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Dislocation
A dislocation is a displacement of the articular ends of the bones, partially or completely violating their mutual contact. FIRST AID should consist, as a rule, in fixing the injured limb, giving an anesthetic and referring the victim to a medical institution.
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Bleeding
Bleeding is the outflow of blood from damaged blood vessels. It is one of the frequent and dangerous consequences of injuries, injuries and burns. Depending on the type of damaged vessel, there are: arterial, capillary and venous bleeding. The procedure for applying a hemostatic tourniquet: 1. The tourniquet is applied in case of damage to the large arteries of the extremities above the wound, so that it completely occludes the artery. 2. The tourniquet is applied with a raised limb, placing a soft tissue under it, make several turns until the bleeding stops completely. The coils should lie close to each other so that folds of clothing do not fall between them. The ends of the harness are securely fixed. A properly tightened tourniquet should stop the bleeding and cause the peripheral pulse to disappear. 3. A note must be attached to the tourniquet indicating the time the tourniquet was applied. 4. The tourniquet is applied for no more than 1.5-2 hours, and in the cold season, the duration of the tourniquet is reduced to 1 hour. 5. If it is absolutely necessary for a longer stay of the tourniquet on the limb, it is loosened for 5-10 minutes, for this time the damaged vessel is pressed with fingers.
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Fainting
Fainting is a sudden short-term loss of consciousness, accompanied by a weakening of the activity of the heart and breathing. Occurs with rapidly developing anemia of the brain and lasts from a few seconds to 5-10 minutes or more. FIRST AID. First of all, it is necessary to lay the victim on his back so that his head is slightly lowered and his legs are raised. To facilitate breathing, release the neck and chest from tight clothing. Warmly cover the victim, put a heating pad at his feet. Rub ammonia on the patient's temples and bring a cotton swab moistened with ammonia to the nose, and spray your face with cold water. With prolonged fainting, artificial respiration is indicated. After regaining consciousness, give him hot coffee.
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fracture
A fracture is a violation of the integrity of the bone, caused by violence or a pathological process. FIRST AID consists in ensuring the immobility of bone fragments (transport immobilization) of the injured limb with splints or sticks, boards, etc. at hand. The affected person is given painkillers: analgin, amidopyrine, diphenhydramine, dosage depending on the age of the victim.
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Wound
A wound is a mechanical damage to the integument of the body, often accompanied by a violation of the integrity of muscles, nerves, large vessels, bones, internal organs, cavities and joints. FIRST AID Any wound should be covered with a bandage, if possible aseptic (sterile). The victim must be given an anesthetic and antibiotics. The victim must be transported to a medical facility as soon as possible.
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stretching
Stretching - damage to soft tissues (ligaments, muscles, tendons, nerves) under the influence of a force that does not violate their integrity. Most often, stretching of the ligamentous apparatus of the joints occurs with incorrect, sudden and abrupt movements that go beyond the normal range of motion of this joint. FIRST AID involves providing rest to the victim, tight bandaging of the damaged joint, ensuring its mobility and reducing hemorrhage. Then you need to see a doctor - a traumatologist.
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Artificial respiration
Artificial respiration is an urgent first aid measure for drowning, suffocation, electric shock, heat and sunstroke. It is carried out until the victim is completely breathing. THE MECHANISM OF ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION is as follows: - lay the victim on a horizontal surface; - clean the mouth and throat of the victim from saliva, mucus, earth and other foreign objects; if the jaws are tightly clenched, move them apart; - tilt the head of the victim back, putting one hand on the forehead and the other on the back of the head; - take a deep breath, bending over to the victim, seal the area of \u200b\u200bhis mouth with your lips and exhale. The exhalation should last about 1 second and help lift the victim's chest. In this case, the nostrils of the victim should be closed, and the mouth covered with gauze or a handkerchief, for reasons of hygiene; - frequency of artificial respiration - 16-18 times per minute; - periodically release the stomach of the victim from the air, pressing on the epigastric region.
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Heart massage
Cardiac massage - a mechanical effect on the heart after it has stopped in order to restore activity and maintain continuous blood flow, until the heart resumes its work. THE MECHANISM OF EXTERNAL MASSAGE OF THE HEART is as follows: the victim is placed on his back, on a flat and hard surface (floor, table, ground, etc.), the belt and collar of clothing are unfastened. The assisting person, standing on the left side, puts the palm of the hand on the lower third of the sternum, puts the second palm crosswise on top and produces a strong dosed pressure towards the spine. Pressure is produced in the form of pushes, at least 60 per 1 min. When conducting a massage in an adult, a significant effort is required not only of the hands, but of the entire body of the body. In children, massage is performed with one hand, and in infants and newborns - with the tips of the index and middle fingers, with a frequency of 100-110 shocks per minute. The displacement of the sternum in children should be within 1.5-2 cm.
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electrical injury
ELECTRICAL INJURY occurs when a person comes into direct or indirect contact with a source of electricity. When providing FIRST AID to the affected, it is necessary to quickly release the affected person from the action of electric current, using improvised means. For the purpose of self-defense, the person providing assistance must wrap his hands with rubberized cloth, dry cloth, put on rubber gloves, stand on a dry board, wooden shield, etc. The victim should be taken by those parts of clothing that are not directly adjacent to the body. RESUSCITATION AIDs include: - carrying out artificial respiration from mouth to mouth or from mouth to nose; - implementation of a closed heart massage. To relieve (reduce) pain, the victim is given (given) an anesthetic drug. An aseptic dressing is applied to the area of electrical burns.
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Thermal burn
THERMAL BURN is a type of injury that occurs when body tissues are exposed to high temperature. FIRST AID consists in: - termination of the traumatic agent; - extinguishing burning clothes or incendiary mixture; - prevention of shock: the introduction (dacha) of painkillers; - removal (cutting) from the affected areas of the body of the affected clothing; - applying an aseptic bandage to the burnt surfaces; - Immediate referral to a medical facility.
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