operational time
conditional time used in command and staff exercises and games, staff training, group exercises, combat and operational training, etc., during which the plan is carried out and the tasks assigned to the participants in these actions are solved.
Edwart. Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2010
See what "Operational time" is in other dictionaries:
operational time- Part of the piece time, equal to the sum of the main and auxiliary time. [GOST 3.1109 82] Topics technological processes in general EN base cycle time DE operative Zeit ...
operational time- 75. Operative time D. Operative zeit E. Base cycle time Source: GOST 3.1109 82: Unified system of technological documentation. Terms and definitions of basic concepts ...
operational time- conditional time (hours, minutes, date) used in command post exercises and group tactical exercises for drawing the next stage of the exercise or solving the introductory one as of a certain time specified in the plan of the exercise (class) ... ... Brief dictionary of operational-tactical and general military terms
operational time- conditional time used in command and staff exercises and games, staff training, in group exercises, in combat and operational training, etc., during which the plan is carried out and the tasks set by ... ... Civil protection. Conceptual and terminological dictionary
operational time of maintenance (repair)- The time spent by the contractor to perform the maintenance (repair) operation, determined by the design and technical condition of the facility. Explanations The concept of "operational time for maintenance (repair)" is used ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook
Operational maintenance time- (repair) - the cost of the contractor's time to perform the maintenance (repair) operation, determined by the design and technical condition of the object. Explanations. The concept of “Operational maintenance time ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials
operational time of preventive maintenance- — [Ya.N. Luginsky, M.S. Fezi Zhilinskaya, Yu.S. Kabirov. English Russian Dictionary of Electrical Engineering and Power Industry, Moscow, 1999] Electrical engineering topics, basic concepts EN active preventive maintenance time ... Technical Translator's Handbook
Operational time of operation of a device of a digital computing system- 9. Operational time of the device of a digital computing system Operational time of the device The time interval during which the device is in the on and operable state under the functionally determined ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
Operational time of maintenance (repair)- 3 . Operational maintenance (repair) time The time spent by the performer to perform the maintenance (repair) operation, determined by the design and technical condition of the object Source ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
Country: Cuba Basics ... Wikipedia
Books
- Managing the actions of subordinates. Effective operational management (two-day seminar) (CDmp3), Alexander Fridman. Course content: - Introduction to the exploitation of man by man: Power as the basis of effective management, and how to use it. The main tools of operational management are…
- Principles of theoretical linguistics. A collection of unpublished texts prepared under the direction and with a preface by Roque Valen, Guillaume G.
-basic
- auxiliary time
Auxiliary time is calculated by the formula
time to change tools
- time to change the feed of the machine;
-time to change the speed of the machine;
- time for installation and removal of the workpiece;
- time of transition from one machine to another.
Thus, the operational time is calculated by the formula:
Auxiliary time for rough turning d= 22.5 * 88
Operative time for rough turning d= 22.5 * 88
Similarly, the operating time for subsequent transitions is calculated.
3.Workplace maintenance time, organizational time
workplace maintenance and break times:
-share of time as a percentage of operational time
- operational time
For lathe
For grinding machine
For milling machine
4. Piece time
For milling operation
=0.7+6.6=7.2 min
- time of maintenance of the workplace;
- organizational time;
- time of breaks;
- operational time.
Similarly, piece time is calculated for other operations.
5. piece - calculation time.
For milling operation
Similarly, the piece-calculation time is calculated for other operations.
Number of machines
N- an annual program for the production of parts;
-
real fund of time.
Equipment load factor
=0.3
-
estimated number of machines
- accepted number of machines
8. Justification, design, calculation and description of the operation of a special device for end milling.
The development of the design of the machine tool should be carried out taking into account
ensuring the necessary accuracy of processing the part, achieving the greatest
performance and economy. To do this, the design of the device must
provide:
1) the required accuracy of installation and the reliability of fixing the workpiece;
2) speed of action;
3) the use of little effort to actuate the clamps, the convenience and safety of work;
4) the low cost of manufacturing the device and its reliability in operation.
Clamping force calculation
Calculation of the coefficient of reliability of fastening
K \u003d K 0 K 1 K 2 K 3 K 4 K 5 K 6
K 0 - guaranteed safety factor of fixing reliability. (K 0 = 1.5)
K 1 - coefficient, increase in cutting force due to random irregularities in the workpieces.
When roughing : K 1 = 1.2
When finishing : K 1 = 1
K 2 - coefficient taking into account the increase in cutting force as a result of tool blunting.
For milling: K 2 = 1.12
K 3 - coefficient taking into account the increase in force during interrupted cutting. (K 3 \u003d 1.2)
K 4 is a coefficient that takes into account the variability of the clamping force.
