is drawn up for the movement of workers in time, both for individual professions, and a consolidated one. It is presented as a diagram below the plan on the same time scale.
The schedule for the movement of workers is compiled by directly counting the number of workers employed in the construction of an object at a certain point in time, and characterizes the uniformity of employment at this object of workers in the main leading professions. They strive to ensure that the workload of workers at the facility is constant. In the presence of work performed episodically (insulation of welded joints), a slight change in the uniformity of loading is allowed.
Summary schedules for the movement of workers most often turn out to be uneven, however, too sharp drops (hollows), meaning temporary breaks in work, indicate an unsuccessful schedule structure that needs to be adjusted until the schedules become acceptable.
With the in-line method of construction, the schedules of movement of workers, as a rule, are characterized by good uniformity of loading, the use of integrated teams eliminates the appearance of failures in the schedule, since the workers of these teams have one or two related professions.
The schedule of movement of the main construction machines and mechanisms should take into account their types and brands.
In accordance with the schedule for the receipt of building products and materials at the facility, the need for which is determined by the working drawings, SNiP and other regulatory sources.
On the basis of the schedule for the receipt of material resources at the facility, limit cards are compiled monthly that determine the need for materials, structures, semi-finished products and other building products.
The KP for the construction of an object, in the form of a linear or network diagram, is designed to determine the sequence and timing of the implementation of general construction, special and installation works carried out during the construction of the object.
These deadlines are set as a result rational linking the deadlines for the implementation of individual works, taking into account the composition and quantity of the main resources, first of all, work teams and leading mechanisms, as well as the specific conditions of the construction area, a separate site and a number of other significant factors.
The procedure for developing a CP is as follows:
1. make up list (nomenclature) of works.
2. In accordance with it for each type of work determine their volumes.
3 .Produce selection of production methods for the main works and leading machines.
4. Counting normative machine and labor intensity.
5. Determine composition of brigades and units.
6. Reveal technological sequence of work.
7. Install work shift.
8. Determine the duration of individual works and their combination with each other; at the same time, according to these data, the number of performers and shifts are adjusted.
9. collate estimated duration with the standard and introduce the necessary amendments.
10. Based on the completed plan develop schedules for resource requirements and their provision.
If flow charts are available, their linkage to local conditions is clarified (correspondence of deadlines, leading mechanisms, availability of required resources, etc.) and the output data of the charts are accepted as calculated for individual sets of works of the facility's KP.
So, having a technological map for the installation of a typical floor and the roof of a residential building, they accept for drawing up a schedule for the construction of a house, laid down in these maps, the installation time and the need for resources.
The initial data for the development of the CP as part of the WEP are:
KP as part of the POS.
Standards for the duration of construction or a directive task.
Technological maps for construction and installation and special works.
RD and estimates.
Data on the organizations participating in the construction, the composition of the teams and the productivity they have achieved, the mechanisms available and the possibility of obtaining the necessary material resources.
The KP for the production of works at the facility consists of two parts: the left - calculated and the right - graphic. Such plans are called schedules.
The graphic part can be linear (linear Gantt chart, cyclogram) or network.
Let's analyze the order of filling the left and then the right parts of the graph, see Table. 6.2.1.
The list of works (column 1) is filled in in the technological sequence of execution with grouping by types and periods of work.
When grouping, it is necessary to adhere to certain rules:
1. Should be possible combine, enlarge the work so that the schedule is concise and easy to read.
2. In the same time aggregation of work has a limit in the form of two restrictions: it is impossible to combine work performed by different performers (SU, sections, teams or units), and in the complex of work performed by one performer, it is necessary to do and show separately that part of the work that opens the scope of work for the next brigades.
Table 6.2.1.
Work Schedule
So, general construction work on a residential building is carried out by one integrated team and, based on this, its work could be reflected in one line. But since a number of other teams are involved in the construction, the general construction work should be divided into such complexes as the installation of structures, indicating the deadlines for completion by floors, tiers, grips, in order to show when (after which floor, tier, grip) they can plumbing and electrical installation work to be started. In turn, the completion of a certain part of the special work allows you to start sealing holes, preparing for floors, etc.
In this way, the enlargement of the list of works in the schedule is limited by technological factors - the sequence of processes and the organizational distribution of work by performers. At the same time, the work of subcontractors is planned in less detail: only their linkage with the work of the general contractor is reflected.
The scope of work (group 2.3.) is determined according to working documents (RD) and estimates. The selection of volumes and estimates is less time consuming, since there is no division of volumes into captures in the estimates, for this, for individual works, you have to use directly the DD and specifications for them, controlling the correctness of the estimates.
