Department of Public Health and Public Health with a Course in the Organization of Public Health FPO” Presentation topic: “The teachings of Hippocrates, his contribution to the development of medicine. Medical ethics and deontology. Completed by: Student of the 111th group of the 1st medical faculty Kotar A.S. Checked ass. Kabatova I.N. Simferopol 2015 Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "KFU im. IN AND. Vernadsky"
Introduction There is no person in the world who has not heard about the Hippocratic Oath. But, few people were interested in what kind of person wrote the text that was uttered, more than one era, by medical figures, embarking on the fulfillment of their sacred duty, for the benefit of people. Our goal is not only to reveal Hippocrates as a person, but also to look into the secrets of medicine in ancient Greece. Hippocrates - translated from Latin Hippocrates, and translated from Greek - Hippocratis, an ancient Greek physician, father of medicine, naturalist, philosopher, reformer of ancient medicine.
Hippocrates was born in 460 BC in the town of Meropis on the island of Kos - southeast of the Aegean Sea. He belongs to the descendant of Asclepius, the family of Podalaria, who has been practicing medicine for eighteen generations. Historians managed to find some historical documents telling about the childhood and youth of the ancient Greek healer, but this information is not enough to reveal the character of the young Hippocrates. The descendants were left with only legends, stories, legends that tell his biography. The name of Hippocrates, like Homer, later became a collective name.
Hippocrates began his activity at the temple. Hippocrates' contemporaries noted his ingenious observation, insight, intuition and logical conclusions. All his conclusions were based on careful observations and strictly verified facts, from the generalization of which, as if by themselves, the conclusions followed. Having received an initial medical education, Hippocrates, in an effort to replenish knowledge and improve the art of healing, to acquire new skills, went to Egypt. In different countries, he not only studied medicine according to the practice of local doctors, according to votive tables, which were hung everywhere in the walls of the temples of Aesculapius, but also collected and systematized it. Having traveled around Greece, Asia Minor, visiting Libya and Taurida, Hippocrates, having learned different schools of healing, got acquainted with their methods, and upon returning to his homeland founded his own medical school.
The age-old traditions that forbade the autopsy of corpses allowed the study of anatomy and physiology only on animals. Of course, this did not make it possible, with all the medical observation of Hippocrates, to deeply study the human anatomy, and therefore many of his information did not correspond to true knowledge. Nevertheless, Hippocrates already knew about the presence of ventricles in the heart, about large vessels. Already in those distant times, he understood that the mental activity of a person is connected with the brain. In accordance with the views of the ancient Greek philosophers on the structure of the surrounding world, Hippocrates and his students argued that the human body consists of solid and liquid parts. Four fluids play the main role in the human body.
In On the Nature of Man, he also hypothesized that health is based on the balance of the four bodily fluids: blood, phlegm (mucus), yellow and black bile. He gave these fluids a life-giving force that determines health. Speaking about their significance in human life, Hippocrates presented his judgment about this as follows: ... the nature of the body consists of them, and through them it gets sick and is healthy. These were still primitive views on the function of the body, but they already reflected the embryonic knowledge of human physiology. Hippocrates imagined the organism as a constantly changing state, depending on a certain ratio of the above-mentioned fluids. If their ratio changed, and the proportion of their harmonious combination was violated, illness set in. If all the fluids in the body are in a state of harmony and ... observe proportionality in mutual mixing in terms of strength and quantity, then the person is healthy. These were the first prerequisites for the theoretical understanding of illness and health, which were the starting point in the study of these most complex medical problems.
Carefully observing the course of diseases, he singled out different periods in the course of the disease. He paid special attention to the acute febrile period, setting certain days for a crisis, a fracture, an illness, when the body, according to his teachings, would make an attempt to get rid of undigested juices. When examining a patient, Hippocrates already then used such methods of examination as tapping, listening, feeling, although, of course, in the most primitive form. He probed the spleen and liver, determined the changes that occurred during the day. He was interested in whether they go beyond their borders, i.e. whether they have increased in size, what are their tissues to the touch - hard, loose. According to Hippocrates, a good doctor should determine the patient's condition already by one of his appearance. A pointed nose, sunken cheeks, sticky lips and an earthy complexion indicate the imminent death of the patient. And now even such a picture is called the Hippocratic face. Epidemics - Works of Hippocrates in two volumes. When an epidemic broke out in the capital of Greece, Hippocrates was called to Athens and lived there for some time and studied medicine with Herodin. For the fact that he saved the inhabitants of Athens from the plague, using his knowledge of the ways the infection spread, he was elected an honorary citizen of Athens and crowned with a golden wreath. The work of Hippocrates Prognostic is evidence of the observational genius of medicine Hippocrates. It details a long range of symptoms during the course of a disease from which a favorable or unfavorable prediction of the outcome of the disease can be made. Hippocrates already then knew the symptoms of many diseases, which are still relevant for the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases.
When examining the face, Hippocrates paid attention to the lips: bluish, sagging, cold lips portend death. Red and dry tongue - there is a sign of typhus. When the tongue, at the beginning of the disease, is dotted, and then turns into a reddish and purple color - expect trouble. Of great interest are the statements of Hippocrates about surgery: For those who want to devote themselves to surgery, it is necessary to practice widely in operations, because practice is the best teacher for the hand. And he immediately added. When you are dealing with latent and serious illnesses, then here ... you must admit it is necessary, to call for help reflection. Different dressing techniques developed by Hippocrates, which also take place in dressing surgery of our time: Circular bandage is the simplest form of bandage bandage. The bandage begins and ends with it, less often it is used as an independent bandage on cylindrical areas of the body. (1)
The writings of Hippocrates mention the use of dry dressings, dressings soaked in wine, alum solutions, and ointment dressings with vegetable oils. To stop bleeding, Hippocrates recommended giving a high position to the injured limb. This technique is also currently used for venous bleeding, for example, with rupture of varicose - dilated veins of the lower extremities.