For pneumatic devices: (K 4 = 1)
K 5 - coefficient depending on the convenience of the location of the handles in manual clamping devices.
K 6 - coefficient depending on the roughness of the place of contact of the part with the installation elements having a large base surface.
Large: K 6 = 1.5
Limited: K 6 = 1 To= 1.5 1 1.12 1.2 1 1 = 2.016
2
Calculation of the force required to securely clamp the workpiece
Because K= 2<2,5 , то принимаем K=2,5.
An effort , necessary for reliable fastening of the workpiece is found by the formula :
f 1 ,f 2 - coefficients of friction of working surfaces,
r 1 , r 2 - the length of the arms of the forces.
Device drive calculation
When carrying out certification of workplaces according to working conditions, it becomes necessary to take a photograph of the working time of the person being certified. When compiling it, questions often arise as to which work should be attributed to the operational time or to the preparatory-final time. This little note will help you to remove the questions that have arisen.
All working time is divided into two main groups: working hours and break times.
The work time includes both the time costs associated with the execution of the production task, and the time costs that are not due to the production task. The work time consists, in turn, of the preparatory-final, operational time and time for servicing the workplace.
Preparatory and closing time- this is the time that a worker spends on preparing himself and his workplace for the performance of a production task, as well as on actions related to its completion (time for obtaining a tool, drawing, materials, familiarization with technical documentation, delivery of finished products, tools).
operational time- the time it takes to perform a given operation and is repeated with each unit of output. It consists of two parts: main and auxiliary. The main time (it is also called technological) is the time during which a qualitative or quantitative change in the object of labor occurs: its appearance, size, chemical composition, etc. Auxiliary - the time spent by the employee to perform various actions that create the opportunity to perform the main work.
Workplace service time- this is the time spent on caring for your workplace; inspection, lubrication, cleaning of equipment; change, sharpening, editing tools; removal of waste from the workplace, etc. In a number of industries, time is spent on organizational and technical maintenance. Organizational maintenance includes the time spent on caring for your workplace, and technical maintenance includes the time spent on servicing equipment and caring for tools.
Break times- this is the time during which the performer is not busy with work for any reason. It is divided into two groups: regulated and unscheduled breaks.
Scheduled breaks consist of breaks due to technology and organization of production, breaks for rest and personal needs. The time of breaks due to technology and organization of production is the time, the need for which is caused by the specifics of the production process or the organization of production. Time for rest and personal needs - time provided to the employee during the working day for rest, to maintain his working capacity and prevent fatigue, as well as time for personal hygiene and natural needs of the employee.
Unscheduled breaks- the time of breaks in work, not provided by the technology. These breaks are divided into two groups: breaks of an organizational and technical nature (breakdown, lack of energy supply, lack of blanks, assignments, drawings, etc.) and breaks due to violation of labor discipline (lateness to work, early departure for lunch or from work , absenteeism from the workplace without good reason, etc.). This group of breaks represents the loss of working time.
Rationing of labor, its main tasks
Working time structure
Methodology for recording working time
Labor rationing- one of the main functions of production management, which includes the establishment of the time spent on the performance of work by specific employees and the establishment of labor standards, that is, norms of time, output, population standards, etc., established in accordance with the achieved level of technology, technology, organization of production and labor .
The most important tasks of labor regulation are:
- improving the organization and productivity of labor;
- reducing the complexity of products;
- increase in production volumes;
- effective use of the labor potential of employees, etc.
Labor rationing also makes it possible to determine the amount of individual remuneration for each employee, taking into account the quality of the work performed by him and to assess the loss of working time and their impact on the performance of the employee's main tasks.
Before proceeding to the study of the methodology for calculating the norms of time for the performance of a particular work, it is necessary to understand the structure of working time.
Working time- this is the time during which the employee must perform his labor duties in accordance with the labor schedule and his job description (the structure of working time is shown in the figure).
Working time structure
Working time consists of working time and break time.
Working hours- this is the part of the working time during which the employee performs certain work in accordance with the order of the management or according to the job description.
3 components of working time:
1) preparatory and final time;
2) operational time;
3) the time of maintenance of the workplace.
Preparatory and closing time- this is the time spent by the worker to prepare for the performance of the given work and the actions associated with its completion. The peculiarity of the preparatory-closing time is that its value does not depend on the amount of work, therefore, when the same work is performed for a long time, the preparatory-closing time per unit of work will be insignificant.
operational time is the time spent directly on the performance of a given task. It is divided into main and auxiliary time.
regular time is the time spent by the worker on the performance of his main work. Moreover, this process can be carried out directly by the worker or under his supervision (for example, the time to lift, move and lower the load; the time to actively monitor the progress of the hardware process and to adjust it).
Auxiliary time- this is the time spent by the worker on the activities that ensure the completion of the main work. It is repeated with a certain amount of work. Auxiliary are also the time spent on the movement of the worker necessary to perform operations and other similar work.