Scope of work should be maintained in units adopted in the enlarged complex norms (UKN) or in the uniform norms and prices (ENiR). The volume of special work is determined in terms of value (according to the estimate). In the case when their labor intensity is calculated by output, and when using aggregated indicators - in the meters corresponding to them.
The labor intensity of work (column 4) and the cost of machine time (column 5, 6) are calculated according to different standards. The objectivity of the decisions of the KP is largely determined by the choice of the source of data on labor costs.
The regulatory framework can be:
ENiR, as well as local and departmental norms and prices (MniR, VniR);
Calculations based on ENiR;
Estimated standards (SNiP part IV, EPER);
Enlarged complex standards (UKN);
Specific output in natural (m 3 / person-day, etc.), in cost (rub / person-day, etc.) or volumetric-constructive measurements (person-day / floor and person-day / apartment and etc.).
The first three sources are based on data averaged over all cases, and this is their shortcoming. The calculation for the current ENiR is carried out taking into account the planned increase in labor productivity by introducing a correction factor for the implementation of the norms. Along with the ENiR, local and departmental norms and prices (MNiR, VNiR) are used.
Actual productivity in different organizations differs from the standard one by 1.5-2 times or more.
Calculations make it possible to more fully take into account the entire range of works, but their preparation is laborious and requires high qualifications.
Duration of work (column 7).
By the time the CP is drawn up, work methods must be determined and machines and mechanisms selected.
In the process of scheduling, conditions for intensive operation of the main machines should be ensured by using them in 2-3 shifts without interruptions in work and unnecessary redeployment.
The duration of the mechanized work - T mech (days), is determined by the formula:
T fur \u003d N mash-cm / (n mash * t), (6.2.1)
where: N mash-cm - the required number of machine shifts (column 6); n mash - the number of cars; t- the number of cars per day.
The required number of machines depends on the volume and nature of construction and installation work and the timing of their implementation.
Duration of manual work, T r (days), is calculated by dividing the labor intensity of work - Q r (man-days) by the number of workers - n hours, which can occupy the scope of work:
T p \u003d Q p / n h (6.2.2)
The limiting number of workers who can work on the grip can be determined by dividing the scope of work on the plot, the size of which should be equal to the shift productivity of a link or an individual worker.
The product of the number of plots and the composition of the units gives the maximum number of the brigade in this area.
minimization duration has a limit in the form of three restrictions:
1. The size of the work front;
2. Availability of workers;
3. Technologies of work.
Minimum duration of individual works is determined by the technology of their implementation, for example, concrete, plastering, painting and other works with "wet" processes.
Number of shifts (column 8). When using the main machines, as a rule (mounting cranes, etc.), the number of work shifts is taken at least 2.
Work without the use of machines, as a rule, should be carried out in only one shift.
The shift of work performed manually and with the help of a mechanized tool depends on the available scope of work and the availability of workers.
With a sufficient front, it is advisable to plan these works only in the first shift, in which working conditions are better, the possibility of a clearer organization and management increases, and, accordingly, higher productivity is ensured. In addition, some jobs, such as finishing, only need to be done during the day shift.
The performance of a number of works in the second shift, especially in the autumn-winter period, requires additional measures, such as lighting workplaces, walkways, additional labor protection measures, etc.
However, the implementation of these measures does not completely eliminate the inconvenience of the second shift. Work carried out manually is assigned to the second shift only in those rare cases when the scope of work is sharply limited and the team (link) is forced to split up for shift work (for example, when laying brick pipes).
The number of workers per shift and the composition of the team (gr. 9.10) is determined in accordance with the complexity and duration of work. When calculating the composition of the brigade, it is assumed that the transition from one capture to another should not cause changes in the numerical and qualified composition of the brigade.
Taking into account this circumstance, the most rational structure for combining professions in the brigade is established. Typically, brigades have an established composition, which is taken into account when compiling the CP.
The calculation of the composition of the brigade is carried out in the sequence:
1. Schedule a set of works assigned to the team (column 1).
2. Counting up the complexity of the work included in gr. 4. From the calculation choose labor costs by profession and category of workers.
4. Based on the data on the time required by the leading machine to complete the intended complex, according to the formula (6.2.1) establish duration of the leading process.
5. Counting the numerical composition of units and brigades.
6. Determine professional - qualification composition of the brigade.
In order for the strength of the brigade to correspond to the productivity of the leading machine, it is necessary to take the period of work determined on the basis of the estimated time of operation of the machine as the basis for the calculation.
The quantitative composition of each link - p zv determined on the basis of labor costs for the work assigned to the link - Q p (person-day), and the duration of the leading process - T fur(days) according to the formula:
N star \u003d Q p / (T mech t) (6.2.3)
Quantitative composition brigades are determined by summing up the number of workers of all units that make up the brigade.