Hippocrates made a great contribution to the development of ancient oncology. The term cancer is believed to have been given by Hippocrates to tumors that resemble in shape the spreading, spreading legs of a lobster. This was especially true for breast cancer. Hippocrates proposed the term sarcoma for fleshy tumors, noticing the outward resemblance of some of them to fish meat. It should be noted that this terminology is used in medicine to the present.
There is an enormous literature about Hippocrates and the Hippocratic Collection. In 1972, a reference book was released - Outstanding figures in medicine and surgery, which presents two hundred glorious names, starting with Hippocrates. Of the Russian writings deserve special attention: "Essays on the history of medicine." S. Kovner published in 1883 in Kyiv translations of the Hippocratic Collection into the latest languages, there are several editions. The books "On Ancient Medicine" and "Aphorisms" were translated into Russian.
Medical ethics and deontology is a set of ethical norms and principles of behavior of a medical worker in the performance of his professional duties. The name of Hippocrates is associated with the idea of a high moral character and ethics of a doctor's behavior. According to Hippocrates, diligence, a decent and tidy appearance, constant improvement in their profession, seriousness, sensitivity, the ability to win the patient's trust, the ability to keep a medical secret should be inherent in a doctor. The Hippocratic Oath The "Oath" (ancient Greek ?????, Latin Jusjurandum) is the first composition of the Hippocratic Corpus. It contains several principles that a doctor must follow in his life and professional activities: 1. Obligations to teachers, colleagues and students 2. The principle of non-harm 3. Denial of euthanasia and abortion a consequence of natural factors, malnutrition, habits and nature of human life. In the collection of Hippocrates there is not a single mention of a mystical character in the origin of diseases. At the same time, the teachings of Hippocrates in many cases were based on incorrect premises, erroneous anatomical and physiological data, and the doctrine of vital juices.
Literature: L. Salladze \ Ibn Sina Avicena \ Iz-vo lit. And the arts, p. Health \4.87\. L.A. Durnov, V.E. Polyakov \Tumours in children.\ S. 4. V.I. Bodyazhin, K.N. Zhmakin. \Gynecology for medical students. In-comrade. 5th \ ed. T. M, - 462 p. V.G. Atamanova, N.N. Shatalov. \Professional diseases \– M. Medicine V.Yu. Ostrovsky \Fight against pain, or a man on the operating table.\ - Mu Knowledge - 144. S.Ya. Chikin \ Doctors-philosophers. \ - M .: Medicine, 1990, 384 p. V.V. Kovanov \ Surgery without feelings Essays, memoirs - M .: Sov. Russia, - 320 p. M.S. Shoifet \100 great doctors. \ M.: Veche - 528 A.P. Yurikhin \Desmurgy.\ - 3rd ed., stereotyped. - L .: Medicine, p.
“Authorship of the Hippocratic Oath” Completed by: student of group 101, Faculty of Medical and Preventive Affairs Prevysh-Kvinto Ekaterina Stanislavovna Head: Art. teacher Ogorodnikova Emma Yurievna SBEI HPE VSMU Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia Department of Foreign Languages
Analysis of the "Hippocratic Oath" Words in the Hippocratic Oath Words dedicated to the relationship "student-teacher" and "students of the same teacher" Words dedicated to the treatment of sick Words dedicated to the observance of medical secrecy Words related to the "happiness" and "glory" of the "correct" doctor , and curses on the head of a doctor who deviates from the oath Words dedicated to the moral character of the doctor Words dedicated to non-authoritative gods for Christians - 29. Words dedicated to non-participation in abortion and euthanasia - 25.
Percentage of 1st place - the system of relations "teacher - students" - 27.6% of the total number of words. 2nd place - doctor's promises to treat people - 13.6% of words. (Two times less than "teacher - students"!). 3rd place - preservation of medical secrecy - 12.8%. 4th place - blessings for those who adhere to the oath and curses for those who violate this oath - 12.4%. 5th place - the moral character of the doctor to whom he is dedicated - 12%. 6th place - Hellenic gods, who are allotted - 11.6%. 7th place - non-participation in abortion and euthanasia, which is assigned 10% of the total number of words of the Hippocratic oath.
1. system of relations "teacher - students". 2. doctor's promises to treat people 3. preservation of medical secrecy 4. blessings for those who adhere to the oath and curses for those who violate this oath 5. moral character of the doctor 6. Hellenic gods 7. non-participation in abortions and euthanasia. 27.6% 11.6% 10% Hippocratic Oath Analysis
The history of the "Hippocratic Oath" "I swear by Apollo the doctor, Asclepius, Hygia and Panacea and all the gods and goddesses, taking them as witnesses, to fulfill honestly, according to my strength and my understanding, the following oath and a written obligation ...".