Workplace service time- this is the time spent by the worker on the care of the workplace and maintaining it in a condition that ensures productive work during the shift.
Break times- time, including regulated (time for rest and personal needs) and unregulated breaks (violations of labor discipline, violations of the sequence of the production process, etc.).
You can organize the accounting of working time using a methodology that is designed to calculate the labor intensity of work performed at enterprises, is based on the study of the cost of working time through observations and includes chronometric observations and photographic observations (photo of working time).
Note
The lunch break is not included in the working time.
Timing observations- this is the study of the operation by observing and studying the costs of working time for the implementation of individual constituent elements of the operation, which are repeated many times during the work.
Note!
The purpose of timing is to obtain initial data for the development of time standards, the establishment of time standards for individual operations.
Photosurveillance (photography of working time)- observation and measurement of all, without exception, the costs of working time during the shift in the order of the actual sequence of these costs. A photograph of working time allows you to accumulate the necessary material for rationing the preparatory and final time, the maintenance time of the workplace, and rest time.
Accounting for working time: methods and stages
Tracking working hours with a photo of a working day
Let us consider the features of using a photograph of a working day to standardize the labor of the main production workers of industrial enterprises.
Stage 1. Determine the purpose of photo surveillance
The purpose of photographic observation is to establish the norms for the preparatory and final time, the time for servicing the workplace and the time for rest and personal needs.
Note
A photograph of working time is not used to normalize operational time - chronometric observations are used for this.
Stage 2. We select the object of observation
It is important to choose the right employees when conducting observations, on the basis of which standards will be established, standards will be developed. The intensity of work for different employees is different due to psychophysical characteristics, and the norm should provide for an average intensity of work.
Observations should be carried out for employees whose qualifications correspond to the category of work and who have work experience of at least 2 years.
Stage 3. Determine the number of observations
To ensure sufficient accuracy of the results, depending on the type of production, it is recommended to carry out from 5 (for single and small-scale) to 20 (for mass) photo observations, summarizing the results obtained.
Stage 4. We carry out photo observations
Carrying out photographic observations consists in a detailed and consistent declaration of all operations performed by the employee at the workplace. Photographing is carried out from the moment the work shift begins, while the start time and end time of the observed operations are recorded. Recording can be made including using a video surveillance system.
To obtain results with a high degree of reliability, observations are recommended to be carried out for different performers.
Stage 5. Processing the results of the photo of working time
Processing the results of photographs of working time involves the analysis of the material, as well as entering the results of the observation into the observation sheet (Table 1).
Table 1
Observation Sheet No. 1
|
No. p / p |
current time |
Duration in minutes |
Index |
||
|
watch |
minutes |
||||
|
Preparation of tools and equipment. |
|||||
|
Cleaning the workplace at the end of the working day |
|||||
|
Time for natural needs |
|||||
The observation list indicates all the actions of the performer and breaks in work in the order in which they actually occurred, while fixing the current end time of each type of time expenditure, which, in turn, is the beginning of the next type of expenditure. Each entry shows either what the performer did, or what caused his inaction.
Paragraphs 1, 7, 23, 24, 25 reflect the preparatory and final work, maintenance of the workplace, time for personal needs. All other time costs are referred to operational time. These points are needed to determine the ratio of these types of time to operational time.
After filling in columns 1-4 of the observation sheet, the duration of each of the elements is calculated by subtracting the previous measurements from each subsequent measurement of the current time. The results are entered in column 5. Column 6 indicates the index of time spent, that is, the characteristic of the type of work time spent in accordance with the classification (Table 2).
table 2
Indexation of working hours
|
Index |
Decryption |
|
Time (duration) of work |
|
|
Time (duration) of breaks |
|
|
Preparatory and closing time |
|
|
operational time |
|
|
regular time |
|
|
Auxiliary time |
|
|
Workplace service time |
|
|
Rest time |
|
|
Time for natural needs |
|
|
Time for rest and natural needs |
|
|
Break times for non-working reasons |
|
|
Break times for work-related reasons |
Based on the results of observations, a summary of the elements of the preparatory and final time, time for servicing the workplace and time for rest and personal needs is compiled (Table 3).
Table 3
Summary of set-up time elements (time for maintenance of the workplace, time for rest and personal needs)
|
No. p / p |
Index |
Name of working hours |
Observation sheet number |
Mean |
||||
|
23.11.2015 |
25.11.2015 |
26.11.2015 |
08.12.2015 |
16.12.2015 |
||||
|
Duration, min |
||||||||
|
Preparation of tools and inventory |
||||||||
|
Workplace cleaning |
||||||||
|
Cleaning of tools and inventory. Delivery to the warehouse |
||||||||
|
Time for natural needs (total per day) |
||||||||
With the help of a photograph of working time, the percentage of preparatory and final time (time for servicing the workplace and time for rest and personal needs) of the operational time is determined.