Labor costs by profession and category are established by sampling from the calculation of labor costs.
The number of workers by profession and category - n pr determined by the formula:
n pr= N br d , (6.2.4)
where: N br - the total number of the brigade; d - the share of labor costs by profession and category in the total labor intensity of work.
For professions that are not provided with a full load due to an insignificant amount of work in the billing period, a combination of professions is planned. It is desirable that the normative labor intensity of works performed in the order of combination should not exceed 15% of the total labor intensity.
Usually they combine the professions of an installer and a carpenter, an electric welder and an installer, an insulator and a roofer, etc.
The schedule for the production of works - the right part of the KP - clearly displays the progress of work in time, the sequence and linkage of work with each other.
The calendar deadlines for the performance of individual works are set from the condition of observing a strict technological sequence, taking into account the need to provide a front for the implementation of subsequent work in the shortest possible time.
The technological sequence of works depends on the design solutions. Thus, the method of laying internal electrical networks determines the technological sequence for performing plastering, painting and electrical work. Hidden electrical wiring is carried out before plastering and painting, and with open wiring, plastering works precede the installation of electrical wiring.
The main method of reducing the construction time of facilities is the in-line execution of work.
Works that are not interconnected must be performed independently of each other, and interconnected - continuously. If there is a technological connection between the works within the common front, the areas of their implementation are correspondingly shifted and the work is carried out jointly. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the rules of labor protection. For example, when performing installation and finishing work during the day on one grip, finishing work should be planned in the 1st shift, and installation of structures in the 2nd and 3rd.
The scheduling (right side) should begin with the leading work or process, which decisively determines the overall duration of the construction of the facility.
Comparing with the given deadlines, it is possible, if necessary, to reduce the duration of the leading process by increasing the shift and the number of mechanisms for mechanized work or the number of performers for manual work. Depending on the period for which the schedule is calculated, and the complexity of the object, there may be several leading processes.
The timing of the remaining processes is tied to the leading process. All non-leading processes can be divided into two groups according to the nature of scheduling: those executed in a thread (as a rule, in an equal or multiple rhythm with the leading thread) and those performed outside the thread.
Parameters of the calculation part of the CP:
Labor intensity (labor costs) (column 4);
The cost of computer time of the leading machines (machine capacity) (column 6);
Number of cars;
Shift (column 8);
Number of workers (column 9);
Duration of work (column 7).
These parameters may alternately act as an argument or a function when compiling a CP, depending on the accepted initial data and prerequisites. In the first group of processes, the argument is the time-duration of the leading process, and the number of performers is derived (quotient from the division of labor input by duration). This is how plumbing, electrical, carpentry, plastering and other works are designed for the construction of a residential building.
Here it remains to bind the start date of one or another specialized thread in relation to the leader, i.e. establish, with a lag, how many grips (floors) the next process should begin. The solution lies between the minimum, determined by safety considerations, and the maximum, allowed by the established terms of the construction of the facility.
The duration of processes performed outside the flow is assigned within the technologically determined periods of work for them, taking into account the general terms of the construction of the facility.
5.1. The scheduling of work production, depending on the degree of complexity, provides for the development of:
complex network schedule for the construction of a complex object or part of it, which determines the sequence and timing of work with the maximum possible combination of them, as well as the standard operating time of construction machines, determines the need for labor resources and mechanization, identifies stages and work packages assigned to brigades (including those working on the basis of the team contract method), and their quantitative, professional and qualification composition is determined;
calendar plan for the production of work for the construction of a residential or cultural building or part thereof, for the performance of types of technically complex and large-scale work, including a work schedule and a linear or cyclogram form; the calendar plan highlights the stages and types of work assigned to complex and specialized teams, determines their quantitative, professional and qualification composition;
calendar plan for the production of works for the preparatory period of construction, including a work schedule in a linear or cyclogram form or a network schedule.
5.2. The approved materials for providing the objects of the annual production program with labor, material and technical resources serve as the basis for the development of projects for the production of works for the construction of individual objects. The terms for the development of WEP for each facility are determined in accordance with the sequence of construction. Among the tasks of the project for the production of works, it is advisable to single out independent tasks (the solution of which is not related to the development of a calendar plan for the annual program of the construction organization) and dependent tasks (the solution of which is possible only after the development of the calendar plan for the annual program).
5.3. The development of integrated network schedules is carried out on the basis of decisions made in the construction organization project and the work schedule for the annual program of the construction and installation organization.