Oath clones USA, Europe: “Professional code of a doctor” (adopted in 2006), Israel - “Oath of a Jewish doctor” (an oath to the gods of the ancient Greek pantheon, which runs counter to the principles of Judaism, is unacceptable for Israelis), to the Soviet Union - “Oath of a doctor of the Soviet Union » (approved in 1971). In the mid-90s, it was replaced by the "Oath of the Russian Doctor", in 1999 it was replaced by the text of the "Oath of the Doctor", approved by the State Duma of Russia. In 1948, the General Assembly of the International Medical Association adopted a declaration (the so-called Geneva Declaration), which is a modern version of the Hippocratic Oath. Year - the declaration was included in the International Code of Medical Ethics.
Books and manifestos of the ancient Greek physician "On Ancient Medicine" (a kind of manifesto about the autonomy of medical art); "On the Sacred Disease" (controversy with the ideas of magical-religious medicine). "Forecaster" (discovery of the essential dimension of medicine); “On Waters, Air and Localities” (on the relationship of diseases with the environment); "Epidemics" (classification of clinical cases); "Aphorisms" And, finally, the famous "Oath".
Hippocratic Manifesto: Ancient Medicine. “How many hunters talk or write about medicine,” Hippocrates notes, “based their reasoning on one postulate, hot or cold, or wet or dry, or choose something else, while oversimplifying the underlying cause of illness and death of people, explaining all cases by one cause, and once taking one or two postulates as a basis, they obviously fall into error.
“Epidemics” “I believe,” wrote Hippocrates, “that science, at least somehow connected with nature, cannot proceed from anything other than medicine, this can only be achieved when medicine itself is all developed on the basis of an exact method , from which we are still very far away, i.e. from gaining accurate knowledge about what a person is, about the reasons that determine his behavior and about other similar issues ... ".
Life History and Philosophy of Hippocrates Hippocrates was born in 460 BC. in the town of Meropis, on the island of Kos. He belongs to the descendant of Asclepius, the family of Podaliria, who has been practicing medicine for eighteen generations. Hippocrates' father is the physician Heraclid, and his mother is the midwife of Fenaret. Hippocrates' first tutor and teacher was his father.
Ulttyk Medicine University
Kazakh national medical
University named after S.D. Asfendiyarov
SRS
TOPIC: HIPPOCRATES - THE FATHER OF MEDICINE.
Plan:
PLAN:Introduction.
Main part.
Hippocrates is a famous ancient Greek healer and physician.
Briefly about the works of Hippocrates and his followers.
Idioms.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
Introduction:
INTRODUCTION:Hippocrates - the famous ancient Greek healer
and a doctor. He went down in history as the "father of medicine". He lived in
the era of the cultural heyday of Greece, was a contemporary
Sophocles and Euripides, Phidias and Polykleitos, famous
sophists, Socrates and Plato and embodied the ideal
Greek physician of that era.
Hippocrates is a historical figure. Mentions
about the "great doctor-asclepiades" are found in
works of his contemporaries
Plato and Aristotle. Collected in the so-called. "
Hippocratic Corpus » 60 medical treatises (from
which modern researchers attribute
Hippocrates from 8 to 18) had a significant impact on
development of medicine, both practice and science. Hippocrates famous
ancient Greek healer and physician. Has entered
in history as the "father of medicine".
He was born in 460 BC. in the town
Meropis, on the island of Kos. He belongs
to the descendant of Asclepius
Podaliria, throughout
eighteen generations
medicine. Hippocrates' father is a doctor
Heraclid, mother - Fenaret's midwife.
Hippocrates is thus
representative of traditional medicine,
turned into a professional one.
The first tutor of Hippocrates and
teacher in the field of medicine was his
father. Hippocrates began his activity at the temple. When I was twenty years old,
he already enjoyed the fame of an excellent physician. It was at this age that Hippocrates
received an initiation into the priesthood, which was then necessary for a doctor, and went to Egypt for
replenishment of knowledge and improvement in the art of healing. After few years
returned to his native island, practiced medicine there for many years and founded
his medical school, called Kosskaya.
When an epidemic arose in the capital of Greece, Hippocrates was summoned to Athens and for some
lived there and studied medicine with Herodin. Because he saved the people of Athens from
plague epidemics, using their knowledge of the ways of spreading the infection, he was chosen
honorary citizen of Athens and crowned with a golden wreath
Monument to Hippocrates on his native island of Kos
MONUMENT TO HIPPOCRATES ON HIS HOME ISLAND KOSBriefly about the works of Hippocrates and his followers
A BRIEF ABOUT THE WORKS OF HIPPOCRATES AND HIS FOLLOWERS"Corpus of Hippocrates" - contains more than 70 works. "Frame
Hippocrates” apparently contains both Hippocrates’ own writings and
and works by other authors. A number of researchers suggest that the "corps"
It is rather the remains of some kind of medical library.
Some of the writings in this collection testify to the skill
clinical observations of the time. However, there are researchers
who generally doubt the existence of the works in this collection,
belonging to Hippocrates himself.
Plane tree on the island of Kos, under which, according to legend, Hippocrates worked
PLANET ON THE ISLAND OF KOS, UNDER WHICH, ACCORDING TO LEDITION, HIPPOCRATES WORKED The teachings of Hippocrates.Hippocrates owes medicine to the emergence of the doctrine of temperament
person. According to him, the general behavior of a person depends on
the ratio of the four juices (liquids) circulating in
body - blood, bile, black bile and mucus (phlegm, lymph).
The predominance of bile (Greek χολή, chole, "bile, poison") makes a person
impulsive, "hot" - choleric
The predominance of mucus (Greek φλέγμα, phlegm, "phlegm") makes
a calm and slow person - a phlegmatic person.