We will carry out calculations based on the fact that the duration of the working day is 8 hours:
- preparatory and final time - 0.11 of the operational time:
45 min. / (8 h - 30 min. - 15 min. - 15 min. - 10 min.);
- time for maintenance of the workplace - 0.037 of the operational time:
15 minutes. / (8 h - 30 min. - 15 min. - 15 min. - 10 min.);
- time for personal needs - 0.024 of the operational time:
10 min. / (8 h - 30 min. - 15 min. - 15 min. - 10 min.
Accounting for working time using chronometric observations
Stage 1. We analyze the list of work performed and divide the studied normalized types of work into constituent elements - operations, elements of operations, techniques, complexes of techniques, actions, etc.
Stage 2. We establish exact boundaries (fixing points) for the studied operations
Fixing points are the moments of the beginning and end of the execution of the operation (element of the operation). It is at these moments that time measurements begin and end.
Fixing points should be clearly identified by external signs (visible or audible).
Stage 3. Determine the number of timing observations
The number of necessary observations depends on the serial production:
- mass - 8-12 observations;
- large-scale - 6-10 observations;
- serial - 5-8 observations;
- small-scale — 4-6 observations.
Stage 4. Determine the object of observation
To identify the most rational methods of work, you should observe front-line employees.
If it is necessary to establish time standards for work performed by several employees, then several people are selected from them who have an average level of performance for the group and work experience in the specialty of at least 2 years.
With the number of 2-3 people in the group, it is enough to observe one; with a number of 4-5 people - for two; with a number of 6-8 people - for three, etc.
Stage 5. Timing observations
They should be carried out after 50-60 minutes. after the start of work and 1.5-2 hours before the end of work. It is not advisable to take measurements on the first and last day of the working week.
Let us consider the procedure for conducting chronometric observations using the example of small-scale production with an average number of observations of 5.
The observer counts the measurement results visually according to the indicators of the stopwatch hand and enters the results of the observations into the time card (Table 4).
Primary data is entered in the format "hours: minutes: seconds". In the future, when processing the results of observations, they are converted into a decimal format (man-hour; man-min.; man-sec.).
Table 4
Time card
|
No. p / p |
Name of operation (element of operation) |
Results of chronometric observations (hour:min:sec) |
Number of results taken into account |
Defective measurements, their cause and duration |
Average operation time (hour:min:sec) |
Stability coefficient, K set |
||||||
|
norm |
fact |
|||||||||||
|
Operation: Dismantling the A-712.11 sensor |
||||||||||||
|
Unscrew 4 bolts and open the compartment hatch |
||||||||||||
|
Disconnect the electrical connector cable from the sensor |
||||||||||||
|
Loosen 12 screws securing the sensor |
||||||||||||
|
Remove the sensor together with the rubber gasket |
||||||||||||
|
Install the plug in the place where the sensor was removed. |
||||||||||||
|
Wrap the sensor with plastic wrap |
||||||||||||
|
Close compartment hatch |
||||||||||||
|
TOTAL average duration of the operation "Dismantling sensor A-712.11": |
||||||||||||
After carrying out all the measurements, a series of values is obtained that characterizes the duration of the operations (elements of operations), which is commonly called time series.
Stage 6. We analyze the quality of the results obtained
First, we identify and exclude erroneous (defective) measurements from further analysis.
Note
Erroneous (defective) measurements are those measurements, the duration of which greatly exceeds the average duration of the operation or, conversely, is much lower than its value.
Secondly, we analyze the quality of the results obtained through the magnitude of fluctuations in values - through the stability coefficient (K set), which shows the ratio of the maximum and minimum measurement results:
K mouth \u003d T max / T min,
where T max is the maximum duration of the execution of this element of the operation;
T min is the minimum duration of the execution of this element of the operation.
Comparing the actual values of the stability coefficients for each element of the operation with its standard value, the quality of timing is determined:
if K mouth. fact ≤ K set. norms, observation is performed qualitatively;
if K mouth. fact > To set. norms, then one or both of the extreme values (maximum or minimum) should be excluded from the series of obtained observational results, provided that they did not repeat more than once.
Note!
The number of excluded values, including erroneous (defective) ones, cannot exceed 15%. If the number of exclusions is exceeded, observations should be re-conducted.
After eliminating one or two extreme values of the observation, it is necessary to re-calculate K mouth and compare it with the standard value. If these results also show that the observations are performed poorly and K const. fact ≤ K set. norms, observations must be repeated from the beginning, further exclusion of values is not possible.
The normative values of the stability coefficient are presented in Table. 5.