A comprehensive network schedule should reflect:
sequence and timing of construction and installation works, installation of equipment and its testing;
the sequence and timing of providing work with material and technical resources and the timing of delivery for installation of equipment, instruments, cable products; terms of transfer to the customer after the completion of individual tests of the installed equipment for its comprehensive testing.
The development of a comprehensive network schedule is carried out in the following order.
Initial data are selected from the project (including the construction organization project) with the necessary detail of the work; the labor intensity is determined according to the ENiR or production standards; and according to estimates developed on the basis of working drawings, cost.
An initial network schedule (network model) is being developed, which should show the design, preparatory, main work and equipment supply for each of the facilities, broken down by main stages, as well as commissioning. Based on the initial data, local graphs are developed with greater detail, and then the local networks are “crosslinked” with the general network using the reference points of the original graph. After that, the network graph is calculated and analyzed.
The final stage is the optimization (adjustment) of the schedule; at the bottom of the graph should be shown the development of capital investments and the movement of labor.
5.4. The calendar plan for the production of work on the construction of a residential or cultural building is designed to determine the sequence and timing of the performance of general construction, special and installation work carried out during the construction of an object. These deadlines are established as a result of rationally linking the deadlines for the implementation of certain types of work, taking into account the composition and quantity of the main resources, primarily work teams and leading mechanisms, as well as the specific conditions of the construction area, a separate site and a number of other significant factors.
According to the calendar plan, the need for labor and material and technical resources is calculated in time, as well as the delivery time for all types of equipment. These calculations are performed for the facility as a whole and for individual periods of construction. On the basis of the calendar plan, the progress of work is controlled and the work of performers is coordinated. The dates of work calculated in the calendar plan are used as starting points in more detailed planning documents, for example, in weekly-daily schedules and shift assignments.
5.5. The initial data for the development of calendar plans as part of the project for the production of works are:
calendar plans as part of the construction organization project;
standards for the duration of construction or a directive task;
working drawings and estimates;
data on organizations - participants in the construction, conditions for providing workers with builders in the main professions, the use of collective, team contracts for the performance of work, production and technological equipment and transportation of building materials, data on the available mechanisms and opportunities for obtaining the necessary material resources;
calendar plans for the production of works for the annual program of the construction and installation organization.
The order of development of the calendar plan is as follows:
draws up a list (nomenclature) of works;
in accordance with the nomenclature for each type of work, their volumes are determined;
the choice of production methods for the main works and leading machines is made;
normative machine and labor intensity is calculated;
the composition of brigades and units is determined;
the technological sequence of work is determined;
work shift is established;
the duration of work and their combination are determined, the number of performers and shifts are adjusted;
the estimated duration is compared with the normative one and adjustments are made;
based on the completed plan, schedules for resource requirements are developed.
5.6. If technological maps are available, their binding to local conditions is given. The input data of the maps are accepted as calculation data for individual work packages of the object's calendar plan. So, having a technological map for the installation of a typical stage and the roof of a residential building, to draw up a schedule for the construction of a house, they take the installation time and the need for resources laid down in the maps.
5.7. The calendar plan for the production of works at the facility consists of two parts: the left - calculated (Table 21) and the right - graphic. The graphic part can be linear (Gantt chart, cyclogram) or network.
Column 1 (list of works) is filled in in the technological sequence of work with their grouping by types and periods. In order for the schedule to be concise, work, with the exception of those performed by different performers (SU, sections, teams or links), must be combined. In the complex of works of one performer, the part that opens the front for the work of the next team should be shown separately.
Table 21
|
Scope of work |
labor costs, |
Required machines |
Duration |
Number of workers |
Operating schedule |
|||||
|
unit |
quantity |
Name |
number of cars - shifts |
work, days |
(days, months) |
|||||
The scope of work (columns 2, 3) is determined according to working drawings and estimates and is expressed in units adopted in the Uniform Rates and Prices (ENiR). The volume of special work is determined in terms of cost (according to the estimate), if the labor intensity is calculated by output; when using aggregated indicators - in the corresponding meters.
The labor intensity of work (column 4) and the cost of machine time (columns 5, 6) are calculated according to the current UNiR, taking into account the planned increase in labor productivity by introducing a correction factor for overfulfillment of the norms. Along with the ENiR, local and departmental norms and prices (MNiR, VNiR) are used.
To simplify the calculation, it is advisable to use enlarged norms developed on the basis of production cost estimates. Enlarged norms are drawn up according to the types of work for a building or its part (section, span, tier), structural element (installation of floors with welding of embedded parts) or a complex process (for example, plastering of the internal surfaces of houses, including plastering of walls, slopes, rustication with partial surface notch, solution tray).