The predominance of blood (lat. sanguis, sanguis, sangua, "blood") makes
a mobile and cheerful person - a sanguine person.
The predominance of black bile (Greek μέλαινα χολή, melana chole,
"black bile") makes a person sad and fearful -
melancholy. The Hippocratic Oath is a medical oath that expresses the fundamental moral and ethical principles of a doctor's behavior, as well as the commonly used name of the oath,
brought by everyone who is going to become a doctor.
“I swear by Apollo, the physician Asclepius, Hygieia and Panacea, all the gods and goddesses, taking them
as witnesses, to execute honestly, according to my ability and my understanding, the following
an oath and a written commitment: to consider the one who taught me the art of medicine on an equal footing
with my parents, to share with him my wealth and, if necessary, to help him
in his needs; consider his offspring as their brothers, and this is an art, if they want
to study it, to teach it free of charge and without any contract; instructions, oral lessons
and everything else in the teaching to communicate to your sons, the sons of your teacher and students,
bound by obligation and oath under medical law, but to no one else.
I direct the regimen of the sick for their benefit, according to my strength and my understanding,
refraining from causing any harm and injustice. I will not give anyone what they ask
me a deadly remedy and show no way for such a design; just the same I don't
I will give any woman an abortion pessary. Purely and blamelessly I will spend my
life and art. In no case will I do sections on those suffering from stone
disease, leaving it to the people involved in this business. Whatever house I enter, I
I will go in there for the benefit of the sick, being far from every intentional, unrighteous and
pernicious, especially from love affairs with women and men, free and slaves.
Whatever with treatment - as well as without treatment - I have not seen or heard about life
human from what should never be disclosed, I will keep silent about that, considering such
secret things. To me, who inviolably fulfills the oath, may happiness be given in life and in
art and glory to all people for all eternity, to the one who transgresses and gives false
an oath to the contrary.” The merit of Hippocrates is also
staging in
various
diseases. Treating disease
as an evolving phenomenon, he introduced
the concept of the stage of the disease. Most
dangerous moment, according to
Hippocrates, was a "crisis". In
during the crisis, a person either died,
or natural processes won,
after which his condition improved.
For various diseases,
singled out critical days - days from
onset of illness when the crisis was
most likely and dangerous.
In addition, Hippocrates described
rules for the position of the surgeon and his hands
during surgery, placement
tools, lighting
operations.
12th century manuscript with the text of the Oath in the form of a cross
12th CENTURY MANUSCRIPT WITH A CROSS-SHAPED OathIdioms:
IDIOMS:The doctor heals, nature heals (lat. Medicus curat, natura
Sanat) is one of the aphorisms of Hippocrates translated into Latin.
Means that despite the fact that the doctor prescribes treatment, heals
always nature, which supports the vitality of the patient.
Medicine is the noblest of all sciences (lat. Omnium artium
medicina nobilissima est).
Do no harm (lat. Noli nocere) - the main commandment of a doctor,
formulated by Hippocrates.
“With fire and sword” - a paraphrase of the aphorism “What is not cured
medicines, cures iron; what iron does not cure, it cures
fire” (lat. Quae medicamenta non sanant, ferrum sanat;
quae ferrum non sanat, ignis sanat).
“The opposite is cured by the opposite” (lat. Contraria
contrariis curantur) - one of the aphorisms of Hippocrates. On this
principles of modern medicine.
Modern medical terms in which the name of Hippocrates is present:
MODERN MEDICAL TERMS IN WHICH THE NAME IS PRESENTHIPPOCRATES:
Hippocratic nail
A peculiar deformation of the nails, better known as "nails in the form of
watch glasses". Often combined with a flask-shaped thickening of the terminal phalanges
fingers - "fingers in the form of drumsticks." Are a sign
hypertrophic osteoarthropathy that occurs with long-term disorders
gas exchange against the background of chronic lung diseases (lung abscess,
bronchiectasis, lung tumors, etc.). This deformity can be seen
also with congenital heart defects (especially with the cyanotic group of these
defects), with chronic septic endocarditis, with biliary cirrhosis
liver. Hippocratic mask
The term "mask of Hippocrates" has become
winged, denoting the face of the dying
sick. For the first time the main features
face of a patient in critical condition
condition are described in the essay
Hippocratic
corps
"Prognostics":
Nose sharp, eyes sunken, whiskey
depressed, ears cold and tight,
earlobes turned up, forehead skin
hard, tight and dry, and the color of everything
face green, black or pale,
or lead. Cap of Hippocrates
It is a headband. Applied with a double-headed bandage
or two separate bandages. With one bandage, circular turns are made all the time
through the forehead and back of the head, strengthening the passages of the second bandage, covering the cranial vault from
midline right and left. The ends of the bandage are tied in the occipital region
Conclusion:
CONCLUSION:“The doctor-philosopher is like God,” proclaimed the Kos school, and “where is love for
man, there is also a love of art!” According to Hippocrates, a modern doctor cannot
learn new "pathological" doctrines, or special treatments and
mode. The essence of hippocratism lies in its understanding of the medical vocation. Better
only Littre said about this - a doctor who has devoted more than 2 decades to studying
Hippocratic collection: “There is no need to go there in order to study medicine, but,
armed with a solid and solid education, we should look for additions,
which elevate the mind, strengthen judgment, and show in the scientific tradition the work
successive generations, their mistakes and their successes, their weakness and their strength.
Bibliography:
BIBLIOGRAPHY:1. M. S. Shoifet 100 great doctors 2004.