Table 5
Normative values of the stability coefficient depending on the serial production and the duration of the operation
|
Duration of the studied element of the operation, sec. |
Standard values of stability factor |
||
|
during machine work |
during machine-manual work |
during manual work |
|
|
Mass production |
|||
|
From 6 sec. up to 15 sec. |
|||
|
Over 15 sec. |
|||
|
Large batch production |
|||
|
From 6 sec. up to 15 sec. |
|||
|
Over 15 sec. |
|||
|
Mass production |
|||
|
Over 6 sec. |
|||
|
Small batch production |
|||
|
Small batch production |
|||
For the small-scale production analyzed by us during manual work, the standard value is K set = 3, its calculated value does not exceed 1.9 (0:02:30 / 0:01:19).
Thus, chronometric observations make it possible to set the average value for the operational time for the execution of work by production workers for the operation "dismantling the A-712.11 sensor" - 0:12:00, or 0.2 man-hours.
Stage 7. Processing the results
On the basis of the remaining results of observations (except for erroneous ones), it is necessary to establish the average duration of the elements of the operation by adding the recorded results and dividing them by the number of observations made.
The classification of working time is presented in Table. 6.
Table 6
Time classification
|
Time |
Types of jobs |
|
Preparatory and final time t pz |
|
|
Main operation time t about |
The list of works related to the section "Main time for the execution of work" is determined by the technology of the work. The main time of the operation is determined according to the data of chronometric observations |
|
Auxiliary execution time of the operation, t in |
The time it takes a worker to move to complete an operation. The auxiliary time of the operation is determined by the data of photographic observations |
|
Workplace service time, t orm |
The service time of the workplace is determined according to photographic observations and is set as a percentage of the operational time |
|
Time for rest and personal needs, t he |
Time for rest and personal needs is determined according to photographic observations and is set as a percentage of operational time. In addition, rest time is also provided in accordance with the nature of the work performed:
|
We determine the norms for spending time on regulated breaks
Rest time should not be less than 10 minutes. in shift. In addition, all employees, regardless of the type of work, are allocated 10 minutes. for personal needs. Where public areas are remote, the time for personal needs is increased to 15 minutes. in shift.
Thus, without the use of correction factors for working conditions, time for rest and personal needs should not be less than 20 minutes. in shift.
Time for regulated breaks, allocated depending on working conditions, is determined as a percentage or in minutes for an 8-hour work shift.
Note
With a shorter or longer working shift, the time for regulated breaks increases or decreases proportionally.
Time for rest allocated for nervous tension. Nervous tension is caused by nervous stress, one of the psychophysiological elements of working conditions, and is caused by a high pace of work, the need for concentration and constant attention, a shortage of time to complete work, the need to ensure the safety of work, etc. (Table 7).
Table 7
Rest time allocated for nervous tension
|
Job Description |
Rest time per shift |
|
|
% of operational time |
||
|
Works of average accuracy. The size of the object of distinction is 1.1-0.51 mm Works on scaffolds with a fence Works related to hearing strain (radio operators, telephonists, etc.) Works in underground workings |
||
|
High precision work. The size of the object of distinction is 0.5-0.31 mm Works with responsibility for material values Vehicle driving work Work at a low height without a fence, or with a fence above the molten metal, red-hot hearth of metallurgical units Works on slag downloading, draining and pouring hot metal, marking, cutting hot metal in the rolling stream |
||
|
Works of special precision. The size of the object of distinction is 0.3-0.15 mm Work at height or on scaffolds without fencing, when the use of personal safety equipment is not taken into account by labor standards Work with responsibility for the safety of others, with the risk of injury |
||
|
Works of the highest precision. The size of the object of distinction is less than 0.15 mm High personal risk jobs |
||
For an uncomfortable working position time is also allocated for rest (Table 8).
Table 8
Time for rest allocated for a working posture
|
Characteristics of the main working postures and movements in space |
Rest time per shift |
|
|
% of operational time |
||
|
Fixed, "sitting" |
||
|
Standing, frequent tilts and turns of the torso |
||
|
Standing with arms outstretched |
||
|
Crouching in cramped places, lying down, kneeling, squatting |
||
|
Walking 11 to 16 km per shift |
||
|
Walking over 16 km per shift |
||
Time for rest allocated for meteorological conditions. Meteorological conditions at work include:
- temperature (in °C);
- humidity (in %);
- air mobility (m/s);
- infrared (thermal) radiation (cal / cm 2 × min.).
Time for rest is allocated for work with elevated air temperature (Table 9).
Table 9
Rest time depending on the air temperature in the working area
|
Air temperature, ºС |
Rest time per shift |
|
|
% of operational time |
||
With a decrease in relative humidity to 20% and an increase of more than 75%, the rest time should be increased by 1.2 times; with a decrease in humidity to 10% and an increase in it over 80% - 1.3 times.