The aggregated norms take into account the achieved level of labor productivity. In the absence of aggregated standards, they first make up a calculation of labor costs, the calculation results of which are transferred to the schedule.
By the time the schedule is drawn up, the methods of work production must be determined and machines and mechanisms selected. When drawing up the schedule, the conditions for intensive operation of the main machines should be provided. The duration of mechanized work should be determined only by the productivity of the machine. Therefore, the duration of mechanized work is first set, the rhythm of which determines the entire scheduling, and then the duration of manual work is calculated.
The duration of the mechanized work T fur, days, is determined by the formula
T fur = N machine-cm /( n mash m), (28)
where N machine-cm - the required number of machine shifts (column 6); n mash - the number of cars; m- the number of work shifts per day (column 8).
The required number of machines depends on the volume and nature of construction and installation works and the timing of their implementation.
Duration of manual work T p, days, calculated by dividing the labor intensity of the work Q r, man-days, per number of workers n h, which can take the front of the work
The limiting number of workers who can work on the grip is determined by dividing the front of work into plots, the size of which should be equal to the shift productivity of a link or one worker. The product of the number of plots and the composition of the units gives the maximum number of the brigade in this area.
Minimization of the duration has a limit in the form of three restrictions: the size of the front of work, the availability of workers and the technology of work. The minimum duration of individual works is determined by the technology of their implementation.
The number of shifts is reflected in gr. 8. When using the main machines (mounting cranes, excavators), the number of shifts is taken at least two. The shift of work performed manually and with the help of a mechanized tool depends on the front of the work and the workforce. The number of shifts is also determined by the requirements of the project (continuous concreting, etc.) and the target dates for the construction of the facility.
The number of workers per shift and the composition of the team (columns 9 and 10) are determined in accordance with the complexity and duration of work. When calculating the composition of the brigade, it is assumed that the transition from one capture to another should not cause changes in the numerical and qualification composition. With this in mind, the most rational combination of professions in the brigade is established. The calculation of the composition of the brigade is carried out in the following order: a set of works assigned to the brigade is outlined (for gr. 1); the labor intensity of the works included in the complex is calculated (column 4); are selected from the calculation of labor costs by profession and category of workers; recommendations are established for the rational combination of professions; the duration of the leading process is set on the basis of data on the time required by the leading machine to complete the intended complex; the numerical composition of the units and the brigade is calculated; the professional and qualification composition of the brigade is determined.
The complex of works assigned to the team includes all operations necessary for the smooth operation of the leading machine, as well as all technologically related or dependent ones. During the construction of the above-ground part of large-panel houses in two cycles, the first, along with the installation, includes all the installation-related work: carpentry, special, etc., which prepare the house for painting work. During the construction of brick buildings in three cycles, the first one is entrusted to the team (along with installation and related) general construction, providing preparation for plastering. In the second and third cycles, plastering and painting works are performed, respectively.
In order for the strength of the brigade to correspond to the productivity of the leading machine, it is necessary to take the period of work, determined by the estimated time of operation of the machine, as the basis for the calculation.
The quantitative composition of each link n sv is determined on the basis of labor costs for the work assigned to the link, Q p, man-days, and the duration of the leading process T fur, days, according to the formula
n sv = Q R / T fur m. (30)
The quantitative composition of the brigade is determined by summing up the number of workers of all units of the brigade.
Labor costs by profession and category are established by sampling from the calculation of labor costs. Number of workers by profession and category n pr is determined by the formula
n pr = N br d, (31)
where N br is the total number of the brigade; d- the share of labor costs by profession and category in the total labor intensity of work.
5.8. Schedule of work production - the right part of the calendar plan clearly displays the progress of work in time, the sequence and linkage of work with each other.
The calendar deadlines for the performance of individual works are established from the condition of observing a strict technological sequence, taking into account the submission of a front of work in the shortest possible time for the implementation of subsequent ones.
The technological sequence of work depends on specific design solutions. Thus, the method of laying internal electrical networks determines the technological sequence for performing plastering, painting and electrical work. Hidden electrical wiring is carried out before finishing work, and with open plastering work, it is preceded by the installation of electrical wiring.
The period of readiness of the front of work in some cases increases due to the need to observe technological breaks between two successive works. If necessary, the amount of technological breaks can be reduced by applying more intensive methods.
The technological sequence of a number of works also depends on the period of the year and the area of construction. For the summer period, it is necessary to plan the production of the main volumes of earthworks, concrete, reinforced concrete works in order to reduce their labor intensity and cost. If the finishing work falls on the autumn-winter period, then the glazing and heating installation must be completed by the start of the finishing work. If external and internal plastering can be performed during the warm season, then internal plastering is carried out first, as this opens the front for subsequent work. But if during this period it is impossible to complete the external internal plastering, then before the onset of cold weather, work on external plastering is forced, thanks to which conditions are created for internal plastering work in the autumn-winter period, etc.