2. J. Jacques Hippocrates Moscow 2007.
3. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 2nd edition, volume 11, 1952.
4. “History of Medicine”, T. S. Sorokina, 1992.
5. Journal of Clinical Medicine, No. 7, 1986.
6. Physicians-philosophers”, S. Ya. Chikin, 1990.
Kazakh National Medical University named after S.D. Asfendiyarov
S.Zh.Asfendiyarov atyndagy Kazakh
Ulttyk Medicine University
Topic : Hippocrates is the father of medicine. The Hippocratic Oath.
Department: Russian language
Faculty: OM
Course: 1
Group: 24-1
Completed by: Shoman L.S.
Checked by: Botataeva U.A. .
Plan:
- Introduction.
- Main part.
Hippocrates is a famous ancient Greek healer and physician.
Briefly about the works of Hippocrates and his followers.
Idioms.
- Conclusion.
- Bibliography.
Introduction:
Hippocrates- the famous ancient Greek healer and doctor. He went down in history as the "father of medicine". He lived in the era of the cultural heyday of Greece, was a contemporary of Sophocles and Euripides, Phidias and Polycletus, the famous sophists, Socrates and Plato, and embodied the ideal of the Greek doctor of that era.
Hippocrates is a historical figure. Mentions of the "great Asclepiad doctor" are found in the works of his contemporaries - Plato and Aristotle. Collected in the so-called. "Hippocratic Corpus" 60 medical treatises (of which modern researchers attribute from 8 to 18 to Hippocrates) had a significant impact on the development of medicine, both practice and science.
The name of Hippocrates is associated with the idea of a high moral character and ethics of a doctor's behavior. The Hippocratic Oath contains the fundamental principles that a doctor should be guided by in his practice. Taking an oath (which has changed significantly over the centuries) upon receiving a medical diploma has become a tradition.
Hippocrates famous ancient Greek healer and physician. He went down in history as the "father of medicine".
He was born in 460 BC. in the town of Meropis, on the island of Kos. He belongs to the descendant of Asclepius, the family of Podaliria, who has been practicing medicine for eighteen generations. Hippocrates' father is the physician Heraclid, and his mother is the midwife of Fenaret. Hippocrates is thus a representative of traditional medicine, which has grown into a professional one. The first educator of Hippocrates and a teacher in the field of medicine was his father.
Hippocrates began his activity at the temple. Even as a young man of twenty, he already enjoyed the fame of an excellent doctor. It was at this age that Hippocrates received initiation into the priesthood, which was then necessary for a doctor, and went to Egypt to replenish knowledge and improve the art of healing. A few years later he returned to his native island, practiced medicine there for many years and founded his own medical school, called Kosskaya.
When an epidemic broke out in the capital of Greece, Hippocrates was called to Athens and lived there for some time and studied medicine with Herodin. For the fact that he saved the inhabitants of Athens from the plague, using his knowledge of the ways of spreading the infection, he was elected an honorary citizen of Athens and crowned with a golden wreath. Hippocrates devoted his entire life to medicine. Among the places where he treated people are Thessaly, Thrace, Macedonia, as well as the coast of the Sea of Marmara. He died at an advanced age (according to various sources, from 83 to 104 years old) in the city of Larisa, where a monument was erected to him.
Briefly about the works of Hippocrates and his followers
“Corpus of Hippocrates” contains more than 70 compositions. The Hippocratic Corpus apparently contains both Hippocrates' own writings and those of other authors. A number of researchers suggest that the "corpus" is rather the remains of some kind of medical library. Some of the writings in this collection testify to the mastery of the clinical observations of that time. However, there are researchers who generally doubt the existence of works in this collection that belong to Hippocrates himself. Apparently, the "corpus" was compiled and attributed to Hippocrates already in the 1st century. AD, when Erotian (the physician of the era of the reign of Nero), published a dictionary of terms of Hippocrates. Commentaries on the most important works of Hippocrates, written by Galen in the 2nd century BC, have also been preserved. AD In these commentaries, some treatises of the "corpus" date from the time of the life of Hippocrates, while others, apparently, belong to the 3rd-4th centuries. BC.
The teachings of Hippocrates.
Hippocrates owes medicine to the emergence of the doctrine of temperament person. According to his teachings, the general behavior of a person depends on the ratio of the four juices (fluids) circulating in the body - blood, bile, black bile and mucus (phlegm, lymph).
- The predominance of bile (Greek χολή, chole, "bile, poison") makes a person impulsive, "hot" - choleric
- The predominance of mucus (Greek φλέγμα, reflux, "phlegm") makes a person calm and slow - phlegmatic .
- The predominance of blood (lat. sanguis , sanguis , sangua, "blood") makes a person mobile and cheerful - sanguine .
- The predominance of black bile (Greek μέλαινα χολή, melena chole, "black bile") makes a person sad and fearful - melancholic .
In the works of Hippocrates there are descriptions of the properties of sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and very fluent - melancholic. Isolation of body types and mental make-up was of practical importance: the establishment of the type was associated with the diagnosis and choice of the method of treating patients, since according to Hippocrates each type is predisposed to certain diseases.
- The merit of Hippocrates is also the definition staging in the course of various diseases. Considering the disease as a developing phenomenon, he introduced the concept of the stage of the disease. The most dangerous moment, according to Hippocrates, was " a crisis". During a crisis, a person either died, or natural processes won, after which his condition improved. With various diseases, he singled out critical days - days from the onset of the disease, when the crisis was most likely and dangerous.