With heavy physical work, the time for rest allocated for elevated temperature increases by 4 times.
Those working in open work areas at low temperatures are provided with time for warm-up breaks. During this period, the employee naturally rests. Therefore, additional breaks are inappropriate. It is recommended to allocate time for heating for those working in conditions that cause hypothermia of the body.
Time for rest when working with harmful substances. Harmful substances are substances that, when in contact with the human body, in case of violation of safety requirements, can cause occupational injuries, occupational diseases or deviations in health, detected by modern methods both in the process of work and in the long-term life of this and subsequent generations (GOST 12.1 .007-76).
Rest time allocated for lighting. Time for rest due to insufficient lighting is not provided, with the exception of work performed in complete darkness - in this case, 15-20 minutes are allocated for rest. in shift.
Time for rest allocated to employees of a mental type of activity with various labor intensity. With a 5-day working week and an 8-hour shift, the duration of the lunch break is 30-60 minutes, and it is recommended to set regulated breaks 2 hours after the start of the work shift and 2 hours after the lunch break lasting 5-10 minutes. each (Table 10).
During regulated breaks, in order to reduce neuro-emotional stress, fatigue of the visual and other analyzers, it is advisable to perform sets of physical exercises, including exercises for the eyes.
|
Break |
Time spending |
Duration |
||
|
% of operational time |
||||
|
morning shift |
||||
|
Scheduled break |
2 hours after start of work |
|||
|
Lunch break |
4 hours after start of work |
|||
|
Scheduled break |
6 hours after start of work |
|||
|
micropauses |
40 sec.-3 min. |
|||
|
Evening shift |
||||
|
Scheduled break |
After 1.5-2 hours from the start of work |
|||
|
Lunch break |
After 3.5-4 hours from the start of work |
|||
|
Scheduled break |
6 hours after start of work |
|||
|
micropauses |
Individually as needed |
40 sec.-3 min. |
||
|
Night shift |
||||
|
Break for meals |
After 2.5-3 hours from the start of work |
|||
|
Scheduled break. Alternate individual rest when the resting person is replaced by an adjuster or another operator |
Deep hours of the night |
|||
|
micropauses |
individually as needed. Every hour (one and a half) of work |
40 sec.-3 min. |
||
The organization of work and rest regimes when working with a PC is carried out in accordance with SanPiN 2.2.2 / 2.4.1340-03 "Hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and organization of work: sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations" depending on the type and category of labor activities.
Types of labor activity are divided into 3 groups:
- group A - work on reading information from the screen;
- group B - work on entering information;
- group B - creative work in the mode of dialogue with a personal computer.
When performing during the work shift the functions related to different types of labor activity, the main work with a PC should be taken as the one that takes at least 50% of the time during the work shift or working day.
For types of labor activity, 3 categories of severity and intensity of work with a PC are established, which are determined by:
- for group A - according to the total number of characters read per shift, but not more than 60,000 characters per shift;
- for group B - according to the total number of characters read or entered per shift, but not more than 40,000 characters per shift;
- for group B - according to the total time of direct work with a PC per shift, but not more than 6 hours per shift.
Table 11
The total time of regulated breaks depending on the duration of work, type and category of labor activity with a PC
|
The level of load per shift when working with a PC |
Total break time |
||||
|
group A, number of characters |
group B, number of characters |
group B, h |
% of operational time |
||
Note
When working with a PC during the night shift (from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.), regardless of the category and type of labor activity, the duration of regulated breaks should be increased by 30%.
In the general mode of operation, the following regulations should be followed: at 120 min. work is given 10 min. break for rest and personal needs.
Calculation of indicators of typical norms of time
Indicators of typical time norms are calculated according to the following formula:
H in = t pz + t o + t in + t orm + t he + t y,
where H in - the norm of time;
t pz - preparatory-final time;
t o - the main time of the operation;
t in - auxiliary time of work performance;
t rm - the time of service of the workplace;
t he is the time for rest and personal needs;
t y - time for rest allocated depending on working conditions.
The preparatory and final time, the time for servicing the workplace and the time for rest and personal needs is determined according to the photograph of working time as a percentage of the operational time.
Time for rest, allocated depending on working conditions, can be determined as a percentage of the operational time:
t y= t op × k he,
where t op - operational time of work ( t op = t o + t in);
K he is a coefficient that takes into account the time for rest allocated depending on working conditions.
On the basis of the results of the conducted studies, the indicators of the complexity of performing each operation as part of the work are determined. At the same time, the total coefficient for taking into account the conditions of work (∑K control) is applied to the results obtained, which is calculated according to the following formula:
∑ K control \u003d K 1 + K 2 + K 3 +. . . + K n ,
where K 1 , K 2 , K 3 , ..., K n - coefficients for taking into account the conditions of work.