5.9. The main method of reducing the construction time of facilities is the flow-parallel and combined performance of construction and installation works. Works that are not related to each other must be performed in parallel and independently of each other. If there is a technological connection between the works within the common front, the areas of their implementation are correspondingly shifted and the work is carried out simultaneously. In this case, it is necessary to strictly observe the rules of labor protection. For example, when performing during the day on one grip of installation and finishing work, it should be provided for the execution of finishing work in the first shift, and in the second or third installation of structures.
5.10. Alignment of the schedule of the need for workers for the facility as a whole is achieved by redistributing the start and end dates of work. But this alignment is relative and is carried out only within the rational technological sequence of work.
5.11. The scheduling (right side) should begin with the leading work or process, which decisively determines the overall duration of the construction of the facility. Comparing with the norm, it is possible, if necessary, to reduce the duration of the leading process by increasing the shift and the number of mechanisms, or the number of performers in the work performed manually. Depending on the period for which the schedule is calculated, and the complexity of the object, there may be several leading processes. The timing of other processes are tied to the leader. All non-leading processes can be divided into two groups: threaded (as a rule, in equal or multiple rhythm with the leading thread) and outside the thread.
In the first group, the number of performers is defined as the quotient of dividing the labor intensity by the duration of the leading process. This is how plumbing, electrical, carpentry, plastering and other works are designed for the construction of a residential building. Here it remains to bind the start date of one or another specialized thread in relation to the leader, that is, to establish - with a lag of how many captures the next process should start.
The solution is between the minimum determined by safety considerations and the minimum allowed by the established time frame for the construction of the facility.
The duration of the processes performed outside the flow is assigned within the technologically determined periods of work for them, taking into account the general terms of the construction of the facility.
5.12. The calendar plan of work performed during the preparatory period is developed taking into account the accepted sequence of construction and the scope of work; the data of the construction master plan are also taken into account, since it establishes the nomenclature of temporary construction objects and the scope of work. The methodology for developing this plan and the initial data are similar to those adopted for the construction schedule.
The composition and procedure for performing the work of the preparatory period depend on the adopted technology and local conditions. The on-site work of the preparatory period includes work related to the development of the construction site and ensuring the normal start and development of the main construction period, including: the creation by the customer of a reference geodetic network - red lines, reference points of the main axes of buildings, reference construction grid; development of the construction site - clearing the territory, demolition of buildings, etc.; engineering preparation of the site - planning of the territory with the organization of an organized flow of surface water, the installation of permanent or temporary roads, the transfer of existing networks and the installation of new ones to supply construction with water and electricity; arrangement of temporary structures; arrangement of means of communication (telephone, radio and teletype) for construction management.
5.13. When designing the production of works for each specific object, additionally take into account the following main factors: the scheme of load-bearing structures (with longitudinal load-bearing walls, with transverse load-bearing partitions, frame-panel, etc.); building construction material (brick, prefabricated or monolithic concrete); number of storeys; length and configuration in plan; given construction time; seasonal conditions for the production of works; the current level of technology and organization of work; degree of specialization.
Typically, the construction of a residential building is provided for in three cycles.
The first cycle is the construction of the underground part of the house; the leading process is the installation of basement structures. In complex geological and hydrogeological conditions, the leading works are the construction of an artificial foundation. Depending on the design of the basement and the amount of work, a division into grips is made. To break down the work and organize their threaded execution, it is advisable to have at least two captures.
In buildings with up to four sections, excavation of the soil is planned in one grip, and for longer ones - in two or more. In the latter case, the installation of foundations begins after the end of the mechanized excavation of the soil on the first grip. In the case of a small gap in time between cycles or an insignificant depth of the pit, when the crane can be installed outside the collapse prism, it is advisable to use a crane intended for the construction of the above-ground part of the building for the installation of the underground part. In any case, the feasibility of choosing a crane must be economically justified.
The installation of prefabricated foundations is carried out simultaneously with the manual finishing of the soil and the filling of the sand bed.
With a pile version of the foundations, a multi-grip system should be adopted, optimally in 6 grips - according to the number of processes: striker (1), cutting and preparation of heads (2); cleaning the base of the grillage (3); formwork and reinforcement works (3); concreting (4); curing of concrete (5); demoulding (6).
Installation (or laying) of walls and partitions of the basement covers, in addition to the main ones, works on the installation of horizontal insulation, reinforcing belts, porches, pits.