- The merit of Hippocrates is the description methods of examination of patients- auscultation and palpation. He studied in detail the nature of secretions (sputum, excrement, urine) in various diseases. When examining a patient, he already used such techniques as percussion, auscultation, palpation.
- Hippocrates is also known as an outstanding surgeon of antiquity. His writings describe how to use dressings (simple, spiral, rhomboid, "Hippocratic cap", etc.), treat fractures and dislocations with traction and special devices ("Hippocratic bench"), treat wounds, fistulas, hemorrhoids, empyema.
- In addition, Hippocrates described the rules for the position of the surgeon and his hands during the operation, placement of instruments, lighting during the operation.
- Hippocrates laid out the principles of rational dietetics and pointed out the need to nourish the sick, even the febrile. To this end, he pointed out the necessary diets for various diseases.
Hippocratic Oath- a medical oath expressing the fundamental moral and ethical principles of a doctor's behavior, as well as the common name for an oath taken by everyone who is going to become a doctor.
« I swear by Apollo, the doctor Asclepius, Hygieia and Panacea, all the gods and goddesses, taking them as witnesses, to fulfill honestly, according to my strength and my understanding, the following oath and written obligation: to consider the one who taught me the medical art on an equal footing with my parents, to share with him my wealth and, if necessary, help him in his needs; consider his offspring as his brothers, and this is an art, if they want to study it, to teach them free of charge and without any contract; instructions, oral lessons and everything else in the teaching to communicate to their sons, the sons of their teacher and students bound by obligation and oath according to medical law, but to no one else. I direct the regime of the sick for their benefit, according to my ability and my understanding, refraining from causing any harm and injustice. I will not give to anyone the lethal agent asked of me, nor show the way for such a design; likewise, I will not hand any woman an abortion pessary. Purely and undefiled shall I conduct my life and my art. In no case will I make sections in those suffering from stone disease, leaving it to people involved in this matter. Whatever house I enter, I will enter there for the benefit of the sick, being far from any intentional, unrighteous and destructive, especially from love affairs with women and men, free and slaves. Whatever, during treatment - and also without treatment - I see or hear about human life from what should never be divulged, I will keep silent about it, considering such things a secret. To me, who inviolably fulfills the oath, may happiness be given in life and in art, and glory among all people for all eternity, but to the one who transgresses and gives a false oath, may it be the opposite.
Idioms:
Many of the expressions of Hippocrates have become winged. Although they were originally written in the Ionian dialect of ancient Greek, they are often quoted in Latin, a language widely used in medicine.
- The doctor heals, nature heals (lat. Medicus curat, natura sanat) is one of the aphorisms of Hippocrates translated into Latin. It means that despite the fact that the doctor prescribes the treatment, nature always heals, which supports the vitality of the patient.
- Medicine is the noblest of all sciences (lat. Omnium artium medicina nobilissima est).
- Do no harm (lat. noli nocere) - the main commandment of the doctor, formulated by Hippocrates.
- “With fire and sword” - a paraphrased aphorism “What drugs do not cure, iron cures; what iron does not heal, fire heals" (Lat. Quae medicamenta non sanant, ferrum sanat; quae ferrum non sanat, ignis sanat) .
- "The opposite is cured by the opposite" (lat. Contraria contrariis curantur) is one of the aphorisms of Hippocrates. Modern medicine is based on this principle. The founder of homeopathy, Samuel Hahnemann, proposed treating “like with like”, opposing homeopathy to medicine that treats “opposite with opposite”, calling it allopathy.
Modern medical terms in which the name of Hippocrates is present:
Hippocratic nail
A peculiar deformation of the nails, better known as "nails in the form of watch glasses". Often combined with a flask-shaped thickening of the terminal phalanges of the fingers - "fingers in the form of drumsticks". They are a sign of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy that occurs with prolonged gas exchange disorders against the background of chronic lung diseases (lung abscess, bronchiectasis, lung tumors, etc.) Such a deformity can also be noted in congenital heart defects (especially in the cyanotic group of these defects), in chronic septic endocarditis, and in biliary cirrhosis of the liver.
Hippocratic mask
The term "mask of Hippocrates" became winged, denoting the face of a dying patient. For the first time, the main facial features of a patient in an extremely serious condition are described in the work of the Hippocratic corpus "Prognostics":
The nose is sharp, the eyes are sunken, the temples are depressed, the ears are cold and tight, the lobes of the ears are turned up, the skin on the forehead is hard, tense and dry, and the complexion of the whole face is green, black or pale, or leaden. .
Cap of Hippocrates
It is a headband. Superimposed with a double-headed bandage or two separate bandages. With one bandage, circular turns are made all the time through the forehead and back of the head, strengthening the passages of the second bandage, covering the cranial vault from the midline to the right and left. The ends of the bandage are tied in the occipital region
Conclusion:
“The doctor-philosopher is like God,” the Kos school proclaimed, and “where there is love for a person, there is also love for art!” From Hippocrates, the modern physician cannot learn new "pathological" doctrines, or special methods of treatment and regimen. The essence of hippocratism lies in its understanding of the medical vocation. The best thing to say about this was Littre, a doctor who devoted more than 2 decades to studying the Hippocratic collection: “There is no need to go there in order to study medicine, but armed with a solid and solid education, we should look for supplements that elevate the mind, strengthen judgments, and show in the scientific tradition the work of successive generations, their mistakes and their successes, their weakness and their strength.