We apply the coefficients for taking into account the conditions of work. Then the formula for calculating the norm of time will take the following form:
H in = t pz + t o + t orm + t he + ( t op × ∑ K control).
Example
Let's calculate the time rate for the operation "dismantling the A-712.11 unit":
- operational time — 12 min. (0.2 person-hour), established by chronometric observations;
- preparatory-final time - 0.11 of the operational time, established by photographic observations; 0.11 × 0.2 = 0.022 man-hours;
- time for maintenance of the workplace - 0.037 of the operational time, established by photographic observations; 0.037 × 0.2 = 0.0074 man-hours;
- time for rest and personal needs - 0.024 of the operational time, established by photographic observations; 0.024 × 0.2 = 0.0048 man-hours
Now we apply the increasing factors for accounting for working conditions.
The dismantling of the A-712.11 unit involves:
- work with responsibility for material values (from the section "Time for rest allocated for nervous tension"), which is 2% of the operational time;
- standing work, arms stretched up (from the section “Time for rest allocated for a working posture) - 2.5% of the operational time;
- work at a temperature of 25 ºС (from the section "Time to rest depending on the air temperature in the working area") - 1% of the operational time.
The total coefficient for taking into account the working conditions is:
0,02 + 0,025 + 0,01 = 0,055.
Thus, the norm of time for the dismantling of the A-712.11 unit will be:
0.022 + 0.2 + 0.0074 + 0.0048 + (0.2 × 0.055) = 0.25 man-hours, which is approximately 15 minutes.
Thus, the operational time for the dismantling work, spent by the production worker and associated with the direct performance of the dismantling work, is 12 minutes, and the remaining 3 minutes. are distributed to work on maintenance of the workplace, preparatory and final work, time for rest, personal needs, etc.
conclusions
Accounting for labor resources is mandatory, but impossible without a system of labor rationing.
Applying the considered methodology for accounting for the costs of working time, it is possible to determine reasonable and, most importantly, labor standards that are closest to reality.
In conclusion, we summarize the basic principles of labor rationing:
- proper organization of work and rest regimes for employees of the enterprise;
- mandatory classification of working hours with a clear definition of the list of works related to each group;
- determination of the type of enterprise depending on the serial production;
- determination of working time groups, which will be normalized with the use of photographic and chronometric observations;
- determination of a group of specialists for whom observations will be established;
- carrying out observations with a clear fixation of their results every minute in the appropriate forms of documents (you can use those presented in the article or develop your own forms, fixing them with a regulatory act of the enterprise);
- analysis of the results with an emphasis on the average values of the indicators.
A. N. Dubonosov,
Deputy Head of PEO
Timing. By means of timing, observations and measurements of the costs of working time for the implementation of individual periodically recurring elements of the operation are carried out. Timing is used only for studying the main and auxiliary time (operational time). It allows you to establish the most rational implementation of the techniques included in the operation, their normal duration and the operation as a whole. The normal duration of the reception is called the elemental norm of the operational norm of the operational time for the operation.
Timing work is divided into four stages: 1) preparation for observation 2) observation (direct timing) 3) processing of observation materials and establishing elemental norms 4) analysis of observation data and setting operational time standards for an operation.
The analysis of the data of chronometric observations makes it possible to establish the most rational sequence for performing the operations and to determine the operating time. The norm of operational time for an operation is equal to the sum of elemental norms for sequential execution of techniques, the maximum elemental norm for parallel-sequential - the sum of elemental norms minus the time that falls on techniques performed simultaneously with any other technique.
The main purpose of timing is to study the time spent on individual methods of manual and machine-manual work in order to develop time standards in order to design the operational time norm for the operation as a whole. The time spent on preparatory and final, casual and unproductive work, as well as downtime, is not studied by timing.
Timing is used primarily for the study of operational, main and auxiliary time. It allows you to establish the most rational methods that are part of the operation, determine the normal duration of it as a whole and individual methods. The normal duration of the reception is called the elemental norm of the operational time, and the normal duration of the operation is the norm of the operational time for the operation.
Timing is a type of observation, with the help of which the operational time (main and auxiliary) of frequently repeated elements of operations is studied. Time measurements are carried out with an accuracy of 1 s. The main purpose of timing is the study of the time spent on the performance of individual methods of manual and machine-manual work in order to develop time standards for designing a norm of operational time for the operation as a whole. Time for preparatory and final, random and unproductive work, as well as downtime, is not studied by timing. Timing is usually used to check the norms of time, established by calculation, to find out the reasons for non-compliance with the norms by individual workers or shifts, as well as to study the working methods of leaders and innovators in production with a view to disseminating them.