Backfilling of the sinuses of the pit from the inside and backfilling under the floors are carried out after the installation of the first row of wall blocks and are planned in the schedule parallel to the installation of the walls.
The device for the outlets and inputs of communications (sewerage, drainage, water supply, heating systems, gas, power supply, telephone installation, dispatch communication) is provided before filling the sinuses of the pit from the outside.
Waterproofing of the walls is carried out after the completion of the installation of the walls before filling the external sinuses. It is advisable to plan the pasting waterproofing according to the grips, and the coating waterproofing, given the high performance of asphalt distributors, can be shown in the graph outside the flow.
Installation of floors and welding work on them are planned after the completion of concrete floors in the basement. It is impossible to divide the installation of the ceiling into sections equal to those accepted for the installation of walls, since the machine intensity of the installation of floors is insignificant compared to the bulk work on the foundations and walls of the underground part of the building.
In table. 22 shows the schedule for the production of work on the underground part of a residential 9-storey 6-section house of the I-515 series on a strip foundation.
Table 22
|
Scope of work |
Labor- |
Machine capacity |
Continued |
Working day |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
unit of measure |
quantity |
capacity, pers. days |
name of machines |
number of machine-shifts |
work life, days |
your shift |
workers per shift |
brigades | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
Soil excavation with loading into dump trucks |
Driver Pom. machinist | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Digging trenches by hand along the transverse axes |
¾¾¾¾ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Manual selection of soil under the base with stripping | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Sand base for foundations |
diggers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Foundation installation |
Installers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
blocks |
concrete workers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Installation of wall blocks and plinth panels with auxiliary works |
Installers |
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Horizontal insulation device in two levels |
concrete workers |
¾¾¾¾¾ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Arrangement of porches and entrances to the technical underground |
concrete workers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Arrangement of outlets, inputs and transit communications in the technical underground |
plumbers |
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Backfilling and floor preparation |
diggers concrete workers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Installation of stair ceilings |
Installers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
marches and platforms with welding and auxiliary |
concrete workers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
mighty works | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
The device of monolithic terminations |
Fitter | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Vertical coating waterproofing of walls with bitumen |
Asphalt distributor |
concrete carpenter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Driver | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
concrete workers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Backfilling of the sinuses from the outside |
Driver | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
from dump trucks with manual compaction |
diggers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Note: One ruler - 1st capture; two rulers - the 2nd capture.
The second cycle - the construction of the above-ground part of the house - includes: the construction of the above-ground part with related work; civil works; special (sanitary, electrical, etc.). The leading process of this cycle is the installation (or laying) of the structures of the above-ground part of the house (box). Depending on the structures and volume of the house, the division into sections is made. Single-section buildings (towers) during the installation of the box in the plan are not divided into grips. Related works (welding, sealing and sealing of joints, jointing) are carried out simultaneously with installation in different areas. Vertically, the box is divided into tiers equal to one floor, except for frame buildings with columns 2 floors high; in this case, 2 floors are taken as a tier. Extended buildings are divided into sections, the size of which is taken equal to the minimum floor - sections and the maximum floor of the house. Usually, half a floor is taken for a grip in houses from 3 to 6 sections.
The basis for the construction of multi-section buildings, regardless of their constructive solution, is the following technological principles: installation of structures in two parallel flows (3, 4 and 5 sections each) using two tower cranes; combination with the installation of subsequent general construction and special works. In this case, the building is divided into two sections, and each section, in turn, into blocks. Construction work, combined with the installation of structures, is carried out simultaneously at two sites, but at different stages and sites.
When drawing up a schedule, in addition to purely installation work, it is necessary to provide for the supply of various component materials and parts to the floor - prefabricated elements of ventilation ducts and garbage chutes, electrical panels, heating appliances, pipe wiring blanks. In parallel with the installation of structures, it is recommended to carry out work on the installation of railings for stairs and balconies. With a delay of 1 - 2 floors, general construction work should be planned; their composition is listed in the attached calendar plan for the construction of a large-panel house, Table. 23.