Bibliography:
1. M. S. Shoifet 100 great doctors 2004. 2. J. Jacques Hippocrates Moscow 2007. 3. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 2nd edition, volume 11, 1952.
4. “History of Medicine”, T. S. Sorokina, 1992.
5. Journal of Clinical Medicine, No. 7, 1986.
6. Physicians-philosophers”, S. Ya. Chikin, 1990.
Polyakova Tatiana
Creative work in English "Hippocrates the father of medicine"
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GBOU SPO MO "Egorievsk Medical School" Creative work in English "Hippocrates is the father of medicine." Completed by: Student of the SD-11 group Tatyana Polyakova Supervisor: English teacher Lobkova L.V. year 2012
"FATHER OF MEDICINE" HIPPOCRATES HIPPOCRATES
Biography Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos (ca. 460 BC – ca. 370 BC) - Greek: Ἱπποκράτης; Hippokrátēs was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles, and was considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is referred to as the "father of medicine”in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic school of medicine. This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with (notably theurgy and philosophy), thus making medicine a profession.Historians accept that Hippocrates was born around the year 460 BC on the Greek island of Kos (Cos), and became a famous physician and teacher of medicine.Other biographical information, however, is likely to be untrue (see Legends). Soranus of Ephesus, a 2nd-century Greek gynecologist, was Hippocrates" first biographer and is the source of most information on Hippocrates" person. Information about Hippocrates can also be found in the writings of Aristotle, which date from the 4th century BC, in the Suda of the 10th century AD, and in the works of John Tzetzes, which date from the 12th century AD. Soranus wrote that Hippocrates" father was Heraclides, a physician; his mother was Praxitela, daughter of Tizane. The two sons of Hippocrates, Thessalus and Draco, and his son-in-law, Polybus, were his students. According to Galen, a later physician, Polybus was Hippocrates" true successor, while Thessalus and Draco each had a son named Hippocrates. Soranus said that Hippocrates learned medicine from his father and grandfather, and studied other subjects with Democritus and Gorgias. Hippocrates was probably trained at the asklepieion of Kos, and took lessons from the Thracian physician Herodicus of Selymbria. The only contemporaneous mention of Hippocrates is in Plato"s dialogue Protagoras, where Plato describes Hippocrates as "Hippocrates of Kos, the Asclepiad". Hippocrates taught and practiced medicine throughout his life, traveling at least as far as Thessaly, Thrace, and the Sea of Marmara. He probably died in Larissa at the age of 83 or 90, though some accounts say he lived to be well over 100; several different accounts of his death exist. However, the achievements of the writers of the Corpus, the practitioners of Hippocratic medicine, and the actions of Hippocrates himself are often commingled; thus very little is known about what Hippocrates actually thought, wrote, and did. Nevertheless, Hippocrates is commonly portrayed as the paragon of the ancient physician. In particular, he is credited with greatly advancing the systematic study of clinical medicine, summing up the medical knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath and other works.
Hippocratic theory Hippocrates is credited with being the first physician to reject superstitions and beliefs that credited supernatural or divine forces with causing illness. Hippocrates was credited by the disciples of Pythagoras of allying philosophy and medicine.He separated the discipline of medicine from religion, believing and arguing that disease was not a punishment inflicted by the gods but rather the product of environmental factors, diet and living habits. Indeed there is not a single mention of a mystical illness in the entirety of the Hippocratic Corpus. However, Hippocrates did work with many convictions that were based on what is now known to be incorrect anatomy and physiology, such as Humorism. Ancient Greek schools of medicine were split (into the Knidian and Koan) on how to deal with disease. The Knidian school of medicine focused on diagnosis, medicine at the time of Hippocrates knew almost nothing of human anatomy and physiology because of the Greek taboo forbidding the dissection of humans. The Knidian school consequently failed to distinguish when one disease caused many possible series of symptoms. The Hippocratic school or Koan school achieved greater success by applying general diagnoses and passive treatments. Its focus was on patient care and prognosis, not diagnosis. It could effectively treat diseases and allowed for a great development in clinical practice. Hippocratic medicine and its philosophy are far removed from that of modern medicine. Now, the physician focuses on specific diagnosis and specialized treatment, both of which were espoused by the Knidian school. This shift in medical thought since Hippocrates" day has caused serious criticism over the past two millennia, with the passivity of Hippocratic treatment being the subject of particularly strong denunciations; for example, the French doctor M. S. Houdart called the Hippocratic treatment a "meditation upon death ".
Professionalism Hippocratic medicine was notable for its strict professionalism, discipline and rigorous practice. The Hippocratic work On the Physician recommends that physicians always be well-kempt, honest, calm, understanding, and serious. The Hippocratic physician paid careful attention to all aspects of his practice: he followed detailed specifications for, "lighting, personnel, instruments, positioning of the patient, and techniques of bandaging and splinting" in the ancient operating room. He even kept his fingernails to a precise length. The Hippocratic School gave importance to the clinical doctrines of observation and documentation. These doctrines dictate that physicians record their findings and their medicinal methods in a very clear and objective manner, so that these records may be passed down and employed by other physicians. Hippocrates made careful, regular note of many symptoms including complexion, pulse, fever, pains, movement, and excretions. He is said to have measured a patient's pulse when taking a case history to know if the patient lied. Hippocrates extended clinical observations into family history and environment. "To him medicine owes the art of clinical inspection and observation". For this reason , he may more properly be termed as the "Father of Clinical Medicine".