The normative duration of the studied element of the operation is defined as the arithmetic mean of a stable time series. The norm of operational time for the operation as a whole is equal to the sum of the elements of the norms for the parallel execution of the techniques - the maximum elemental norm for the parallel-sequential performance of the techniques - the sum of the elemental norms minus the time that falls on the techniques performed simultaneously with other methods of the operation.
The first two terms represent the norm of operational time for the operation
The first step in calculating the norm of piece time is to determine, according to the normative tables, the duration of the execution of individual methods and complexes of work methods and their summation to establish the operational time for the operation as a whole.
This duration, calculated from a stable time series for each element of the operation, is taken as the normal duration of the elements under study and is used as input data when developing or adjusting standards or norms of operational time for manual, manual mechanized, machine-manual work.
Further, the component of the piece-calculating norm of time, the value /pcs, in turn, consists of three values of the cost of operational time for the operation /op, the time spent on servicing the workplace /both, the time spent on the rest of the worker /det.
When timing, monitoring is carried out of the use of working time to perform only the main and auxiliary work (i.e., operational time). In this case, the work process is divided into work operations, and work operations - into labor methods. With the help of timekeeping, only such work operations are studied, all elements of which are constantly repeated in a certain sequence. Timing provides the initial data for designing operational time standards for work operations and for calculating standards for manual and machine-manual work elements. It also makes it possible to check and clarify the norms of time established by calculations, to study advanced methods and techniques of labor.
This type of unit time formula is most convenient for practical calculations. However, with a brigade organization of labor, the norm of piece time for each operation included in the brigade set can consist only of the norm of operational time. Then the time of maintenance of the workplace and breaks for rest and personal needs will be taken into account when determining the complex production rate.
As a result of the research, the institute staff compiled a special table of coefficients that are used to obtain partial operational time (without time to install and remove the part) . To incomplete operating time, the time for installing and removing the part on the machines is added according to differentiated standards, depending on its weight. The final result will be the norm of operational time for this operation. However, it is not advisable to use these coefficients for normalizing auxiliary time in serial and mass production, since this leads to errors in setting the norms of operational time. In these types of production, it is recommended to use differentiated standards or materials of analytical chronometric studies of the performance of individual operations.
In locksmith work, the operations performed often change. In essence, preparatory-final time is spent on each operation. Since these costs are usually small and the determination of T for individual work is difficult, the average value of the preparatory-final time during the shift is established. This value is then taken into account in the norm of time for the operation. Thus, the time for preparatory and final work is 3% of the operational time T, consisting of the main and auxiliary.
Process timing data. Determine the rate of operational, piece and piece-calculation time for the operation. Calculate the rate of production for a 6-hour shift.
Summary methods, which include experimental, experimental-statistical methods and the comparison method, involve the establishment of time standards for the operation as a whole (in total), and not for its constituent elements. The labor process, as a rule, is not analyzed, the rationality of the implementation of techniques and the time spent on their implementation are not studied. The definition of the norm is based on the use of data from operational and statistical accounting of the actual costs of working time and the experience of raters. When using this method, labor standards are set in the following ways 1) with the experimental (expert) method, the norms are determined on the basis of the experience of the standardizer (foreman, technologist, shop manager), when there is no information about the actual costs of such work in the past 2) with the experimental-statistical method norms are established on the basis of statistical data (according to primary documentation, reports, records) on the average actual labor costs for the same work in past periods which the norms of time have been determined.
TIME METERING - a method of studying the time spent on performing cyclically repeated manual and machine-manual operations. X. is carried out to study advanced methods and techniques of work, check the current time standards, establish the length of operational time and obtain the data necessary for the development of standards and regulatory materials.
Photochronometry. Through this type of observation, you can solve the same problems as through photography of the working day and timekeeping. As a result of photo timing, simultaneously with the data that is used to determine the norms of time for individual elements of operations and for the operation as a whole, information is obtained on the use of working time, as well as on the available reserves for increasing labor productivity. Photochronometry is carried out in the same way as a photograph of working time, but operational time is measured not in total, but by cost elements, as in timekeeping. The work of conducting observations is divided into the same stages as with timing and photography of working time.
If separately the norm of preparatory and final time p. z is not allocated, but given as a percentage of the operational time ton, then the norm of time is determined for the entire operation according to the formula
The analysis of the data of chronoguard observations makes it possible to establish the most rational sequence for performing the operation's methods. The sequence of execution of techniques determines the operational time. The norm of operational time for an operation is equal to the sum of elemental norms for a parallel-sequential - the maximum elemental norm for a parallel-sequential - the sum of elemental norms minus the time that falls on the techniques performed simultaneously with any technique. From this it is clear that in order to reduce the operational time, it is necessary to ensure not only the maximum reduction, but also the combination of the time for performing techniques.