Table 23
|
Name |
Volume of work |
crane operation, |
labor input, |
duration, |
Quantity |
|
|
unit |
amount | |||||
|
Installation of floors with welding and sealing of joints. Submission of materials to the floors | ||||||
|
Roof installation, ceiling insulation, supply of materials | ||||||
|
Exterior wall jointing on the inside and outside | ||||||
|
Welding railings for balconies and stairs | ||||||
|
Filling door and window openings, arranging cabinets, extensions, installing appliances, covering overhangs | ||||||
|
Caulking of adjoining panel partitions | ||||||
|
Waterproofing of bathrooms and balconies with floor preparation | ||||||
|
Plastering and tiling works | ||||||
|
Soft roof device | ||||||
|
Electrical work | ||||||
|
Plumbing work | ||||||
|
Linoleum flooring in the room Painting works | ||||||
Table 23 continued
|
Name |
The composition of the brigade |
Working day |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
professions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Installation of floors with welding and sealing of joints. Submission of materials to the floors |
Installer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Roof installation, ceiling insulation, supply of materials |
Rigger Welders | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Jointing of the seams of the outer walls from the inside and outside |
dockers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
side |
concrete workers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Welding of railings | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
new and stairs |
Pistol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Filling door and window openings, arranging cabinets, extensions, installing appliances, covering overhangs |
Carpenters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Caulking of adjoining panel partitions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Floor preparation device with screed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Waterproofing of bathrooms and |
concrete workers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
balconies with floor preparation |
Insulators | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Plastering and tiling works |
Plasterers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Soft roof device |
Roofers-insulators |
staircase |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Electric installation work |
Wiring- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Roof floors 1–5 II cycle |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Plumbing work |
1st–5th floors of the roof III cycle |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Linoleum flooring in the room Painting works |
Painters-tilers |
Painting works |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Landscaping |
landscaping |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Designing the production of special works - sanitary and electrical - is carried out in conjunction with general construction and finishing. Special works are carried out in parallel with each other in two floors:
Stage 1 - before plastering works with a lag of one or two floors from installation. The works are planned according to the grips with a step equal to the rhythm of the installation of the floor.
Stage II - according to the cycles of readiness for painting work (does not match for sanitary and electrical work). Completion of all special works must comply with the completion deadlines. The work of this stage is carried out, as a rule, outside the flow - without dividing into sections.
I stage of sanitary works includes installation of internal systems of cold and hot water supply, heating and gas supply. In winter, additional work should be provided for the installation of temporary systems for heating the finished floors.
Stage II of sanitary works begins after the first cycle of painting works, when preparations for the last painting are completed in the sanitary facilities and kitchens, which opens the front for the installation of sanitary equipment. All plumbing work is carried out by one team, which does not exclude internal specialization (a link for assembling sewer cast-iron pipelines, a link for welding steel pipes).
Stage I of electrical installation work includes: marking routes, punching and drilling nests, grooves and furrows, laying risers, pipes and sleeves for hidden wiring, laying wires with partial termination in walls and in preparation for floors, installing junction boxes, floor cabinets and shields and etc.
Stage II of electrical and low-current work begins after painting the ceilings and ends after pasting (painting) the walls. Work at this stage is carried out outside the flow without dividing into grips. After painting - "opening" the ceilings in the apartments, they carry out the suspension of cartridges and lamps. Following the pasting or painting of the walls, switches, sockets, bells, ceiling lights are installed. Upon completion of the finishing work in the house, low-current wiring of the radio broadcasting network, dispatch communications, and fire alarms are carried out. As a rule, both high-current and low-current work are performed by the same links, but in conditions of a high concentration of construction, low-current devices are mounted by specialized organizations.
Lift installation works are performed by specialized subcontractors. Elevator tubings are installed by a complex team that assembles the house. Lift fitters begin to align the elements and install the elevator units during the installation of the upper floors in a timely manner that ensures the timely completion of work. The beginning of these works in 9-storey buildings falls on the completion of the assembly of seven floors. The alignment of the elements and the installation of the elevator units are carried out on the grips, free from the installation of the house structures.
The third cycle is the production of finishing works in a residential building. Plastering work in brick buildings is carried out by specialized teams (links) of finishing SU, and in prefabricated buildings - complex teams. Depending on the deadlines and the availability of labor, plasterers immediately occupy the entire scope of work or perform work in a streaming method, taking the floor of the house as a capture and moving with a step equal to the installation of the floor. Tiled works are carried out in one cycle with plastering.
Painting work is carried out on all floors simultaneously with a breakdown into two stages. At the 1st stage, puttying and painting of ceilings, painting of loggias, balconies, external slopes of windows, preparation for wallpapering and painting of walls and joinery is carried out. The laying of parquet and linoleum with the sewing of skirting boards can be started after the last wet process - “opening the ceilings” and, like painting work, can be done out of flow. As these works are completed, the front is opened for the second stage of painting work.
At the II stage of painting works, wallpapering, painting of walls and joinery is carried out.
The combination of plastering and tiling, painting and parquet, painting and special works is achieved by dividing the scope of work within a section, floor and even an apartment. Performing painting works, especially those related to stage II, broken down into sections by stages - sections, is not advisable. Stage II painting work should be carried out immediately throughout the house, in a short time, before putting it into operation.