A number of ancient Greek surgical tools.
Hippocratic Corpus The Hippocratic Corpus (Latin: Corpus Hippocraticum) is a collection of around seventy early medical works from ancient Greece, written in Ionic Greek. The question of whether Hippocrates himself was the author of the corpus has not been conclusively answered, but the volumes were probably produced by his students and followers. Because of the variety of subjects, writing styles and apparent date of construction, scholars believe Hippocratic Corpus could not have been written by one person (Ermerins numbers the authors at nineteen). The corpus was attributed to Hippocrates in antiquity, and its teaching generally followed principles of his; thus it came to be known by his name. It might be the remains of a library of Kos, or a collection compiled in the 3rd century BC in Alexandria. The Hippocratic Corpus contains textbooks, lectures, research, notes and philosophical essays on various subjects in medicine, in no particular order. These works were written for different audiences, both specialists and laymen, and were sometimes written from opposing view points; significant contradictions can be found between works in the Corpus. Notable among the treatises of the Corpus are The Hippocratic Oath; The Book of Prognostics; On Regimen in Acute Diseases; Aphorisms; On Airs, Waters and Places; Instruments of Reduction; On The Sacred Disease; etc.
Hippocratic Oath Original, translated into English: I swear by Apollo, Asclepius, Hygieia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and my judgment, the following Oath. To consider dear to me, as my parents, him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and, if necessary, to share my goods with him; To look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art. I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone. I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. But I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts. I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art. In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men, be they free or slaves. All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal. If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot.
Legacy Hippocrates is widely considered to be the "Father of Medicine". His contributions revolutionized the practice of medicine; but after his death the advancement stalled. So revered was Hippocrates that his teachings were largely taken as too great to be improved upon and no significant advancements of his methods were made for a long time. The centuries after Hippocrates" death were marked as much by retrograde movement as by further advancement. For instance, "after the Hippocratic period, the practice of taking clinical case-histories died out...", according to Fielding Garrison. Mural painting showing Galen and Hippocrates. 12th century; Anagni, Italy An image of Hippocrates on the floor of the Asclepieion of Kos, with Asklepius in the middle After Hippocrates, the next significant physician was Galen, a Greek who lived from 129 to 200 AD. Galen perpetuated Hippocratic medicine, moving both forward and backward. In the Middle Ages, Arabs adopted Hippocratic methods. After the European Renaissance, Hippocratic methods were revived in Europe and even further expanded in the 19th century. Notable among those who employed Hippocrates" rigorous clinical techniques were Sydenham, Heberden, Charcot and Osler. Henri Huchard, a French physician, said that these revivals make up "the whole history of internal medicine".
Image According to Aristotle's testimony, Hippocrates was known as "the Great Hippocrates". Concerning his disposition, Hippocrates was first portrayed as a "kind, dignified, old country doctor"" and later as "stern and forbidding". He is certainly considered wisely, of very great intellect and especially as very practical. Francis Adams describes him as "strictly the physician of experience and common sense". Hippocrates statue, Parnassus Ave. in front of the Robert H. Crede Ambulatory Care Center His image as the wise, old doctor is reinforced by busts of him, which wear large beards on a wrinkled face. Many physicians of the time wore their hair in the style of Jove and Asklepius. Accordingly, the busts of Hippocrates that we could be only altered versions of portraits of these deities.Hippocrates and the beliefs that he embodied are considered medical ideals. Fielding Garrison, an authority on medical history, stated, "He is, above all, the exemplar of that flexible, critical, well-poised attitude of mind, ever on the lookout for sources of error, which is the very essence of the scientific spirit". "His figure... stands for all time as that of the ideal physician”, according to A Short History of Medicine, inspiring the medical profession since his death.
Legends Most stories of Hippocrates" life are likely to be untrue because of their inconsistency with historical evidence, and because similar or identical stories are told of other figures such as Avicenna and Socrates, suggesting a legendary origin. Even during his life, Hippocrates" renown was great, and stories of miraculous cures arose. For example, Hippocrates was supposed to have aided in the healing of Athenians during the Plague of Athens by lighting great fires as "disinfectants" and engaging in other treatments. There is a story of Hippocrates curing Perdiccas, a Macedonian king, of "love sickness". Neither of these accounts is corroborated by any historians and they are thus unlikely to have ever occurred. Kos town: The Plane Tree of Hippocrates, under which Hippocrates is said to have worked. Another legend concerns how Hippocrates rejected a formal request to visit the court of Artaxerxes, the King of Persia. The validity of this is accepted by ancient sources but denied by some modern ones, and is thus under contention.Another tale states that Democritus was supposed to be mad because he laughed at everything, and so he was sent to Hippocrates to be cured. Hippocrates diagnosed him as having a merely happy disposition. Democritus has since been called "the laughing philosopher".
Legends Not all stories of Hippocrates portrayed him in a positive manner. In one legend, Hippocrates is said to have fled after setting fire to a healing temple in Greece. Soranus of Ephesus, the source of this story, names the temple as the one of Knidos. However centuries later, the Byzantine Greek grammarian John Tzetzes, writes that Hippocrates burned down his own temple, the Temple of Cos, speculating that he did it to maintain a monopoly of medical knowledge. This account is very much in conflict with traditional estimations of Hippocrates" personality. Other legends tell of his resurrection of Augustus"s nephew; this feat was supposedly created by the erection of a statue of Hippocrates and the establishment of a professorship in his honor in Rome.